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MOTOROLA
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MOTOROLA
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FREEWARE
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FREEWARE
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8-BIT CROSS ASSEMBLERS
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8-BIT CROSS ASSEMBLERS
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USER'S MANUAL
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USER'S MANUAL
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EDITED BY
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EDITED BY
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KEVIN ANDERSON
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KEVIN ANDERSON
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FIELD APPLICATIONS ENGINEER
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FIELD APPLICATIONS ENGINEER
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1......................................................... 1
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CHAPTER 1......................................................... 1
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1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1
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1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1
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1.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ..................................... 1
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1.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ..................................... 1
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1.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ................................. 2
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1.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ................................. 2
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1.4 ASSEMBLER PROCESSING .................................. 2
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1.4 ASSEMBLER PROCESSING .................................. 2
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CHAPTER 2 ........................................................ 3
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CHAPTER 2 ........................................................ 3
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2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 3
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2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 3
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2.2 SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT ............................... 3
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2.2 SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT ............................... 3
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2.2.1 Label Field .................................... 3
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2.2.1 Label Field .................................... 3
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2.2.2 Operation Field ................................ 4
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2.2.2 Operation Field ................................ 4
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2.2.3 Operand Field .................................. 4
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2.2.3 Operand Field .................................. 4
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2.2.3.1 M6800/6801 Operand Syntax ................ 5
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2.2.3.1 M6800/6801 Operand Syntax ................ 5
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2.2.3.2 M6800/M68HC04 Operand Syntax ............. 5
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2.2.3.2 M6800/M68HC04 Operand Syntax ............. 5
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2.2.3.3 M6805/M68HC05 Operand Syntax ............. 5
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2.2.3.3 M6805/M68HC05 Operand Syntax ............. 5
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2.2.3.4 M6809 Operand Syntax ..................... 5
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2.2.3.4 M6809 Operand Syntax ..................... 5
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2.2.3.5 M68HC11 Operand Syntax ................... 6
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2.2.3.5 M68HC11 Operand Syntax ................... 6
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2.2.3.6 Expressions .............................. 6
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2.2.3.6 Expressions .............................. 6
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2.2.3.7 Operators ................................ 7
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2.2.3.7 Operators ................................ 7
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2.2.3.8 Symbols .................................. 7
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2.2.3.8 Symbols .................................. 7
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2.2.3.9 Constants ................................ 7
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2.2.3.9 Constants ................................ 7
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2.2.4 Comment Field .................................. 8
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2.2.4 Comment Field .................................. 8
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2.3 ASSEMBLER OUTPUT ...................................... 9
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2.3 ASSEMBLER OUTPUT ...................................... 9
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CHAPTER 3 - RUNNING THE ASSEMBLERS ............................... 10
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CHAPTER 3 - RUNNING THE ASSEMBLERS ............................... 10
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3.1 ASSEMBLER INVOCATION .................................. 10
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3.1 ASSEMBLER INVOCATION .................................. 10
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3.2 ERROR MESSAGES ........................................ 11
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3.2 ERROR MESSAGES ........................................ 11
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CHAPTER 4 - ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES ................................. 12
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CHAPTER 4 - ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES ................................. 12
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4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 12
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4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 12
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4.2 BSZ - BLOCK STORAGE OF ZEROS .......................... 12
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4.2 BSZ - BLOCK STORAGE OF ZEROS .......................... 12
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4.3 EQU - EQUATE SYMBOL TO A VALUE ........................ 13
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4.3 EQU - EQUATE SYMBOL TO A VALUE ........................ 13
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4.4 FCB - FORM CONSTANT BYTE .............................. 13
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4.4 FCB - FORM CONSTANT BYTE .............................. 13
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4.5 FCC - FORM CONSTANT CHARACTER STRING .................. 13
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4.5 FCC - FORM CONSTANT CHARACTER STRING .................. 13
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4.6 FDB - FROM DOUBLE BYTE CONSTANT ....................... 13
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4.6 FDB - FROM DOUBLE BYTE CONSTANT ....................... 13
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4.7 FILL - FILL MEMORY .................................... 14
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4.7 FILL - FILL MEMORY .................................... 14
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4.8 OPT - ASSEMBLER OUTPUT OPTIONS ........................ 14
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4.8 OPT - ASSEMBLER OUTPUT OPTIONS ........................ 14
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4.9 ORG - SET PROGRAM COUNTER TO ORIGIN ................... 14
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4.9 ORG - SET PROGRAM COUNTER TO ORIGIN ................... 14
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4.10 PAGE - TOP OF PAGE ................................... 15
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4.10 PAGE - TOP OF PAGE ................................... 15
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4.11 RMB - RESERVE MEMORY BYTES ........................... 15
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4.11 RMB - RESERVE MEMORY BYTES ........................... 15
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4.12 ZMB - ZERO MEMORY BYTES .............................. 15
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4.12 ZMB - ZERO MEMORY BYTES .............................. 15
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APPENDIX A - CHARACTER SET ....................................... 16
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APPENDIX A - CHARACTER SET ....................................... 16
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APPENDIX B - ADDRESSING MODES .................................... 18
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APPENDIX B - ADDRESSING MODES .................................... 18
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B.1 M6800/M6801 ADDRESSING MODES .......................... 18
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B.1 M6800/M6801 ADDRESSING MODES .......................... 18
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B.2 M6804/68HC04 ADDRESSING MODES ......................... 19
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B.2 M6804/68HC04 ADDRESSING MODES ......................... 19
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B.3 M6805/68HC05 ADDRESSING MODES ......................... 21
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B.3 M6805/68HC05 ADDRESSING MODES ......................... 21
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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B.4 M6809 ADDRESSING MODES ................................ 22
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B.4 M6809 ADDRESSING MODES ................................ 22
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B.5 M68HC11 ADDRESSING MODES .............................. 26
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B.5 M68HC11 ADDRESSING MODES .............................. 26
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APPENDIX C - DIRECTIVE SUMMARY ................................... 28
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APPENDIX C - DIRECTIVE SUMMARY ................................... 28
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APPENDIX D - ASSEMBLER LISTING FORMAT ............................ 29
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APPENDIX D - ASSEMBLER LISTING FORMAT ............................ 29
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APPENDIX E - S-RECORD INFORMATION ................................ 30
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APPENDIX E - S-RECORD INFORMATION ................................ 30
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E.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 30
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E.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 30
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E.2 S-RECORD CONTENT ...................................... 30
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E.2 S-RECORD CONTENT ...................................... 30
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E.3 S-RECORD TYPES ........................................ 30
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E.3 S-RECORD TYPES ........................................ 30
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E.4 S-RECORD EXAMPLE ...................................... 31
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E.4 S-RECORD EXAMPLE ...................................... 31
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ii
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ii
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CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 1
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GENERAL INFORMATION
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GENERAL INFORMATION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
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This is the user's reference manual for the IBM-PC hosted Motorola
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This is the user's reference manual for the IBM-PC hosted Motorola
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Freeware 8 bit cross assemblers. It details the features and
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Freeware 8 bit cross assemblers. It details the features and
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capabilities of the cross assemblers, assembler syntax and directives,
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capabilities of the cross assemblers, assembler syntax and directives,
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options, and listings. It is intended as a detailed reference and an
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options, and listings. It is intended as a detailed reference and an
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introduction for those unfamiliar with Motorola assembler syntax and
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introduction for those unfamiliar with Motorola assembler syntax and
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format. Those experienced with Motorola assembler products may wish
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format. Those experienced with Motorola assembler products may wish
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to examine the file ASEMBLER.DOC available with the cross assemblers,
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to examine the file ASEMBLER.DOC available with the cross assemblers,
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which briefly describes the differences between these assemblers and
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which briefly describes the differences between these assemblers and
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earlier, non-pc based versions.
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earlier, non-pc based versions.
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Assemblers are programs that process assembly language source program
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Assemblers are programs that process assembly language source program
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statements and translate them into executable machine language object
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statements and translate them into executable machine language object
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files. A programmer writes his source program using any text editor
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files. A programmer writes his source program using any text editor
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or word processor that can produce an ASCII text output. With some
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or word processor that can produce an ASCII text output. With some
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word processors this is known as "non document" mode. Non document
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word processors this is known as "non document" mode. Non document
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mode produces a file without the non-printable embedded control
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mode produces a file without the non-printable embedded control
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characters that are used in document formating. (Caution: assembling
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characters that are used in document formating. (Caution: assembling
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a file that has been formatted with embedded control characters may
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a file that has been formatted with embedded control characters may
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produce assembler errors. The solution is to convert the source file
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produce assembler errors. The solution is to convert the source file
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to ASCII text.) Once the source code is written, the source file is
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to ASCII text.) Once the source code is written, the source file is
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assembled by processing the file via the assembler.
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assembled by processing the file via the assembler.
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Cross assemblers (such as the Motorola Freeware Assemblers) allow
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Cross assemblers (such as the Motorola Freeware Assemblers) allow
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source programs written and edited on one computer (the host) to
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source programs written and edited on one computer (the host) to
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generate executable code for another computer (the target). The
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generate executable code for another computer (the target). The
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executable object file can then be downloaded and run on the target
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executable object file can then be downloaded and run on the target
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system. In this case the host is an IBM-PC or compatible and the
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system. In this case the host is an IBM-PC or compatible and the
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target system is based on a Motorola 8-bit microprocessor (6800, 6801,
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target system is based on a Motorola 8-bit microprocessor (6800, 6801,
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6803, 6805, 68HC05, 6809, or 68HC11).
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6803, 6805, 68HC05, 6809, or 68HC11).
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The assemblers are the executable programs AS*.EXE where * is any of
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The assemblers are the executable programs AS*.EXE where * is any of
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0, 1, 4, 5, 9, or 11 depending on which microprocessor you are writing
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0, 1, 4, 5, 9, or 11 depending on which microprocessor you are writing
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code for. The details of executing the assembler programs are found
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code for. The details of executing the assembler programs are found
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in Chapter 3. The assembly language format and syntax for the various
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in Chapter 3. The assembly language format and syntax for the various
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processors is very similar with slight variations due to varied
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processors is very similar with slight variations due to varied
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programming resources (instructions, addressing modes, and registers).
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programming resources (instructions, addressing modes, and registers).
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These variations are explained in Appendix B.
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These variations are explained in Appendix B.
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1.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
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1.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
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The symbolic language used to code source programs to be processed by
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The symbolic language used to code source programs to be processed by
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the Assembler is called assembly language. The language is a
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the Assembler is called assembly language. The language is a
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collection of mnemonic symbols representing: operations (i.e., machine
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collection of mnemonic symbols representing: operations (i.e., machine
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instruction mnemonics or directives to the assembler), symbolic names,
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instruction mnemonics or directives to the assembler), symbolic names,
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operators, and special symbols. The assembly language provides
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operators, and special symbols. The assembly language provides
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mnemonic operation codes for all machine instructions in the
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mnemonic operation codes for all machine instructions in the
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instruction set. The instructions are defined and explained in the
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instruction set. The instructions are defined and explained in the
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Programming Reference Manuals for the specific devices, available from
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Programming Reference Manuals for the specific devices, available from
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Motorola. The assembly language also contains mnemonic directives
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Motorola. The assembly language also contains mnemonic directives
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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which specify auxiliary actions to be performed by the Assembler.
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which specify auxiliary actions to be performed by the Assembler.
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These directives are not always translated into machine language.
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These directives are not always translated into machine language.
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1.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
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1.3 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
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These assemblers will run on any IBM-PC, XT, AT, PS-2, or true
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These assemblers will run on any IBM-PC, XT, AT, PS-2, or true
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compatible. The assemblers may be run off of a floppy disk drive or
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compatible. The assemblers may be run off of a floppy disk drive or
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they may be copied onto a hard drive for execution. DOS 2.0 or later
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they may be copied onto a hard drive for execution. DOS 2.0 or later
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is required.
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is required.
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1.4 ASSEMBLER PROCESSING
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1.4 ASSEMBLER PROCESSING
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The Macro Assembler is a two-pass assembler. During the first pass,
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The Macro Assembler is a two-pass assembler. During the first pass,
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the source program is read to develop the symbol table. During the
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the source program is read to develop the symbol table. During the
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second pass, the object file is created (assembled) with reference to
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second pass, the object file is created (assembled) with reference to
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the table developed in pass one. It is during the second pass that
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the table developed in pass one. It is during the second pass that
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the source program listing is also produced.
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the source program listing is also produced.
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Each source statement is processed completely before the next source
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Each source statement is processed completely before the next source
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statement is read. As each statement is processed, the Assembler
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statement is read. As each statement is processed, the Assembler
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examines the label, operation code, and operand fields. The operation
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examines the label, operation code, and operand fields. The operation
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code table is scanned for a match with a known opcode. During the
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code table is scanned for a match with a known opcode. During the
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processing of a standard operation code mnemonic, the standard
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processing of a standard operation code mnemonic, the standard
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machine code is inserted into the object file. If an Assembler
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machine code is inserted into the object file. If an Assembler
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directive is being processed, the proper action is taken.
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directive is being processed, the proper action is taken.
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Any errors that are detected by the Assembler are displayed before the
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Any errors that are detected by the Assembler are displayed before the
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actual line containing the error is printed. If no source listing is
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actual line containing the error is printed. If no source listing is
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being produced, error messages are still displayed to indicate that
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being produced, error messages are still displayed to indicate that
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the assembly process did not proceed normally.
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the assembly process did not proceed normally.
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2
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2
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 2
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CODING ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMS
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CODING ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMS
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
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Programs written in assembly language consist of a sequence of source
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Programs written in assembly language consist of a sequence of source
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statements. Each source statement consists of a sequence of ASCII
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statements. Each source statement consists of a sequence of ASCII
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characters ending with a carriage return. Appendix A contains a list
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characters ending with a carriage return. Appendix A contains a list
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of the supported character set.
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of the supported character set.
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2.2 SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT
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2.2 SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT
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Each source statement may include up to four fields: a label (or "*"
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Each source statement may include up to four fields: a label (or "*"
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for a comment line), an operation (instruction mneumonic or assembler
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for a comment line), an operation (instruction mneumonic or assembler
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directive), an operand, and a comment.
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directive), an operand, and a comment.
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2.2.1 Label Field
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2.2.1 Label Field
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The label field occurs as the first field of a source statement. The
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The label field occurs as the first field of a source statement. The
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label field can take one of the following forms:
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label field can take one of the following forms:
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1. An asterisk (*) as the first character in the label field indicates
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1. An asterisk (*) as the first character in the label field indicates
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that the rest of the source statement is a comment. Comments are
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that the rest of the source statement is a comment. Comments are
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ignored by the Assembler, and are printed on the source listing only
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ignored by the Assembler, and are printed on the source listing only
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for the programmer's information.
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for the programmer's information.
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2. A whitespace character (blank or tab) as the first character
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2. A whitespace character (blank or tab) as the first character
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indicates that the label field is empty. The line has no label and is
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indicates that the label field is empty. The line has no label and is
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not a comment.
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not a comment.
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3. A symbol character as the first character indicates that the line
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3. A symbol character as the first character indicates that the line
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has a label. Symbol characters are the upper or lower case letters a-
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has a label. Symbol characters are the upper or lower case letters a-
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z, digits 0-9, and the special characters, period (.), dollar sign
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z, digits 0-9, and the special characters, period (.), dollar sign
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($), and underscore (_). Symbols consist of one to 15 characters, the
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($), and underscore (_). Symbols consist of one to 15 characters, the
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first of which must be alphabetic or the special characters period (.)
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first of which must be alphabetic or the special characters period (.)
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or underscore (_). All characters are significant and upper and lower
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or underscore (_). All characters are significant and upper and lower
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case letters are distinct.
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case letters are distinct.
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A symbol may occur only once in the label field. If a symbol does
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A symbol may occur only once in the label field. If a symbol does
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occur more than once in a label field, then each reference to that
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occur more than once in a label field, then each reference to that
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symbol will be flagged with an error.
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symbol will be flagged with an error.
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With the exception of some directives, a label is assigned the value
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With the exception of some directives, a label is assigned the value
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of the program counter of the first byte of the instruction or data
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of the program counter of the first byte of the instruction or data
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being assembled. The value assigned to the label is absolute.
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being assembled. The value assigned to the label is absolute.
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Labels may optionally be ended with a colon (:). If the colon is
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Labels may optionally be ended with a colon (:). If the colon is
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used it is not part of the label but merely acts to set the label off
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used it is not part of the label but merely acts to set the label off
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from the rest of the source line. Thus the following code fragments
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from the rest of the source line. Thus the following code fragments
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are equivalent:
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are equivalent:
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here: deca
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here: deca
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bne here
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bne here
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3
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3
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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here deca
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here deca
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bne here
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bne here
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A label may appear on a line by itself. The assembler interprets this
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A label may appear on a line by itself. The assembler interprets this
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as set the value of the label equal to the current value of the
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as set the value of the label equal to the current value of the
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program counter.
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program counter.
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The symbol table has room for at least 2000 symbols of length 8
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The symbol table has room for at least 2000 symbols of length 8
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characters or less. Additional characters up to 15 are permissible at
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characters or less. Additional characters up to 15 are permissible at
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the expense of decreasing the maximum number of symbols possible in
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the expense of decreasing the maximum number of symbols possible in
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the table.
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the table.
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2.2.2 Operation Field
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2.2.2 Operation Field
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The operation field occurs after the label field, and must be preceded
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The operation field occurs after the label field, and must be preceded
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by at least one whitespace character. The operation field must contain
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by at least one whitespace character. The operation field must contain
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a legal opcode mneumonic or an assembler directive. Upper case
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a legal opcode mneumonic or an assembler directive. Upper case
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characters in this field are converted to lower case before being
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characters in this field are converted to lower case before being
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checked as a legal mneumonic. Thus 'nop', 'NOP', and 'NoP' are
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checked as a legal mneumonic. Thus 'nop', 'NOP', and 'NoP' are
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recognized as the same mneumonic. Entries in the operation field may
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recognized as the same mneumonic. Entries in the operation field may
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be one of two types:
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be one of two types:
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Opcode. These correspond directly to the machine instructions. The
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Opcode. These correspond directly to the machine instructions. The
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operation code includes any register name associated with the
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operation code includes any register name associated with the
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instruction. These register names must not be separated from the
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instruction. These register names must not be separated from the
|
opcode with any whitespace characters. Thus 'clra' means clear
|
opcode with any whitespace characters. Thus 'clra' means clear
|
accumulator A, but 'clr a' means clear memory location identified by
|
accumulator A, but 'clr a' means clear memory location identified by
|
the label 'a'.
|
the label 'a'.
|
|
|
Directive. These are special operation codes known to the Assembler
|
Directive. These are special operation codes known to the Assembler
|
which control the assembly process rather than being translated into
|
which control the assembly process rather than being translated into
|
machine instructions.
|
machine instructions.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3 Operand Field
|
2.2.3 Operand Field
|
|
|
The operand field's interpretation is dependent on the contents of the
|
The operand field's interpretation is dependent on the contents of the
|
operation field. The operand field, if required, must follow the
|
operation field. The operand field, if required, must follow the
|
operation field, and must be preceded by at least one whitespace
|
operation field, and must be preceded by at least one whitespace
|
character. The operand field may contain a symbol, an expression, or a
|
character. The operand field may contain a symbol, an expression, or a
|
combination of symbols and expressions separated by commas.
|
combination of symbols and expressions separated by commas.
|
|
|
The operand field of machine instructions is used to specify the
|
The operand field of machine instructions is used to specify the
|
addressing mode of the instruction, as well as the operand of the
|
addressing mode of the instruction, as well as the operand of the
|
instruction. The following tables summarize the operand field
|
instruction. The following tables summarize the operand field
|
formats for the various processor families. (NOTE: in these tables
|
formats for the various processor families. (NOTE: in these tables
|
parenthesis "()" signify optional elements and angle brackets "<>"
|
parenthesis "()" signify optional elements and angle brackets "<>"
|
denote an expression is inserted. These syntax elements are present
|
denote an expression is inserted. These syntax elements are present
|
only for clarification of the format and are not inserted as part of
|
only for clarification of the format and are not inserted as part of
|
the actual source program. All other characters are significant and
|
the actual source program. All other characters are significant and
|
must be used when required.)
|
must be used when required.)
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
4
|
4
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.1 M6800/6801 Operand Syntax
|
2.2.3.1 M6800/6801 Operand Syntax
|
|
|
The format of the operand field for M6800/6801 instructions is:
|
The format of the operand field for M6800/6801 instructions is:
|
|
|
Operand Format M6800/M6801 Addressing Mode
|
Operand Format M6800/M6801 Addressing Mode
|
-------------- ---------------------------
|
-------------- ---------------------------
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
#<expression> immediate
|
#<expression> immediate
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
|
|
Details of the M6800/6801 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
Details of the M6800/6801 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.2 M6804/68HC Operand Syntax
|
2.2.3.2 M6804/68HC Operand Syntax
|
|
|
For the M6804/68HC04, the following operand formats exist:
|
For the M6804/68HC04, the following operand formats exist:
|
|
|
Operand Format M6804/68HC04 Addressing Mode
|
Operand Format M6804/68HC04 Addressing Mode
|
-------------- ----------------------------
|
-------------- ----------------------------
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
#<expression> immediate
|
#<expression> immediate
|
<expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression>,<expression> bit test and branch
|
<expression>,<expression> bit test and branch
|
[<x> or <y>] register indirect
|
[<x> or <y>] register indirect
|
<expression>,#<expression> move indirect
|
<expression>,#<expression> move indirect
|
|
|
Details of the M6804/68HC04 addressing modes may be found in Appendix
|
Details of the M6804/68HC04 addressing modes may be found in Appendix
|
B.
|
B.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.3 M6805/M68HC05 Operand Syntax
|
2.2.3.3 M6805/M68HC05 Operand Syntax
|
|
|
For the M6805/68HC05, the operand formats are:
|
For the M6805/68HC05, the operand formats are:
|
|
|
Operand Format M6805/68HC05 Addressing Mode
|
Operand Format M6805/68HC05 Addressing Mode
|
-------------- ----------------------------
|
-------------- ----------------------------
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
#<expression> immediate
|
#<expression> immediate
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
<expression>,<expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression>,<expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression>,<expression>,<expression> bit test and branch
|
<expression>,<expression>,<expression> bit test and branch
|
|
|
Details of the M6805/68HC05 addressing modes may be found in Appendix
|
Details of the M6805/68HC05 addressing modes may be found in Appendix
|
B.
|
B.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.4 M6809 Operand Syntax
|
2.2.3.4 M6809 Operand Syntax
|
|
|
For the M6809, the following operand formats are used:
|
For the M6809, the following operand formats are used:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
5
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
|
|
|
Operand Format M6809 Addressing Mode
|
Operand Format M6809 Addressing Mode
|
-------------- ---------------------
|
-------------- ---------------------
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
#<expression> immediate
|
#<expression> immediate
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
<expression>,X indexed
|
<<expression> forced direct
|
<<expression> forced direct
|
><expression> forced extended
|
><expression> forced extended
|
<expression>] extended indirect
|
<expression>] extended indirect
|
<expression>,R indexed
|
<expression>,R indexed
|
<<expression>,R forced 8-bit offset indexed
|
<<expression>,R forced 8-bit offset indexed
|
><expression>,R forced 16-bit offset indexed
|
><expression>,R forced 16-bit offset indexed
|
[<expression>,R] indexed indirect
|
[<expression>,R] indexed indirect
|
<[<expression>,R] forced 8-bit offset indexed indirect
|
<[<expression>,R] forced 8-bit offset indexed indirect
|
>[<expression>,R] forced 16-bit offset indexed indirect
|
>[<expression>,R] forced 16-bit offset indexed indirect
|
Q+ auto increment by 1
|
Q+ auto increment by 1
|
Q++ auto increment by 2
|
Q++ auto increment by 2
|
[Q++] auto increment indirect
|
[Q++] auto increment indirect
|
-Q auto decrement by
|
-Q auto decrement by
|
--Q auto decrement by 2
|
--Q auto decrement by 2
|
[--Q] auto decrement indirect
|
[--Q] auto decrement indirect
|
W1,[W2,...,Wn] immediate
|
W1,[W2,...,Wn] immediate
|
|
|
where R is one of the registers PCR, S, U, X, or Y, and Q is one of
|
where R is one of the registers PCR, S, U, X, or Y, and Q is one of
|
the registers S, U, X, or Y. Wi (i=1 to n) is one of the symbols A,
|
the registers S, U, X, or Y. Wi (i=1 to n) is one of the symbols A,
|
B, CC, D, DP, PC, S, U, X, or Y.
|
B, CC, D, DP, PC, S, U, X, or Y.
|
|
|
Details of the M6809 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
Details of the M6809 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.5 M68HC11 Operand Syntax
|
2.2.3.5 M68HC11 Operand Syntax
|
|
|
For the M68HC11, the following operand formats exist:
|
For the M68HC11, the following operand formats exist:
|
|
|
Operand Format M68HC11 Addressing Mode
|
Operand Format M68HC11 Addressing Mode
|
-------------- -----------------------
|
-------------- -----------------------
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
no operand accumulator and inherent
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
<expression> direct, extended, or relative
|
#<expression> immediate
|
#<expression> immediate
|
<expression>,X indexed with X register
|
<expression>,X indexed with X register
|
<expression>,Y indexed with Y register
|
<expression>,Y indexed with Y register
|
<expression> <expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression> <expression> bit set or clear
|
<expression> <expression> <expression> bit test and branch
|
<expression> <expression> <expression> bit test and branch
|
|
|
The bit manipulation instruction operands are separated by spaces in
|
The bit manipulation instruction operands are separated by spaces in
|
this case since the HC11 allows bit manipulation instructions on
|
this case since the HC11 allows bit manipulation instructions on
|
indexed addresses. Thus a ',X' or ',Y' may be added to the final two
|
indexed addresses. Thus a ',X' or ',Y' may be added to the final two
|
formats above to form the indexed effective address calculation.
|
formats above to form the indexed effective address calculation.
|
|
|
Details of the M68HC11 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
Details of the M68HC11 addressing modes may be found in Appendix B.
|
The operand fields of assembler directives are described in Chapter 4.
|
The operand fields of assembler directives are described in Chapter 4.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.6 Expressions. An expression is a combination of symbols,
|
2.2.3.6 Expressions. An expression is a combination of symbols,
|
constants, algebraic operators, and parentheses. The expression is
|
constants, algebraic operators, and parentheses. The expression is
|
used to specify a value which is to be used as an operand.
|
used to specify a value which is to be used as an operand.
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
6
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
|
|
|
Expressions may consist of symbols, constants, or the character '*'
|
Expressions may consist of symbols, constants, or the character '*'
|
(denoting the current value of the program counter) joined together by
|
(denoting the current value of the program counter) joined together by
|
one of the operators: + - * / % & | ^ .
|
one of the operators: + - * / % & | ^ .
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.7 Operators. The operators are the same as in c:
|
2.2.3.7 Operators. The operators are the same as in c:
|
|
|
+ add
|
+ add
|
- subtract
|
- subtract
|
* multiply
|
* multiply
|
/ divide
|
/ divide
|
% remainder after division
|
% remainder after division
|
& bitwise and
|
& bitwise and
|
| bitwise or
|
| bitwise or
|
^ bitwise exclusive or
|
^ bitwise exclusive or
|
|
|
Expressions are evaluated left to right and there is no provision for
|
Expressions are evaluated left to right and there is no provision for
|
parenthesized expressions. Arithmetic is carried out in signed two-
|
parenthesized expressions. Arithmetic is carried out in signed two-
|
complement integer precision (that's 16 bits on the IBM PC).
|
complement integer precision (that's 16 bits on the IBM PC).
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.8 Symbols. Each symbol is associated with a 16-bit integer
|
2.2.3.8 Symbols. Each symbol is associated with a 16-bit integer
|
value which is used in place of the symbol during the expression
|
value which is used in place of the symbol during the expression
|
evaluation. The asterisk (*) used in an expression as a symbol
|
evaluation. The asterisk (*) used in an expression as a symbol
|
represents the current value of the location counter (the first byte
|
represents the current value of the location counter (the first byte
|
of a multi-byte instruction).
|
of a multi-byte instruction).
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.3.9 Constants. Constants represent quantities of data that do
|
2.2.3.9 Constants. Constants represent quantities of data that do
|
not vary in value during the execution of a program. Constants may be
|
not vary in value during the execution of a program. Constants may be
|
presented to the assembler in one of five formats: decimal,
|
presented to the assembler in one of five formats: decimal,
|
hexadecimal, binary, or octal, or ASCII. The programmer indicates the
|
hexadecimal, binary, or octal, or ASCII. The programmer indicates the
|
number format to the assembler with the following prefixes:
|
number format to the assembler with the following prefixes:
|
|
|
$ HEX
|
$ HEX
|
% BINARY
|
% BINARY
|
@ OCTAL
|
@ OCTAL
|
' ASCII
|
' ASCII
|
|
|
Unprefixed constants are interpreted as decimal. The assembler
|
Unprefixed constants are interpreted as decimal. The assembler
|
converts all constants to binary machine code and are displayed in the
|
converts all constants to binary machine code and are displayed in the
|
assembly listing as hex.
|
assembly listing as hex.
|
|
|
A decimal constant consists of a string of numeric digits. The value
|
A decimal constant consists of a string of numeric digits. The value
|
of a decimal constant must fall in the range 0-65535, inclusive. The
|
of a decimal constant must fall in the range 0-65535, inclusive. The
|
following example shows both valid and invalid decimal constants:
|
following example shows both valid and invalid decimal constants:
|
|
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
----- ------- --------------
|
----- ------- --------------
|
12 123456 more than 5 digits
|
12 123456 more than 5 digits
|
12345 12.3 invalid character
|
12345 12.3 invalid character
|
|
|
A hexadecimal constant consists of a maximum of four characters from
|
A hexadecimal constant consists of a maximum of four characters from
|
the set of digits (0-9) and the upper case alphabetic letters (A-F),
|
the set of digits (0-9) and the upper case alphabetic letters (A-F),
|
and is preceded by a dollar sign ($). Hexadecimal constants must be
|
and is preceded by a dollar sign ($). Hexadecimal constants must be
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7
|
7
|
|
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|
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|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
|
|
|
in the range $0000 to $FFFF. The following example shows both valid
|
in the range $0000 to $FFFF. The following example shows both valid
|
and invalid hexadecimal constants:
|
and invalid hexadecimal constants:
|
|
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
----- ------- --------------
|
----- ------- --------------
|
$12 ABCD no preceding "$"
|
$12 ABCD no preceding "$"
|
$ABCD $G2A invalid character
|
$ABCD $G2A invalid character
|
$001F $2F018 too many digits
|
$001F $2F018 too many digits
|
|
|
A binary constant consists of a maximum of 16 ones or zeros preceded
|
A binary constant consists of a maximum of 16 ones or zeros preceded
|
by a percent sign (%). The following example shows both valid and
|
by a percent sign (%). The following example shows both valid and
|
invalid binary constants:
|
invalid binary constants:
|
|
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
----- ------- --------------
|
----- ------- --------------
|
%00101 1010101 missing percent
|
%00101 1010101 missing percent
|
%1 %10011000101010111 too many digits
|
%1 %10011000101010111 too many digits
|
%10100 %210101 invalid digit
|
%10100 %210101 invalid digit
|
|
|
An octal constant consists of a maximum of six numeric digits,
|
An octal constant consists of a maximum of six numeric digits,
|
excluding the digits 8 and 9, preceded by a commercial at-sign (@).
|
excluding the digits 8 and 9, preceded by a commercial at-sign (@).
|
Octal constants must be in the ranges @0 to @177777. The following
|
Octal constants must be in the ranges @0 to @177777. The following
|
example shows both valid and invalid octal constan
|
example shows both valid and invalid octal constan
|
ts:
|
ts:
|
|
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
----- ------- --------------
|
----- ------- --------------
|
@17634 @2317234 too many digits
|
@17634 @2317234 too many digits
|
@377 @277272 out of range
|
@377 @277272 out of range
|
@177600 @23914 invalid character
|
@177600 @23914 invalid character
|
|
|
A single ASCII character can be used as a constant in expressions.
|
A single ASCII character can be used as a constant in expressions.
|
ASCII constants are preceded by a single quote ('). Any character,
|
ASCII constants are preceded by a single quote ('). Any character,
|
including the single quote, can be used as a character constant. The
|
including the single quote, can be used as a character constant. The
|
following example shows both valid and inval
|
following example shows both valid and inval
|
id character constants:
|
id character constants:
|
|
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
VALID INVALID REASON INVALID
|
----- ------- --------------
|
----- ------- --------------
|
'* 'VALID too long
|
'* 'VALID too long
|
|
|
For the invalid case above the assembler will not indicate an error.
|
For the invalid case above the assembler will not indicate an error.
|
Rather it will assemble the first character and ignore the remainder.
|
Rather it will assemble the first character and ignore the remainder.
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.4 Comment Field
|
2.2.4 Comment Field
|
|
|
The last field of an Assembler source statement is the comment field.
|
The last field of an Assembler source statement is the comment field.
|
This field is optional and is only printed on the source listing for
|
This field is optional and is only printed on the source listing for
|
documentation purposes. The comment field is separated from the
|
documentation purposes. The comment field is separated from the
|
operand field (or from the operation field if no operand is required)
|
operand field (or from the operation field if no operand is required)
|
by at least one whitespace character. The comment field can contain
|
by at least one whitespace character. The comment field can contain
|
any printable ASCII characters.
|
any printable ASCII characters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
8
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
2.3 ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
|
2.3 ASSEMBLER OUTPUT
|
|
|
The Assembler output includes an optional listing of the source
|
The Assembler output includes an optional listing of the source
|
program and an object file which is in the Motorola S Record format.
|
program and an object file which is in the Motorola S Record format.
|
Details of the S Record format may be found in Appendix E. The
|
Details of the S Record format may be found in Appendix E. The
|
Assembler will normally suppress the printing of the source listing.
|
Assembler will normally suppress the printing of the source listing.
|
This condition, as well as others, can be overridden via options
|
This condition, as well as others, can be overridden via options
|
supplied on the command line that invoked the Assembler.
|
supplied on the command line that invoked the Assembler.
|
|
|
Each line of the listing contains a reference line number, the address
|
Each line of the listing contains a reference line number, the address
|
and bytes assembled, and the original source input line. If an input
|
and bytes assembled, and the original source input line. If an input
|
line causes more than 6 bytes to be output (e.g. a long FCC
|
line causes more than 6 bytes to be output (e.g. a long FCC
|
directive), additional bytes (up to 64) are listed on succeeding lines
|
directive), additional bytes (up to 64) are listed on succeeding lines
|
with no address preceding them.
|
with no address preceding them.
|
|
|
The assembly listing may optionally contain a symbol table or a cross
|
The assembly listing may optionally contain a symbol table or a cross
|
reference table of all symbols appearing in the program. These are
|
reference table of all symbols appearing in the program. These are
|
always printed at the end of the assembly listing if either the symbol
|
always printed at the end of the assembly listing if either the symbol
|
table or cross reference table options (Paragraph 4.8) are in effect.
|
table or cross reference table options (Paragraph 4.8) are in effect.
|
The symbol table contains the name of each symbol, along with its
|
The symbol table contains the name of each symbol, along with its
|
defined value. The cross reference table additionally contains the
|
defined value. The cross reference table additionally contains the
|
assembler-maintained source line number of every reference to every
|
assembler-maintained source line number of every reference to every
|
symbol. The format of the cross reference table is shown in Appendix
|
symbol. The format of the cross reference table is shown in Appendix
|
D.
|
D.
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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9
|
9
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
CHAPTER 3
|
CHAPTER 3
|
RUNNING THE ASSEMBLERS
|
RUNNING THE ASSEMBLERS
|
|
|
|
|
3.1 ASSEMBLER INVOCATION
|
3.1 ASSEMBLER INVOCATION
|
|
|
The Motorola Freeware Assembly programs are named as*.exe where '*' is
|
The Motorola Freeware Assembly programs are named as*.exe where '*' is
|
any of 0, 1, 4, 5, 9, or 11 depending on which processor family you
|
any of 0, 1, 4, 5, 9, or 11 depending on which processor family you
|
wish to assemble code for. For example, to generate M6800 code run
|
wish to assemble code for. For example, to generate M6800 code run
|
the as0.exe program. To generate M68HC05 code run the as5.exe
|
the as0.exe program. To generate M68HC05 code run the as5.exe
|
program, and so forth. To run the assembler enter the following
|
program, and so forth. To run the assembler enter the following
|
command line:
|
command line:
|
|
|
as* file1 (file2 . . . ) ( - option1 option2 . . . )
|
as* file1 (file2 . . . ) ( - option1 option2 . . . )
|
|
|
where file1, file2, etc are the names of the source files you wish to
|
where file1, file2, etc are the names of the source files you wish to
|
assemble. The source filenames may have extensions but the assembler
|
assemble. The source filenames may have extensions but the assembler
|
does not check for any particular extension ( however, do not use the
|
does not check for any particular extension ( however, do not use the
|
.S19 extension since that is the extension of the object file created
|
.S19 extension since that is the extension of the object file created
|
by the assembler. Its creation would overwrite the source file when
|
by the assembler. Its creation would overwrite the source file when
|
it is written to the disk).
|
it is written to the disk).
|
|
|
The options are one or more of the following:
|
The options are one or more of the following:
|
|
|
l enables output listing
|
l enables output listing
|
no disables output listing (default).
|
no disables output listing (default).
|
cre enables the cross reference table generation
|
cre enables the cross reference table generation
|
s enables the symbol table generation
|
s enables the symbol table generation
|
c enables cycle counting
|
c enables cycle counting
|
noc disables cycle counting
|
noc disables cycle counting
|
|
|
The minus sign preceding the option should be separated from the last
|
The minus sign preceding the option should be separated from the last
|
file name by a space. These options may also be indicated to the
|
file name by a space. These options may also be indicated to the
|
assembler by the use of the OPT directive in the source file. The OPT
|
assembler by the use of the OPT directive in the source file. The OPT
|
directive is described in Paragraph 4.8.
|
directive is described in Paragraph 4.8.
|
|
|
The object file created is written to disk and given the name
|
The object file created is written to disk and given the name
|
'FILENAME.S19' where 'FILENAME' is the name of the first source file
|
'FILENAME.S19' where 'FILENAME' is the name of the first source file
|
specified on the command line. Any errors and the optional listing
|
specified on the command line. Any errors and the optional listing
|
(if specified) are displayed on the screen. The listing and/or error
|
(if specified) are displayed on the screen. The listing and/or error
|
messages may be saved to a file for later examination or printing by
|
messages may be saved to a file for later examination or printing by
|
append an i/o redirection command to the command line. On the PC i/o
|
append an i/o redirection command to the command line. On the PC i/o
|
redirection is indicated with the greater-than ('>') symbol followed
|
redirection is indicated with the greater-than ('>') symbol followed
|
by any new or existing file name.
|
by any new or existing file name.
|
|
|
Command line examples:
|
Command line examples:
|
|
|
The command line
|
The command line
|
|
|
as5 myfile
|
as5 myfile
|
|
|
would run the M6805/68HC05 assembler on the source file 'myfile'. The
|
would run the M6805/68HC05 assembler on the source file 'myfile'. The
|
object file would be written to 'myfile.s19' and any errors would
|
object file would be written to 'myfile.s19' and any errors would
|
appear on the screen.
|
appear on the screen.
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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The command line
|
The command line
|
|
|
as9 test.asm nexttest.s -l
|
as9 test.asm nexttest.s -l
|
|
|
would run the M6809 assembler on the source files 'test.asm' and
|
would run the M6809 assembler on the source files 'test.asm' and
|
'nexttest.s'. The object file would be written to 'test.s19' and any
|
'nexttest.s'. The object file would be written to 'test.s19' and any
|
errors and the assembly listing would appear on the screen.
|
errors and the assembly listing would appear on the screen.
|
|
|
The command line
|
The command line
|
|
|
as9 test.asm nexttest.s -l cre s >test.lst
|
as9 test.asm nexttest.s -l cre s >test.lst
|
|
|
would run the M6809 assembler on the source files 'test.asm' and
|
would run the M6809 assembler on the source files 'test.asm' and
|
'nexttest.s'. The object file would be written to 'test.s19'. A
|
'nexttest.s'. The object file would be written to 'test.s19'. A
|
listing would be created followed by a symbol table and cross
|
listing would be created followed by a symbol table and cross
|
reference which would all be written to the file test.lst
|
reference which would all be written to the file test.lst
|
.
|
.
|
|
|
3.2 ERROR MESSAGES
|
3.2 ERROR MESSAGES
|
|
|
Error diagnostic messages are placed in the listing file just before
|
Error diagnostic messages are placed in the listing file just before
|
the line containing the error. The format of the error line is:
|
the line containing the error. The format of the error line is:
|
|
|
Line_number: Description of error
|
Line_number: Description of error
|
|
|
or
|
or
|
|
|
Line_number: Warning ---- Description of error
|
Line_number: Warning ---- Description of error
|
|
|
Errors in pass one cause cancellation of pass two. Warning do not
|
Errors in pass one cause cancellation of pass two. Warning do not
|
cause cancellation of pass two but are indications of a possible
|
cause cancellation of pass two but are indications of a possible
|
problem. Error messages are meant to be self-explanatory.
|
problem. Error messages are meant to be self-explanatory.
|
|
|
If more than one file is being assembled, the file name precedes the
|
If more than one file is being assembled, the file name precedes the
|
error:
|
error:
|
|
|
File_name,Line_number: Description of error
|
File_name,Line_number: Description of error
|
|
|
Some errors are classed as fatal and cause an immediate termination of
|
Some errors are classed as fatal and cause an immediate termination of
|
the assembly. Generally this happens when a temporary file cannot be
|
the assembly. Generally this happens when a temporary file cannot be
|
created or is lost during assembly.
|
created or is lost during assembly.
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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CHAPTER 4
|
CHAPTER 4
|
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
|
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
|
|
|
|
|
4.1 INTRODUCTION
|
4.1 INTRODUCTION
|
|
|
The Assembler directives are instructions to the Assembler, rather
|
The Assembler directives are instructions to the Assembler, rather
|
than instructions to be directly translated into object code. This
|
than instructions to be directly translated into object code. This
|
chapter describes the directives that are recognized by the Freeware
|
chapter describes the directives that are recognized by the Freeware
|
Assemblers. Detailed descriptions of each directive are arranged
|
Assemblers. Detailed descriptions of each directive are arranged
|
alphabetically. The notations used in this chapter are:
|
alphabetically. The notations used in this chapter are:
|
|
|
( ) Parentheses denote an optional element.
|
( ) Parentheses denote an optional element.
|
|
|
XYZ The names of the directives are printed in capital letters.
|
XYZ The names of the directives are printed in capital letters.
|
|
|
< > The element names are printed in lower case and contained in
|
< > The element names are printed in lower case and contained in
|
angle brackets. All elements outside of the angle brackets '<>' must
|
angle brackets. All elements outside of the angle brackets '<>' must
|
be specified as-is. For example, the syntactical element (<number>,)
|
be specified as-is. For example, the syntactical element (<number>,)
|
requires the comma to be specified if the optional element <number> is
|
requires the comma to be specified if the optional element <number> is
|
selected. The following elements are used in the subsequent
|
selected. The following elements are used in the subsequent
|
descriptions:
|
descriptions:
|
|
|
|
|
<comment> A statement's comment field
|
<comment> A statement's comment field
|
<label> A statement label
|
<label> A statement label
|
<expression> An Assembler expression
|
<expression> An Assembler expression
|
<expr> An Assembler expression
|
<expr> An Assembler expression
|
<number> A numeric constant
|
<number> A numeric constant
|
<string> A string of ASCII characters
|
<string> A string of ASCII characters
|
<delimiter> A string delimiter
|
<delimiter> A string delimiter
|
<option> An Assembler option
|
<option> An Assembler option
|
<symbol> An Assembler symbol
|
<symbol> An Assembler symbol
|
<sym> An Assembler symbol
|
<sym> An Assembler symbol
|
<sect> A relocatable program section
|
<sect> A relocatable program section
|
<reg list> M6809 register list
|
<reg list> M6809 register list
|
<reg exp> M6809 register expression
|
<reg exp> M6809 register expression
|
|
|
|
|
In the following descriptions of the various directives, the syntax,
|
In the following descriptions of the various directives, the syntax,
|
or format, of the directive is given first. This will be followed
|
or format, of the directive is given first. This will be followed
|
with the directive's description.
|
with the directive's description.
|
|
|
4.2 BSZ - BLOCK STORAGE OF ZEROS
|
4.2 BSZ - BLOCK STORAGE OF ZEROS
|
|
|
(<label>) BSZ <expression> (<comment>)
|
(<label>) BSZ <expression> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The BSZ directive causes the Assembler to allocate a block of bytes.
|
The BSZ directive causes the Assembler to allocate a block of bytes.
|
Each byte is assigned the initial value of zero. The number of bytes
|
Each byte is assigned the initial value of zero. The number of bytes
|
allocated is given by the expression in the operand field. If the
|
allocated is given by the expression in the operand field. If the
|
expression contains symbols that are either undefined or forward
|
expression contains symbols that are either undefined or forward
|
referenced (i.e. the definition occurs later on in the file), or if
|
referenced (i.e. the definition occurs later on in the file), or if
|
the expression has a value of zero, an error will be generated.
|
the expression has a value of zero, an error will be generated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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12
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12
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
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4.3 EQU - EQUATE SYMBOL TO A VALUE
|
4.3 EQU - EQUATE SYMBOL TO A VALUE
|
|
|
<label> EQU <expression> (<comment>)
|
<label> EQU <expression> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The EQU directive assigns the value of the expression in the operand
|
The EQU directive assigns the value of the expression in the operand
|
field to the label. The EQU directive assigns a value other than the
|
field to the label. The EQU directive assigns a value other than the
|
program counter to the label. The label cannot be redefined anywhere
|
program counter to the label. The label cannot be redefined anywhere
|
else in the program. The expression cannot contain any forward
|
else in the program. The expression cannot contain any forward
|
references or undefined symbols. Equates with forward references are
|
references or undefined symbols. Equates with forward references are
|
flagged with Phasing Errors.
|
flagged with Phasing Errors.
|
|
|
4.4 FCB - FORM CONSTANT BYTE
|
4.4 FCB - FORM CONSTANT BYTE
|
|
|
(<label>) FCB <expr>(,<expr>,...,<expr>) (<comment>)
|
(<label>) FCB <expr>(,<expr>,...,<expr>) (<comment>)
|
|
|
The FCB directive may have one or more operands separated by commas.
|
The FCB directive may have one or more operands separated by commas.
|
The value of each operand is truncated to eight bits, and is stored in
|
The value of each operand is truncated to eight bits, and is stored in
|
a single byte of the object program. Multiple operands are stored in
|
a single byte of the object program. Multiple operands are stored in
|
successive bytes. The operand may be a numeric constant, a character
|
successive bytes. The operand may be a numeric constant, a character
|
constant, a symbol, or an expression. If multiple operands are
|
constant, a symbol, or an expression. If multiple operands are
|
present, one or more of them can be null (two adjacent commas), in
|
present, one or more of them can be null (two adjacent commas), in
|
which case a single byte of zero will be assigned for that operand.
|
which case a single byte of zero will be assigned for that operand.
|
An error will occur if the upper eight bits of the evaluated operands'
|
An error will occur if the upper eight bits of the evaluated operands'
|
values are not all ones or all zeros.
|
values are not all ones or all zeros.
|
|
|
4.5 FCC - FORM CONSTANT CHARACTER STRING
|
4.5 FCC - FORM CONSTANT CHARACTER STRING
|
|
|
(<label>) FCC <delimiter><string><delimiter> (<comment>)
|
(<label>) FCC <delimiter><string><delimiter> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The FCC directive is used to store ASCII strings into consecutive
|
The FCC directive is used to store ASCII strings into consecutive
|
bytes of memory. The byte storage begins at the current program
|
bytes of memory. The byte storage begins at the current program
|
counter. The label is assigned to the first byte in the string. Any
|
counter. The label is assigned to the first byte in the string. Any
|
of the printable ASCII characters can be contained in the string. The
|
of the printable ASCII characters can be contained in the string. The
|
string is specified between two identical delimiters which can be any
|
string is specified between two identical delimiters which can be any
|
printable ASCII character. The first non-blank character after the FCC
|
printable ASCII character. The first non-blank character after the FCC
|
directive is used as the delimiter.
|
directive is used as the delimiter.
|
|
|
Example:
|
Example:
|
|
|
LABEL1 FCC , ABC,
|
LABEL1 FCC , ABC,
|
|
|
assembles ASCII ABC at location LABEL1
|
assembles ASCII ABC at location LABEL1
|
|
|
|
|
4.6 FDB - FORM DOUBLE BYTE CONSTANT
|
4.6 FDB - FORM DOUBLE BYTE CONSTANT
|
|
|
(<label>) FDB <expr>(,<expr>,...,<expr>) (<comment>)
|
(<label>) FDB <expr>(,<expr>,...,<expr>) (<comment>)
|
|
|
The FDB directive may have one or more operands separated by commas.
|
The FDB directive may have one or more operands separated by commas.
|
The 16-bit value corresponding to each operand is stored into two
|
The 16-bit value corresponding to each operand is stored into two
|
consecutive bytes of the object program. The storage begins at the
|
consecutive bytes of the object program. The storage begins at the
|
current program counter. The label is assigned to the first 16-bit
|
current program counter. The label is assigned to the first 16-bit
|
value. Multiple operands are stored in successive bytes. The operand
|
value. Multiple operands are stored in successive bytes. The operand
|
may be a numeric constant, a character constant, a symbol, or an
|
may be a numeric constant, a character constant, a symbol, or an
|
expression. If multiple operands are present, one or more of them can
|
expression. If multiple operands are present, one or more of them can
|
|
|
|
|
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13
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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be null (two adjacent commas), in which case two bytes of zeros will
|
be null (two adjacent commas), in which case two bytes of zeros will
|
be assigned for that operand.
|
be assigned for that operand.
|
|
|
4.7 FILL - FILL MEMORY
|
4.7 FILL - FILL MEMORY
|
|
|
(<label>) FILL <expression>,<expression>
|
(<label>) FILL <expression>,<expression>
|
|
|
The FILL directive causes the assembler to initialize an area of
|
The FILL directive causes the assembler to initialize an area of
|
memory with a constant value. The first expression signifies the one
|
memory with a constant value. The first expression signifies the one
|
byte value to be placed in the memory and the second expression
|
byte value to be placed in the memory and the second expression
|
indicates the total number of successive bytes to be initialized. The
|
indicates the total number of successive bytes to be initialized. The
|
first expression must evaluate to the range 0-255. Expressions cannot
|
first expression must evaluate to the range 0-255. Expressions cannot
|
contain forward references or undefined symbols.
|
contain forward references or undefined symbols.
|
|
|
4.8 OPT - ASSEMBLER OUTPUT OPTIONS
|
4.8 OPT - ASSEMBLER OUTPUT OPTIONS
|
|
|
OPT <option>(,<option>,...,<option>) (<comment>)
|
OPT <option>(,<option>,...,<option>) (<comment>)
|
|
|
The OPT directive is used to control the format of the Assembler
|
The OPT directive is used to control the format of the Assembler
|
output. The options are specified in the operand field, separated by
|
output. The options are specified in the operand field, separated by
|
commas. All options have a default condition. Some options can be
|
commas. All options have a default condition. Some options can be
|
initialized from the command line that invoked the Assembler, however
|
initialized from the command line that invoked the Assembler, however
|
the options contained in the source file take precedence over any
|
the options contained in the source file take precedence over any
|
entered on the command line. In the following descriptions, the
|
entered on the command line. In the following descriptions, the
|
parenthetical inserts specify "DEFAULT", if the option is the default
|
parenthetical inserts specify "DEFAULT", if the option is the default
|
condition. All options must be entered in lower case.
|
condition. All options must be entered in lower case.
|
|
|
c - Enable cycle counting in the listing. The total cycle count
|
c - Enable cycle counting in the listing. The total cycle count
|
for that instruction will appear in the listing after the assembled
|
for that instruction will appear in the listing after the assembled
|
bytes and before the source code.
|
bytes and before the source code.
|
|
|
cre - Print a cross reference table at the end of the source
|
cre - Print a cross reference table at the end of the source
|
listing. This option, if used, must be specified before the first
|
listing. This option, if used, must be specified before the first
|
symbol in the source program is encountered. The cross reference
|
symbol in the source program is encountered. The cross reference
|
listing format may be found in Appendix D.
|
listing format may be found in Appendix D.
|
|
|
l - Print the listing from this point on. A description of the
|
l - Print the listing from this point on. A description of the
|
listing format can be found in Appendix D.
|
listing format can be found in Appendix D.
|
|
|
noc - (DEFAULT) Disable cycle counting in the listing. If the "c"
|
noc - (DEFAULT) Disable cycle counting in the listing. If the "c"
|
option was used previously in the program, this option will cause
|
option was used previously in the program, this option will cause
|
cycle counting to cease until the next "OPT c" statement.
|
cycle counting to cease until the next "OPT c" statement.
|
|
|
nol - (DEFAULT) Do not print the listing from this point on. An
|
nol - (DEFAULT) Do not print the listing from this point on. An
|
"OPT l" can re-enble listing at a later point in the program.
|
"OPT l" can re-enble listing at a later point in the program.
|
|
|
s - Print symbol table at end of source listing. The symbol table
|
s - Print symbol table at end of source listing. The symbol table
|
format can be found in Appendix D.
|
format can be found in Appendix D.
|
|
|
|
|
4.9 ORG - SET PROGRAM COUNTER TO ORIGIN
|
4.9 ORG - SET PROGRAM COUNTER TO ORIGIN
|
|
|
ORG <expression> (<comment>)
|
ORG <expression> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The ORG directive changes the program counter to the value specified
|
The ORG directive changes the program counter to the value specified
|
by the expression in the operand field. Subsequent statements are
|
by the expression in the operand field. Subsequent statements are
|
|
|
|
|
14
|
14
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
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|
assembled into memory locations starting with the new program counter
|
assembled into memory locations starting with the new program counter
|
value. If no ORG directive is encountered in a source program, the
|
value. If no ORG directive is encountered in a source program, the
|
program counter is initialized to zero. Expressions cannot contain
|
program counter is initialized to zero. Expressions cannot contain
|
forward references or undefined symbols.
|
forward references or undefined symbols.
|
|
|
|
|
4.10 PAGE - TOP OF PAGE
|
4.10 PAGE - TOP OF PAGE
|
|
|
PAGE
|
PAGE
|
|
|
The PAGE directive causes the Assembler to advance the paper to the
|
The PAGE directive causes the Assembler to advance the paper to the
|
top of the next page. If no source listing is being produced, the PAGE
|
top of the next page. If no source listing is being produced, the PAGE
|
directive will have no effect. The directive is not printed on the
|
directive will have no effect. The directive is not printed on the
|
source listing.
|
source listing.
|
|
|
|
|
4.11 RMB - RESERVE MEMORY BYTES
|
4.11 RMB - RESERVE MEMORY BYTES
|
|
|
(<label>) RMB <expression> (<comment>)
|
(<label>) RMB <expression> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The RMB directive causes the location counter to be advanced by the
|
The RMB directive causes the location counter to be advanced by the
|
value of the expression in the operand field. This directive reserves
|
value of the expression in the operand field. This directive reserves
|
a block of memory the length of which in bytes is equal to the value
|
a block of memory the length of which in bytes is equal to the value
|
of the expression. The block of memory reserved is not initialized to
|
of the expression. The block of memory reserved is not initialized to
|
any given value. The expression cannot contain any forward references
|
any given value. The expression cannot contain any forward references
|
or undefined symbols. This directive is commonly used to reserve a
|
or undefined symbols. This directive is commonly used to reserve a
|
scratchpad or table area for later use.
|
scratchpad or table area for later use.
|
|
|
4.12 ZMB - ZERO MEMORY BYTES (same as BSZ)
|
4.12 ZMB - ZERO MEMORY BYTES (same as BSZ)
|
|
|
(<label>) ZMB <expression> (<comment>)
|
(<label>) ZMB <expression> (<comment>)
|
|
|
The ZMB directive causes the Assembler to allocate a block of bytes.
|
The ZMB directive causes the Assembler to allocate a block of bytes.
|
Each byte is assigned the initial value of zero. The number of bytes
|
Each byte is assigned the initial value of zero. The number of bytes
|
allocated is given by the expression in the operand field. If the
|
allocated is given by the expression in the operand field. If the
|
expression contains symbols that are either undefined or forward
|
expression contains symbols that are either undefined or forward
|
references, or if the expression has a value of zero, an error will be
|
references, or if the expression has a value of zero, an error will be
|
generated.
|
generated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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15
|
15
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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APPENDIX A
|
APPENDIX A
|
CHARACTER SET
|
CHARACTER SET
|
|
|
|
|
The character set recognized by the Freeware Assemblers is a subset of
|
The character set recognized by the Freeware Assemblers is a subset of
|
ASCII. The ASCII code is shown in the following figure. The following
|
ASCII. The ASCII code is shown in the following figure. The following
|
characters are recognized by the Assembler:
|
characters are recognized by the Assembler:
|
|
|
1. The upper case letters A through Z and lower case letters a
|
1. The upper case letters A through Z and lower case letters a
|
through z.
|
through z.
|
|
|
2. The digits 0 through 9.
|
2. The digits 0 through 9.
|
|
|
3. Five arithmetic operators: +, -, *, / and % (remainder
|
3. Five arithmetic operators: +, -, *, / and % (remainder
|
after division).
|
after division).
|
|
|
4. Three logical operators: &, |, and ^.
|
4. Three logical operators: &, |, and ^.
|
|
|
5. The special symbol characters: underscore (_), period (.),
|
5. The special symbol characters: underscore (_), period (.),
|
and dollar sign ($). Only the underscore and period may be
|
and dollar sign ($). Only the underscore and period may be
|
used as the first character of a symbol.
|
used as the first character of a symbol.
|
|
|
6. The characters used as prefixes for constants and
|
6. The characters used as prefixes for constants and
|
addressing modes:
|
addressing modes:
|
|
|
# Immediate addressing
|
# Immediate addressing
|
$ Hexadecimal constant
|
$ Hexadecimal constant
|
& Decimal constant
|
& Decimal constant
|
@ Octal constant
|
@ Octal constant
|
% Binary constant
|
% Binary constant
|
' ASCII character constant
|
' ASCII character constant
|
|
|
7. The characters used as suffixes for constants and
|
7. The characters used as suffixes for constants and
|
addressing modes:
|
addressing modes:
|
|
|
,X Indexed addressing
|
,X Indexed addressing
|
,PCR M6809 indexed addressing
|
,PCR M6809 indexed addressing
|
,S M6809 indexed addressing
|
,S M6809 indexed addressing
|
,U M6809 indexed addressing
|
,U M6809 indexed addressing
|
,Y M6809 and M68HC11 indexed addressing
|
,Y M6809 and M68HC11 indexed addressing
|
|
|
8. Three separator characters: space, carriage return, and
|
8. Three separator characters: space, carriage return, and
|
comma.
|
comma.
|
|
|
9. The character "*" to indicate comments. Comments may
|
9. The character "*" to indicate comments. Comments may
|
contain any printable characters from the ASCII set.
|
contain any printable characters from the ASCII set.
|
|
|
10. The special symbol backslash "\" to indicate line
|
10. The special symbol backslash "\" to indicate line
|
continuation. When the assembler encounters the line
|
continuation. When the assembler encounters the line
|
continuation character it fetches the next line and adds it
|
continuation character it fetches the next line and adds it
|
to the end of the first line. This continues until a line
|
to the end of the first line. This continues until a line
|
is seen which doesn't end with a backslash or until the
|
is seen which doesn't end with a backslash or until the
|
system maximum buffer size has been collected (typically
|
system maximum buffer size has been collected (typically
|
greater or equal to 256).
|
greater or equal to 256).
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16
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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11. For the M6809 Assembler, the character "<" preceding an
|
11. For the M6809 Assembler, the character "<" preceding an
|
expression to indicate direct addressing mode or 8-bit
|
expression to indicate direct addressing mode or 8-bit
|
offset in indexed mode, and the character ">" preceding an
|
offset in indexed mode, and the character ">" preceding an
|
expression to indicate extended addressing mode or 16-bit
|
expression to indicate extended addressing mode or 16-bit
|
offset in indexed mode.
|
offset in indexed mode.
|
|
|
12. For the M6809 Assembler, the characters used to indicate
|
12. For the M6809 Assembler, the characters used to indicate
|
auto increment and auto decrement in the indexed mode: +,
|
auto increment and auto decrement in the indexed mode: +,
|
++, -, --.
|
++, -, --.
|
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ASCII CHARACTER CODES
|
ASCII CHARACTER CODES
|
|
|
|
|
BITS 4 to 6 -- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
|
BITS 4 to 6 -- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
|
----------- -------------------------------------
|
----------- -------------------------------------
|
|
|
0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p
|
0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p
|
B 1 SOH DC1 : 1 A Q a q
|
B 1 SOH DC1 : 1 A Q a q
|
I 2 STX DC2 ! 2 B R b r
|
I 2 STX DC2 ! 2 B R b r
|
T 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
|
T 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
|
S 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
|
S 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
|
5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
|
5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
|
0 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
|
0 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
|
7 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
|
7 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
|
T 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
|
T 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
|
O 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
|
O 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
|
A LF SUB * : J Z j z
|
A LF SUB * : J Z j z
|
3 B VT ESC + ; K [ k {
|
3 B VT ESC + ; K [ k {
|
C FF FS , < L \ l ;
|
C FF FS , < L \ l ;
|
D CR GS - = M ] m }
|
D CR GS - = M ] m }
|
E SO RS . > N ^ n ~
|
E SO RS . > N ^ n ~
|
F S1 US / ? O _ o DEL
|
F S1 US / ? O _ o DEL
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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APPENDIX B
|
APPENDIX B
|
ADDRESSING MODES
|
ADDRESSING MODES
|
|
|
B.1 M6800/M6801 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
B.1 M6800/M6801 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
|
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
The M6800 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
The M6800 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
instructions are self-contained and employ the inherent addressing or
|
instructions are self-contained and employ the inherent addressing or
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
|
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or two bytes of
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or two bytes of
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
the pound sign or number sign character (#). The expression following
|
the pound sign or number sign character (#). The expression following
|
the # will be assigned one or two bytes of storage, depending on the
|
the # will be assigned one or two bytes of storage, depending on the
|
instruction.
|
instruction.
|
|
|
|
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
errors by the assembler.
|
errors by the assembler.
|
|
|
|
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
Indexed addressing is relative to the index register. The address is
|
Indexed addressing is relative to the index register. The address is
|
calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a one-byte
|
calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a one-byte
|
displacement (in the second byte of the instruction) to the current
|
displacement (in the second byte of the instruction) to the current
|
contents of the X register. Since no sign extension is performed on
|
contents of the X register. Since no sign extension is performed on
|
this one-byte displacement, the offset cannot be negative. Indexed
|
this one-byte displacement, the offset cannot be negative. Indexed
|
addressing is indicated by the characters ",X" following the
|
addressing is indicated by the characters ",X" following the
|
expression in the operand field. The special case of ",X", without a
|
expression in the operand field. The special case of ",X", without a
|
preceding expression, is treated as "0,X".
|
preceding expression, is treated as "0,X".
|
|
|
|
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
field. Direct addressing will be used by the Assembler whenever
|
field. Direct addressing will be used by the Assembler whenever
|
possible.
|
possible.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
18
|
18
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
B.2 M6804/M68HC04 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
B.2 M6804/M68HC04 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
|
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
The M6800 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
The M6800 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
instructions are self-contained and employ the inherent addressing or
|
instructions are self-contained and employ the inherent addressing or
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
|
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one byte of information that
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one byte of information that
|
immediately follows the operation code in memory. Immediate addressing
|
immediately follows the operation code in memory. Immediate addressing
|
is indicated by preceding the operand field with the pound sign or
|
is indicated by preceding the operand field with the pound sign or
|
number sign character (#). The expression following the # will be
|
number sign character (#). The expression following the # will be
|
assigned one byte of storage.
|
assigned one byte of storage.
|
|
|
|
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
be executed within the range -15 to +16 bytes relative to the first
|
be executed within the range -15 to +16 bytes relative to the first
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
errors by the assembler.
|
errors by the assembler.
|
|
|
|
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize byte to contain the address of
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize byte to contain the address of
|
the operand. Direct addressing is limited to the first 256 bytes of
|
the operand. Direct addressing is limited to the first 256 bytes of
|
memory. Extended addressing concatenates the four least-significant
|
memory. Extended addressing concatenates the four least-significant
|
bits of the opcode with the byte following the opcode to form a 12-bit
|
bits of the opcode with the byte following the opcode to form a 12-bit
|
address. Direct and extended addressing are indicated by only having
|
address. Direct and extended addressing are indicated by only having
|
an expression in the operand field. Direct addressing will be used by
|
an expression in the operand field. Direct addressing will be used by
|
the Assembler whenever possible.
|
the Assembler whenever possible.
|
|
|
|
|
SHORT DIRECT
|
SHORT DIRECT
|
Some opcodes allow 4 memory locations in data space ram ($80, $81,
|
Some opcodes allow 4 memory locations in data space ram ($80, $81,
|
$82, and $83 to be referenced as part of the opcode. The opcode
|
$82, and $83 to be referenced as part of the opcode. The opcode
|
determines the data space RAM location, and the instruction is only
|
determines the data space RAM location, and the instruction is only
|
one byte. The X and Y registers are at locations $80 and $81,
|
one byte. The X and Y registers are at locations $80 and $81,
|
respectively. An expression used with short direct addressing must
|
respectively. An expression used with short direct addressing must
|
not be forward referenced (that is its definition must occur before,
|
not be forward referenced (that is its definition must occur before,
|
not after this point in the file) and must equate to the range $80-
|
not after this point in the file) and must equate to the range $80-
|
$83.
|
$83.
|
|
|
|
|
BIT SET AND CLEAR
|
BIT SET AND CLEAR
|
In the bit set/clear addressing mode, the bit to be set or cleared is
|
In the bit set/clear addressing mode, the bit to be set or cleared is
|
part of the opcode. The byte following the opcode specifies the
|
part of the opcode. The byte following the opcode specifies the
|
direct address of the byte which will have the bit set or cleared.
|
direct address of the byte which will have the bit set or cleared.
|
Any bit in the 256 byte data space memory that can be written (with
|
Any bit in the 256 byte data space memory that can be written (with
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19
|
19
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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the exception of the data direction registers) can be set or cleared
|
the exception of the data direction registers) can be set or cleared
|
with these two byte instructions.
|
with these two byte instructions.
|
|
|
|
|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
The bit test and branch addressing mode is a combination of the direct
|
The bit test and branch addressing mode is a combination of the direct
|
addressing and relative addressing. The bit to be tested, and it
|
addressing and relative addressing. The bit to be tested, and it
|
condition (set or clear), is included in the opcode. The data space
|
condition (set or clear), is included in the opcode. The data space
|
address of the byte to be tested is in the single byte immediately
|
address of the byte to be tested is in the single byte immediately
|
following the opcode byte and follows direct addressing rules. The
|
following the opcode byte and follows direct addressing rules. The
|
third byte is sign extended by the processor during execution to form
|
third byte is sign extended by the processor during execution to form
|
the 12-bit relative address which is added to the program counter if
|
the 12-bit relative address which is added to the program counter if
|
the condition is true. This allows branches based on any readable bit
|
the condition is true. This allows branches based on any readable bit
|
in the data space. The branch span is -125 to +130 from the opcode
|
in the data space. The branch span is -125 to +130 from the opcode
|
address. The branch target address is used by the programmer to
|
address. The branch target address is used by the programmer to
|
signify the relative offset -- the assembler calculates the offset
|
signify the relative offset -- the assembler calculates the offset
|
value. Branches out of bounds are flagged as errors by the
|
value. Branches out of bounds are flagged as errors by the
|
assembler.
|
assembler.
|
|
|
|
|
REGISTER INDIRECT
|
REGISTER INDIRECT
|
In the register indirect mode, the operand is at the address in data
|
In the register indirect mode, the operand is at the address in data
|
space pointed to by the contents of one of the indirect registers, X
|
space pointed to by the contents of one of the indirect registers, X
|
or Y. The particular indirect register is encoded in bit 4 of the
|
or Y. The particular indirect register is encoded in bit 4 of the
|
opcode by the assembler. The assembler operand syntax for register
|
opcode by the assembler. The assembler operand syntax for register
|
indirect is
|
indirect is
|
|
|
[<X> or <Y>]
|
[<X> or <Y>]
|
|
|
|
|
MOVE IMMEDIATE
|
MOVE IMMEDIATE
|
The MVI (move immediate) instruction has its own format:
|
The MVI (move immediate) instruction has its own format:
|
|
|
mvi <expression 1>,#<expression 2>
|
mvi <expression 1>,#<expression 2>
|
|
|
where <expression 1> is a direct address and <expression 2> is the
|
where <expression 1> is a direct address and <expression 2> is the
|
data value to be written.
|
data value to be written.
|
|
|
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS SYNTAX ISSUES
|
MISCELLANEOUS SYNTAX ISSUES
|
The registers in the 6804/HC6804 are memory locations and have
|
The registers in the 6804/HC6804 are memory locations and have
|
addresses assigned to them. The assembler has predefined
|
addresses assigned to them. The assembler has predefined
|
|
|
a = A = $FF
|
a = A = $FF
|
b = B = $80
|
b = B = $80
|
c = C = $81
|
c = C = $81
|
|
|
This also means that for the '04 assembler clr x is equivalent to clrx
|
This also means that for the '04 assembler clr x is equivalent to clrx
|
since x is both a register and a memory location.
|
since x is both a register and a memory location.
|
|
|
The '04 series has separate program and data spaces. There is no
|
The '04 series has separate program and data spaces. There is no
|
program memory in the range $10-$7F. Bytes assembled into that range
|
program memory in the range $10-$7F. Bytes assembled into that range
|
will go into the data space.
|
will go into the data space.
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
20
|
20
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
|
|
|
|
B.3 M6805/68HC05 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
B.3 M6805/68HC05 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
|
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
The M6805 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
The M6805 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent addressing or
|
instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent addressing or
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
|
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one byte of information that
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one byte of information that
|
immediately follows the operation code in memory. Immediate addressing
|
immediately follows the operation code in memory. Immediate addressing
|
is indicated by preceding the operand field with the pound sign or
|
is indicated by preceding the operand field with the pound sign or
|
number sign character (#). The expression following the # will be
|
number sign character (#). The expression following the # will be
|
assigned one byte of storage.
|
assigned one byte of storage.
|
|
|
|
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
errors by the assembler.
|
errors by the assembler.
|
|
|
|
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
Indexed addressing is relative to the index register. The address is
|
Indexed addressing is relative to the index register. The address is
|
calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a one- or
|
calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a one- or
|
two-byte displacement to the current contents of the X register. The
|
two-byte displacement to the current contents of the X register. The
|
displacement immediately follows the operation code in memory. If the
|
displacement immediately follows the operation code in memory. If the
|
displacement is zero, no offset is added to the index register. In
|
displacement is zero, no offset is added to the index register. In
|
this case, only the operation code resides in memory. Since no sign
|
this case, only the operation code resides in memory. Since no sign
|
extension is performed on a one-byte displacement, the offset cannot
|
extension is performed on a one-byte displacement, the offset cannot
|
be negative. Indexed addressing is indicated by the characters ",X"
|
be negative. Indexed addressing is indicated by the characters ",X"
|
following the expression in the operand field. The special case of
|
following the expression in the operand field. The special case of
|
",X", without a preceding expression, is treated as "0,X". Some
|
",X", without a preceding expression, is treated as "0,X". Some
|
instructions do not allow a two-byte displacement.
|
instructions do not allow a two-byte displacement.
|
|
|
|
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
field. Some instructions do not allow extended addressing. Direct
|
field. Some instructions do not allow extended addressing. Direct
|
addressing will be used by the Macro Assembler whenever possible.
|
addressing will be used by the Macro Assembler whenever possible.
|
|
|
|
|
BIT SET OR CLEAR
|
BIT SET OR CLEAR
|
The addressing mode used for this type of instruction is direct,
|
The addressing mode used for this type of instruction is direct,
|
although the format of the operand field is different from the direct
|
although the format of the operand field is different from the direct
|
addressing mode described above. The operand takes the form
|
addressing mode described above. The operand takes the form
|
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<expression 1>, <expression 2>. <expression 1> indicates which bit is
|
<expression 1>, <expression 2>. <expression 1> indicates which bit is
|
to be set or cleared. It must be an absolute expression in the range
|
to be set or cleared. It must be an absolute expression in the range
|
0-7. It is used in generating the operation code. <expression 2> is
|
0-7. It is used in generating the operation code. <expression 2> is
|
handled as a direct address, as described above. Since the bit
|
handled as a direct address, as described above. Since the bit
|
manipulation address is direct, only the first 256 locations may be
|
manipulation address is direct, only the first 256 locations may be
|
operated on by bit manipulation operations.
|
operated on by bit manipulation operations.
|
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|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
This combines two addressing modes: direct and relative. The format of
|
This combines two addressing modes: direct and relative. The format of
|
the operand is: <expression 1>, <expression 2>, <expression 3>.
|
the operand is: <expression 1>, <expression 2>, <expression 3>.
|
<expression 1> and <expression 2> are handled in the same manner as
|
<expression 1> and <expression 2> are handled in the same manner as
|
described above in "bit set or clear". <expression 3> is used to
|
described above in "bit set or clear". <expression 3> is used to
|
generate a relative address, as described above in "relative
|
generate a relative address, as described above in "relative
|
addressing".
|
addressing".
|
|
|
|
|
B.4 M6809 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
B.4 M6809 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
|
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
The M6809 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
The M6809 includes some instructions which require no operands. These
|
instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent addressing or
|
instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent addressing or
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
the accumulator addressing mode.
|
|
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or two bytes of
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or two bytes of
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
the pound sign or number sign (#) -- i.e., #<expression>. The
|
the pound sign or number sign (#) -- i.e., #<expression>. The
|
expression following the # will be assigned one or two bytes of
|
expression following the # will be assigned one or two bytes of
|
storage, depending on the instruction. All instructions referencing
|
storage, depending on the instruction. All instructions referencing
|
the accumulator "A" or "B", or the condition code register "CC", will
|
the accumulator "A" or "B", or the condition code register "CC", will
|
generate a one-byte immediate value. Also, immediate addressing used
|
generate a one-byte immediate value. Also, immediate addressing used
|
with the PSHS, PULS, PSHU, and PULU instructions generates a one-byte
|
with the PSHS, PULS, PSHU, and PULU instructions generates a one-byte
|
immediate value. Immediate operands used in all other instructions
|
immediate value. Immediate operands used in all other instructions
|
generate a two-byte value.
|
generate a two-byte value.
|
|
|
The register list operand does not take the form #<expression> but
|
The register list operand does not take the form #<expression> but
|
still generates one byte of immediate data. The form of the operand
|
still generates one byte of immediate data. The form of the operand
|
is:
|
is:
|
|
|
R1,R2,...,Rn
|
R1,R2,...,Rn
|
|
|
where Ri (i=1 to n) is one of the symbols A, B, CC, D, DP, PC, S, U,
|
where Ri (i=1 to n) is one of the symbols A, B, CC, D, DP, PC, S, U,
|
X or Y. The number and type of symbols vary, depending on the specific
|
X or Y. The number and type of symbols vary, depending on the specific
|
instruction.
|
instruction.
|
|
|
For the instructions PSHS, PULS, PSHU, and PULU, any of the above
|
For the instructions PSHS, PULS, PSHU, and PULU, any of the above
|
register names may be included in the register list. The only
|
register names may be included in the register list. The only
|
restriction is that "U" cannot be specified with PSHU or PULU, and "S"
|
restriction is that "U" cannot be specified with PSHU or PULU, and "S"
|
cannot be specified with PSHS or PULS. The one-byte immediate value
|
cannot be specified with PSHS or PULS. The one-byte immediate value
|
assigned to the operand is calculated by the assembler and is
|
assigned to the operand is calculated by the assembler and is
|
determined by the registers specified. Each register name causes the
|
determined by the registers specified. Each register name causes the
|
assembler to set a bit in the immediate byte as follows:
|
assembler to set a bit in the immediate byte as follows:
|
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Register Bit
|
Register Bit
|
-------- ---
|
-------- ---
|
|
|
PC 7
|
PC 7
|
U,S 6
|
U,S 6
|
Y 5
|
Y 5
|
X 4
|
X 4
|
DP 3
|
DP 3
|
B,D 2
|
B,D 2
|
A,D 1
|
A,D 1
|
CC 0
|
CC 0
|
|
|
|
|
For the instructions EXG and TFR, exactly two of the above register
|
For the instructions EXG and TFR, exactly two of the above register
|
names must be included in the register list. The other restriction is
|
names must be included in the register list. The other restriction is
|
the size of the registers specified. For the EXG instruction, the two
|
the size of the registers specified. For the EXG instruction, the two
|
registers must be the same size. For the TFR instruction, the two
|
registers must be the same size. For the TFR instruction, the two
|
registers must be the same size, or the first can be a 16-bit register
|
registers must be the same size, or the first can be a 16-bit register
|
and the second an 8-bit register. In the case where the transfer is
|
and the second an 8-bit register. In the case where the transfer is
|
from a 16-bit register to an 8-bit register, the least significant 8
|
from a 16-bit register to an 8-bit register, the least significant 8
|
bits are transferred. The 8-bit registers are A, B, CC, and DP. The
|
bits are transferred. The 8-bit registers are A, B, CC, and DP. The
|
16-bit registers are D, PC, S, U, X, and Y. The one-byte immediate
|
16-bit registers are D, PC, S, U, X, and Y. The one-byte immediate
|
value assigned to the operand by the assembler is determined by the
|
value assigned to the operand by the assembler is determined by the
|
register names. The most significant four bits of the immediate byte
|
register names. The most significant four bits of the immediate byte
|
contain the value of the first register name; the least significant
|
contain the value of the first register name; the least significant
|
four bits contain the value of the second register, as shown by the
|
four bits contain the value of the second register, as shown by the
|
following table:.
|
following table:.
|
|
|
|
|
Register Value (hex)
|
Register Value (hex)
|
-------- -----------
|
-------- -----------
|
|
|
D 0
|
D 0
|
X 1
|
X 1
|
Y 2
|
Y 2
|
U 3
|
U 3
|
S 4
|
S 4
|
PC 5
|
PC 5
|
A 8
|
A 8
|
B 9
|
B 9
|
CC A
|
CC A
|
DP B
|
DP B
|
|
|
|
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. There are two
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. There are two
|
forms of the branch instruction. The short branch can only be executed
|
forms of the branch instruction. The short branch can only be executed
|
within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first byte of the
|
within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first byte of the
|
branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer specifies the branch
|
branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer specifies the branch
|
address expression and places it in the operand field. The actual
|
address expression and places it in the operand field. The actual
|
branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put into the second
|
branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put into the second
|
byte of the branch instruction. The long branch can execute in the
|
byte of the branch instruction. The long branch can execute in the
|
full range of addressing from 0000-FFFF (hexadecimal) because a two-
|
full range of addressing from 0000-FFFF (hexadecimal) because a two-
|
byte offset is calculated by the assembler and put into the operand
|
byte offset is calculated by the assembler and put into the operand
|
field of the branch instruction. The offset is the two's complement
|
field of the branch instruction. The offset is the two's complement
|
of the difference between the location of the byte immediately
|
of the difference between the location of the byte immediately
|
|
|
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following the branch instruction and the location of the destination
|
following the branch instruction and the location of the destination
|
of the branch.
|
of the branch.
|
|
|
|
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct and extended
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct and extended
|
addressing are indicated by having only an expression in the operand
|
addressing are indicated by having only an expression in the operand
|
field (i.e., <expression>). Direct addressing will be used whenever
|
field (i.e., <expression>). Direct addressing will be used whenever
|
possible.
|
possible.
|
|
|
Regardless of the criteria described above, it is possible to force
|
Regardless of the criteria described above, it is possible to force
|
the Assembler to use the direct addressing mode by preceding the
|
the Assembler to use the direct addressing mode by preceding the
|
operand with the "<" character. Similarly, extended addressing can be
|
operand with the "<" character. Similarly, extended addressing can be
|
forced by preceding the operand with the ">" character. These two
|
forced by preceding the operand with the ">" character. These two
|
operand forms are: <<expression> and ><expression>.
|
operand forms are: <<expression> and ><expression>.
|
|
|
|
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
Indexed addressing is relative to one of the index registers. The
|
Indexed addressing is relative to one of the index registers. The
|
general form is <expression>,R. The address is calculated at the time
|
general form is <expression>,R. The address is calculated at the time
|
of instruction execution by adding the value of <expression> to the
|
of instruction execution by adding the value of <expression> to the
|
current contents of the index register. The other general form is
|
current contents of the index register. The other general form is
|
[<expression>,R]. In this indirect form, the address is calculated
|
[<expression>,R]. In this indirect form, the address is calculated
|
at the time of instruction execution by first adding the value of
|
at the time of instruction execution by first adding the value of
|
<expression> to the current contents of the index register, and then
|
<expression> to the current contents of the index register, and then
|
retrieving the two bytes from the calculated address and address+1.
|
retrieving the two bytes from the calculated address and address+1.
|
This two-byte value is used as the effective address of the operand.
|
This two-byte value is used as the effective address of the operand.
|
The allowable forms of indexed addressing are described below. In the
|
The allowable forms of indexed addressing are described below. In the
|
description below, R refers to one of the index registers S, U, X, or
|
description below, R refers to one of the index registers S, U, X, or
|
Y.
|
Y.
|
|
|
The accumulator offset mode allows one of the accumulators to be
|
The accumulator offset mode allows one of the accumulators to be
|
specified instead of an <expression>. Valid forms are:.
|
specified instead of an <expression>. Valid forms are:.
|
|
|
<acc>,R and [<acc>,R]
|
<acc>,R and [<acc>,R]
|
|
|
where <acc> is one of the accumulators A, B, or D. This form
|
where <acc> is one of the accumulators A, B, or D. This form
|
generates a one-byte operand (post-byte only). When accumulator A or B
|
generates a one-byte operand (post-byte only). When accumulator A or B
|
is specified, sign extension occurs prior to adding the value in the
|
is specified, sign extension occurs prior to adding the value in the
|
accumulator to the index register.
|
accumulator to the index register.
|
|
|
The valid forms for the automatic increment/decrement mode are shown
|
The valid forms for the automatic increment/decrement mode are shown
|
below. For each row, the three entries shown are equivalent.
|
below. For each row, the three entries shown are equivalent.
|
|
|
|
|
R+ ,R+ 0,R+
|
R+ ,R+ 0,R+
|
-R ,-R 0,-R
|
-R ,-R 0,-R
|
R++ ,R++ 0,R++
|
R++ ,R++ 0,R++
|
--R ,--R 0,--R
|
--R ,--R 0,--R
|
[R++] ,R++] [0,R++]
|
[R++] ,R++] [0,R++]
|
[--R] [,--R] [0,--R]
|
[--R] [,--R] [0,--R]
|
|
|
|
|
In this form, the only valid expression is 0. Like the accumulator
|
In this form, the only valid expression is 0. Like the accumulator
|
offset mode, this form generates a one-byte operand (post-byte only).
|
offset mode, this form generates a one-byte operand (post-byte only).
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
|
|
The valid forms for the expression offset mode are:
|
The valid forms for the expression offset mode are:
|
|
|
|
|
R ,R <expression>,R
|
R ,R <expression>,R
|
[R] [,R] [<expression>,R]
|
[R] [,R] [<expression>,R]
|
<R <,R <<expression>,R
|
<R <,R <<expression>,R
|
<[R] <[,R] <[<expression>,R]
|
<[R] <[,R] <[<expression>,R]
|
>R >,R ><expression>,R
|
>R >,R ><expression>,R
|
>[R] >[,R] >[<expression>,R]
|
>[R] >[,R] >[<expression>,R]
|
|
|
|
|
The "<" and ">" characters force an 8- or 16-bit offset, respectively,
|
The "<" and ">" characters force an 8- or 16-bit offset, respectively,
|
and are described below. If no expression is specified, or if an
|
and are described below. If no expression is specified, or if an
|
expression with a value of zero is specified, only the postbyte of
|
expression with a value of zero is specified, only the postbyte of
|
the operand is generated. If an expression with a value in the range
|
the operand is generated. If an expression with a value in the range
|
-16 to +15 is specified without indirection, a one- byte operand is
|
-16 to +15 is specified without indirection, a one- byte operand is
|
generated which contains the expression's value, as well as the index
|
generated which contains the expression's value, as well as the index
|
register indicator. At execution time, the expression's value is
|
register indicator. At execution time, the expression's value is
|
expanded to 16 bits with sign extension before being added to the
|
expanded to 16 bits with sign extension before being added to the
|
index register.
|
index register.
|
|
|
All other forms will generate a post-byte, as well as either a one- or
|
All other forms will generate a post-byte, as well as either a one- or
|
two-byte offset which contains the value of the expression. The size
|
two-byte offset which contains the value of the expression. The size
|
of the offset is determined by the type and size of the expression.
|
of the offset is determined by the type and size of the expression.
|
Expressions with values in the range -128 to +127 generate an 8-bit
|
Expressions with values in the range -128 to +127 generate an 8-bit
|
offset. All other cases will result in a 16-bit offset being
|
offset. All other cases will result in a 16-bit offset being
|
generated. In the case where an 8-bit offset is generated, the value
|
generated. In the case where an 8-bit offset is generated, the value
|
is expanded to 16 bits with sign extension at execution time.
|
is expanded to 16 bits with sign extension at execution time.
|
|
|
Regardless of the criteria described above, it is possible to force
|
Regardless of the criteria described above, it is possible to force
|
the Assembler to generate an 8-bit offset by preceding the operand
|
the Assembler to generate an 8-bit offset by preceding the operand
|
with the "<" character. Similarly, a 16-bit offset can be forced by
|
with the "<" character. Similarly, a 16-bit offset can be forced by
|
preceding the operand with the ">" character.
|
preceding the operand with the ">" character.
|
|
|
If the relative address calculated is not in the range -128 to +127,
|
If the relative address calculated is not in the range -128 to +127,
|
or if the expression references a symbol that has not yet been
|
or if the expression references a symbol that has not yet been
|
defined, a two-byte offset is generated after the post-byte. A one-
|
defined, a two-byte offset is generated after the post-byte. A one-
|
byte offset is generated if the relative address is in the range -128
|
byte offset is generated if the relative address is in the range -128
|
to +127.
|
to +127.
|
|
|
Like the expression offset mode, a one-byte offset can be forced by
|
Like the expression offset mode, a one-byte offset can be forced by
|
preceding the operand with a "<". A ">" forces a two-byte offset. A
|
preceding the operand with a "<". A ">" forces a two-byte offset. A
|
byte overflow error is generated if a one-byte offset is forced when
|
byte overflow error is generated if a one-byte offset is forced when
|
the relative address is not in the range -12
|
the relative address is not in the range -12
|
8 to +127.
|
8 to +127.
|
|
|
The extended indirect mode has the form:
|
The extended indirect mode has the form:
|
|
|
[<expression>]
|
[<expression>]
|
|
|
Although extended indirect is a logical extension of the extended
|
Although extended indirect is a logical extension of the extended
|
addressing mode, this mode is implemented using an encoding of the
|
addressing mode, this mode is implemented using an encoding of the
|
postbyte under the indexed addressing mode. A post-byte and a two-
|
postbyte under the indexed addressing mode. A post-byte and a two-
|
byte offset which contains the value of the expression is generated.
|
byte offset which contains the value of the expression is generated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
25
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
|
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|
|
|
B.5 M68HC11 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
B.5 M68HC11 ADDRESSING MODES.
|
|
|
PREBYTE
|
PREBYTE
|
The number of combinations of instructions and addressing modes for
|
The number of combinations of instructions and addressing modes for
|
the 68HC11 is larger than that possible to be encoded in an 8-bit word
|
the 68HC11 is larger than that possible to be encoded in an 8-bit word
|
(256 combinations). To expand the opcode map, certain opcodes ($18,
|
(256 combinations). To expand the opcode map, certain opcodes ($18,
|
$1A, and $CD) cause the processor to fetch the next address to find
|
$1A, and $CD) cause the processor to fetch the next address to find
|
the actual instruction. These opcodes are known as prebytes and are
|
the actual instruction. These opcodes are known as prebytes and are
|
inserted automatically by the assembler for those instructions that
|
inserted automatically by the assembler for those instructions that
|
require it.l In general the instructions contained in the alternate
|
require it.l In general the instructions contained in the alternate
|
maps are those involving the Y register or addressing modes that
|
maps are those involving the Y register or addressing modes that
|
involve the Y index register. Thus the programmer make the tradeoff
|
involve the Y index register. Thus the programmer make the tradeoff
|
between the convenience of using the second index register and the
|
between the convenience of using the second index register and the
|
additional time and code space used by the prebyte.
|
additional time and code space used by the prebyte.
|
|
|
|
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
INHERENT OR ACCUMULATOR ADDRESSING
|
The M68HC11 includes some instructions which require no operands.
|
The M68HC11 includes some instructions which require no operands.
|
These instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent
|
These instructions are self-contained, and employ the inherent
|
addressing or the accumulator addressing mode.
|
addressing or the accumulator addressing mode.
|
|
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or more bytes of
|
Immediate addressing refers to the use of one or more bytes of
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
information that immediately follow the operation code in memory.
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
Immediate addressing is indicated by preceding the operand field with
|
the pound sign or number sign character (#). The expression following
|
the pound sign or number sign character (#). The expression following
|
the # will be assigned one byte of storage.
|
the # will be assigned one byte of storage.
|
|
|
|
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
Relative addressing is used by branch instructions. Branches can only
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
be executed within the range -126 to +129 bytes relative to the first
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
byte of the branch instruction. For this mode, the programmer
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
specifies the branch address expression and places it in the operand
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
field. The actual branch offset is calculated by the assembler and put
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
into the second byte of the branch instruction. The offset is the
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
two's complement of the difference between the location of the byte
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
immediately following the branch instruction and the location of the
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
destination of the branch. Branches out of bounds are flagged as
|
errors by the assembler.
|
errors by the assembler.
|
|
|
|
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
INDEXED ADDRESSING
|
Indexed addressing is relative one of the index registers X or Y. The
|
Indexed addressing is relative one of the index registers X or Y. The
|
address is calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a
|
address is calculated at the time of instruction execution by adding a
|
one-byte displacement to the current contents of the X register. The
|
one-byte displacement to the current contents of the X register. The
|
displacement immediately follows the operation code in memory. If the
|
displacement immediately follows the operation code in memory. If the
|
displacement is zero, zero resides in the byte following the opcode.
|
displacement is zero, zero resides in the byte following the opcode.
|
Since no sign extension is performed on a one-byte displacement, the
|
Since no sign extension is performed on a one-byte displacement, the
|
offset cannot be negative. Indexed addressing is indicated by the
|
offset cannot be negative. Indexed addressing is indicated by the
|
characters ",X" following the expression in the operand field. The
|
characters ",X" following the expression in the operand field. The
|
special case of ",X", without a preceding expression, is treated as
|
special case of ",X", without a preceding expression, is treated as
|
"0,X".
|
"0,X".
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DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
DIRECT AND EXTENDED ADDRESSING
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
Direct and extended addressing utilize one (direct) or two (extended)
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
bytes to contain the address of the operand. Direct addressing is
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
limited to the first 256 bytes of memory. Direct and extended
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
addressing are indicated by only having an expression in the operand
|
field. Direct addressing will be used by the Assembler whenever
|
field. Direct addressing will be used by the Assembler whenever
|
possible.
|
possible.
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BIT(S) SET OR CLEAR
|
BIT(S) SET OR CLEAR
|
The addressing mode used for this type of instruction is direct,
|
The addressing mode used for this type of instruction is direct,
|
although the format of the operand field is different from the direct
|
although the format of the operand field is different from the direct
|
addressing mode described above. The operand takes the form
|
addressing mode described above. The operand takes the form
|
<expression 1> <expression 2> where the two expressions are separated
|
<expression 1> <expression 2> where the two expressions are separated
|
by a blank. <expression 1> signifies the operand address and may be
|
by a blank. <expression 1> signifies the operand address and may be
|
either a direct or an indexed address. When the address mode is
|
either a direct or an indexed address. When the address mode is
|
indexed, <expression 1> is followed by ',R' where R is either X or Y.
|
indexed, <expression 1> is followed by ',R' where R is either X or Y.
|
This allows bit manipulation instructions to operate across the
|
This allows bit manipulation instructions to operate across the
|
complete 64K address map. <expression 2> is the mask byte. The
|
complete 64K address map. <expression 2> is the mask byte. The
|
bit(s) to be set or cleared are indicated by ones in the corresponding
|
bit(s) to be set or cleared are indicated by ones in the corresponding
|
location(s) in the mask byte. The mask byte must be an expression in
|
location(s) in the mask byte. The mask byte must be an expression in
|
the range 0-255 and is encoded by the programmer.
|
the range 0-255 and is encoded by the programmer.
|
|
|
|
|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
BIT TEST AND BRANCH
|
This combines two addressing modes: direct or indexed and relative.
|
This combines two addressing modes: direct or indexed and relative.
|
The format of the operand is: <expression 1> <expression 2>
|
The format of the operand is: <expression 1> <expression 2>
|
<expression 3> where the expressions are separated by blanks.
|
<expression 3> where the expressions are separated by blanks.
|
<expression 1> identifies the operand an may indicate either a direct
|
<expression 1> identifies the operand an may indicate either a direct
|
or indexed address. Indexed addresses are signified with ',R'
|
or indexed address. Indexed addresses are signified with ',R'
|
following the expression where R is either X or Y. <expression 2> is
|
following the expression where R is either X or Y. <expression 2> is
|
the mask byte. The bit(s) to be set or cleared are indicated by ones
|
the mask byte. The bit(s) to be set or cleared are indicated by ones
|
in the corresponding location(s) in the mask byte. The mask byte must
|
in the corresponding location(s) in the mask byte. The mask byte must
|
be an expression in the range 0-255 and is encoded by the programmer.
|
be an expression in the range 0-255 and is encoded by the programmer.
|
<expression 3> is used to generate a relative address, as described
|
<expression 3> is used to generate a relative address, as described
|
above in "relative addressing".
|
above in "relative addressing".
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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APPENDIX C
|
APPENDIX C
|
DIRECTIVE SUMMARY
|
DIRECTIVE SUMMARY
|
|
|
|
|
A complete description of all directives appears in Chapter 4.
|
A complete description of all directives appears in Chapter 4.
|
|
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|
|
ASSEMBLY CONTROL
|
ASSEMBLY CONTROL
|
|
|
ORG Origin program counter
|
ORG Origin program counter
|
|
|
SYMBOL DEFINITION
|
SYMBOL DEFINITION
|
|
|
EQU Assign permanent value
|
EQU Assign permanent value
|
|
|
DATA DEFINITION/STORAGE ALLOCATION
|
DATA DEFINITION/STORAGE ALLOCATION
|
|
|
BSZ Block storage of zero; single bytes
|
BSZ Block storage of zero; single bytes
|
|
|
FCB Form constant byte
|
FCB Form constant byte
|
|
|
FCC Form constant character string
|
FCC Form constant character string
|
|
|
FDB Form constant double byte
|
FDB Form constant double byte
|
|
|
FILL Initialize a block of memory to a constant
|
FILL Initialize a block of memory to a constant
|
|
|
RMB Reserve memory; single bytes
|
RMB Reserve memory; single bytes
|
|
|
ZMB Zero Memory Bytes; same and BSZ
|
ZMB Zero Memory Bytes; same and BSZ
|
|
|
|
|
LISTING CONTROL
|
LISTING CONTROL
|
|
|
OPT c Enable cycle counting
|
OPT c Enable cycle counting
|
|
|
OPT cre Print cross reference table
|
OPT cre Print cross reference table
|
|
|
OPT l Print source listing from this point
|
OPT l Print source listing from this point
|
|
|
OPT nol Inhibit printing of source listing from this point
|
OPT nol Inhibit printing of source listing from this point
|
|
|
OPT s Print symbol table
|
OPT s Print symbol table
|
|
|
PAGE Print subsequent statements on top of next page
|
PAGE Print subsequent statements on top of next page
|
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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APPENDIX D
|
APPENDIX D
|
ASSEMBLER LISTING FORMAT
|
ASSEMBLER LISTING FORMAT
|
|
|
|
|
The Assembler listing has the following format:
|
The Assembler listing has the following format:
|
|
|
LINE# ADDR OBJECT CODE BYTES [ # CYCLES] SOURCE LINE
|
LINE# ADDR OBJECT CODE BYTES [ # CYCLES] SOURCE LINE
|
|
|
The LINE# is a 4 digit decimal number printed as a reference. This
|
The LINE# is a 4 digit decimal number printed as a reference. This
|
reference number is used in the cross reference. The ADDR is the hex
|
reference number is used in the cross reference. The ADDR is the hex
|
value of the address for the first byte of the object code for this
|
value of the address for the first byte of the object code for this
|
instruction. The OBJECT CODE BYTES are the assembled object code of
|
instruction. The OBJECT CODE BYTES are the assembled object code of
|
the source line in hex. If an source line causes more than 6 bytes
|
the source line in hex. If an source line causes more than 6 bytes
|
to be output (e.g. a long FCC directive), additional bytes (up to 64)
|
to be output (e.g. a long FCC directive), additional bytes (up to 64)
|
are listed on succeeding lines with no address preceding them.
|
are listed on succeeding lines with no address preceding them.
|
|
|
The # CYCLES will only appear in the listing if the "c" option is in
|
The # CYCLES will only appear in the listing if the "c" option is in
|
effect. It is enclosed in brackets which helps distinguish it from
|
effect. It is enclosed in brackets which helps distinguish it from
|
the source listing. The SOURCE LINE is reprinted exactly from the
|
the source listing. The SOURCE LINE is reprinted exactly from the
|
source program, including labels.
|
source program, including labels.
|
|
|
The symbol table has the following format:
|
The symbol table has the following format:
|
|
|
SYMBOL ADDR
|
SYMBOL ADDR
|
|
|
The symbol is taken directly from the label field in the source
|
The symbol is taken directly from the label field in the source
|
program. The ADDR is the hexadecimal address of the location
|
program. The ADDR is the hexadecimal address of the location
|
referenced by the symbol.
|
referenced by the symbol.
|
|
|
The cross reference listing has the following format:
|
The cross reference listing has the following format:
|
|
|
SYMBOL ADDR *LOC1 LOC2 LOC3 ...
|
SYMBOL ADDR *LOC1 LOC2 LOC3 ...
|
|
|
The SYMBOL and ADDR are the same as above. The * indicates the start
|
The SYMBOL and ADDR are the same as above. The * indicates the start
|
of the line reference numbers. The LOCs are the decimal line numbers
|
of the line reference numbers. The LOCs are the decimal line numbers
|
of the assembler listing where the label occurs.
|
of the assembler listing where the label occurs.
|
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29
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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APPENDIX E
|
APPENDIX E
|
S-RECORD INFORMATION
|
S-RECORD INFORMATION
|
|
|
|
|
E.1 INTRODUCTION
|
E.1 INTRODUCTION
|
|
|
The S-record output format encodes program and data object modules
|
The S-record output format encodes program and data object modules
|
into a printable (ASCII) format. This allows viewing of the object
|
into a printable (ASCII) format. This allows viewing of the object
|
file with standard tools and allows display of the module while
|
file with standard tools and allows display of the module while
|
transferring from one computer to the next or during loads between a
|
transferring from one computer to the next or during loads between a
|
host and target. The S-record format also includes information for
|
host and target. The S-record format also includes information for
|
use in error checking to insure the integrity of data transfers.
|
use in error checking to insure the integrity of data transfers.
|
|
|
|
|
E.2 S-RECORD CONTENT
|
E.2 S-RECORD CONTENT
|
|
|
S-Records are character strings made of several fields which identify
|
S-Records are character strings made of several fields which identify
|
the record type, record length, memory address, code/data, and
|
the record type, record length, memory address, code/data, and
|
checksum. Each byte of binary data is encoded as a 2-character
|
checksum. Each byte of binary data is encoded as a 2-character
|
hexadecimal number: the first character representing the high-order
|
hexadecimal number: the first character representing the high-order
|
4 bits, and the second the low-order 4 bits of the byte.
|
4 bits, and the second the low-order 4 bits of the byte.
|
|
|
The 5 fields which comprise an S-record are:
|
The 5 fields which comprise an S-record are:
|
|
|
TYPE RECORD LENGTH ADDRESS CODE/DATA CHECKSUM
|
TYPE RECORD LENGTH ADDRESS CODE/DATA CHECKSUM
|
|
|
The fields are defined as follows:
|
The fields are defined as follows:
|
|
|
FIELD CHARACTERS CONTENTS
|
FIELD CHARACTERS CONTENTS
|
----- ---------- --------
|
----- ---------- --------
|
Type 2 S-record type - S1, S9, etc.
|
Type 2 S-record type - S1, S9, etc.
|
|
|
Record 2 The count of the character pairs in the
|
Record 2 The count of the character pairs in the
|
length record, excluding the type and record
|
length record, excluding the type and record
|
length.
|
length.
|
|
|
Address 4, 6, The 2-, 3-, or 4-byte address at which
|
Address 4, 6, The 2-, 3-, or 4-byte address at which
|
or 8 the data field is to be loaded into
|
or 8 the data field is to be loaded into
|
memory.
|
memory.
|
|
|
Code/data 0-2n From 0 to n bytes of executable code,
|
Code/data 0-2n From 0 to n bytes of executable code,
|
memory loadable data, or descriptive
|
memory loadable data, or descriptive
|
information.
|
information.
|
|
|
Checksum 2 The least significant byte of the one's
|
Checksum 2 The least significant byte of the one's
|
complement of the sum of the values
|
complement of the sum of the values
|
represented by the pairs of characters
|
represented by the pairs of characters
|
making up the record length, address,
|
making up the record length, address,
|
and the code/data fields.
|
and the code/data fields.
|
|
|
Each record may be terminated with a CR/LF/NULL.
|
Each record may be terminated with a CR/LF/NULL.
|
|
|
|
|
E.3 S-RECORD TYPES
|
E.3 S-RECORD TYPES
|
|
|
Eight types of s-records have been defined to accommodate various
|
Eight types of s-records have been defined to accommodate various
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
30
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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Freeware Assemblers User's Manual
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|
encoding, transportation, and decoding needs. The Freeware
|
encoding, transportation, and decoding needs. The Freeware
|
assemblers use only two types, the S1 and S9:
|
assemblers use only two types, the S1 and S9:
|
|
|
S1 A record containing code/data and the 2-byte
|
S1 A record containing code/data and the 2-byte
|
address at which the code/data is to reside.
|
address at which the code/data is to reside.
|
|
|
S9 A termination record for a block of S1 records. The address
|
S9 A termination record for a block of S1 records. The address
|
field may optionally contain the 2-byte address of the
|
field may optionally contain the 2-byte address of the
|
instruction to which control is to be passed. If not
|
instruction to which control is to be passed. If not
|
specified, the first entry point specifica
|
specified, the first entry point specifica
|
tion encountered in the object module input will be used.
|
tion encountered in the object module input will be used.
|
There is no code/data field.
|
There is no code/data field.
|
|
|
E.4 S-RECORD EXAMPLE
|
E.4 S-RECORD EXAMPLE
|
|
|
The following is a typical S-record module:
|
The following is a typical S-record module:
|
|
|
S1130000285F245F2212226A000424290008237C2A
|
S1130000285F245F2212226A000424290008237C2A
|
S11300100002000800082629001853812341001813
|
S11300100002000800082629001853812341001813
|
S113002041E900084E42234300182342000824A952
|
S113002041E900084E42234300182342000824A952
|
S107003000144ED492
|
S107003000144ED492
|
S9030000FC
|
S9030000FC
|
|
|
The module consists of four code/data records and an S9 termination
|
The module consists of four code/data records and an S9 termination
|
record.
|
record.
|
|
|
The first S1 code/data record is explained as follows:
|
The first S1 code/data record is explained as follows:
|
|
|
S1 S-record type S1, indicating a code/data record to be
|
S1 S-record type S1, indicating a code/data record to be
|
loaded/verified at a 2-byte address.
|
loaded/verified at a 2-byte address.
|
|
|
13 Hex 13 (decimal 19), indicating 19 character pairs,
|
13 Hex 13 (decimal 19), indicating 19 character pairs,
|
representing 19 bytes of binary data, follow.
|
representing 19 bytes of binary data, follow.
|
|
|
00 Four-character 2-byte address field: hex address 0000,
|
00 Four-character 2-byte address field: hex address 0000,
|
indicates location where the following data is to be loaded.
|
indicates location where the following data is to be loaded.
|
|
|
The next 16 character pairs are the ASCII bytes of the actual
|
The next 16 character pairs are the ASCII bytes of the actual
|
program code/data
|
program code/data
|
|
|
2A Checksum of the first S1 record.
|
2A Checksum of the first S1 record.
|
|
|
The second and third S1 code/data records each also contain $13
|
The second and third S1 code/data records each also contain $13
|
character pairs and are ended with checksums. The fourth S1 code/data
|
character pairs and are ended with checksums. The fourth S1 code/data
|
record contains 7 character pairs.
|
record contains 7 character pairs.
|
|
|
The S9 termination record is explained as follows:
|
The S9 termination record is explained as follows:
|
|
|
S9 S-record type S9, indicating a termination record.
|
S9 S-record type S9, indicating a termination record.
|
|
|
03 Hex 03, indicating three character pairs (3 bytes) to
|
03 Hex 03, indicating three character pairs (3 bytes) to
|
follow.
|
follow.
|
|
|
00 Four character 2-byte address field, zeroes.
|
00 Four character 2-byte address field, zeroes.
|
00
|
00
|
|
|
FC Checksum of S9 record.
|
FC Checksum of S9 record.
|
|
|
31
|
31
|
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|
|
