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package Class::Accessor;

require 5.00502;

use strict;

$Class::Accessor::VERSION = '0.51';

sub new {

    return bless

        defined $_[1]

            ? {%{$_[1]}} # make a copy of $fields.

            : {},

        ref $_[0] || $_[0];

}

sub mk_accessors {

    my($self, @fields) = @_;

    $self->_mk_accessors('rw', @fields);

}

if (eval { require Sub::Name }) {

    Sub::Name->import;

}

{

    no strict 'refs';

    sub import {

        my ($class, @what) = @_;

        my $caller = caller;

        for (@what) {

            if (/^(?:antlers|moose-?like)$/i) {

                *{"${caller}::has"} = sub {

                    my ($f, %args) = @_;

                    $caller->_mk_accessors(($args{is}||"rw"), $f);

                };

                *{"${caller}::extends"} = sub {

                    @{"${caller}::ISA"} = @_;

                    unless (grep $_->can("_mk_accessors"), @_) {

                        push @{"${caller}::ISA"}, $class;

                    }

                };

                # we'll use their @ISA as a default, in case it happens to be

                # set already

                &{"${caller}::extends"}(@{"${caller}::ISA"});

            }

        }

    }

    sub follow_best_practice {

        my($self) = @_;

        my $class = ref $self || $self;

        *{"${class}::accessor_name_for"}  = \&best_practice_accessor_name_for;

        *{"${class}::mutator_name_for"}  = \&best_practice_mutator_name_for;

    }

    sub _mk_accessors {

        my($self, $access, @fields) = @_;

        my $class = ref $self || $self;

        my $ra = $access eq 'rw' || $access eq 'ro';

        my $wa = $access eq 'rw' || $access eq 'wo';

        foreach my $field (@fields) {

            my $accessor_name = $self->accessor_name_for($field);

            my $mutator_name = $self->mutator_name_for($field);

            if( $accessor_name eq 'DESTROY' or $mutator_name eq 'DESTROY' ) {

                $self->_carp("Having a data accessor named DESTROY  in '$class' is unwise.");

            }

            if ($accessor_name eq $mutator_name) {

                my $accessor;

                if ($ra && $wa) {

                    $accessor = $self->make_accessor($field);

                } elsif ($ra) {

                    $accessor = $self->make_ro_accessor($field);

                } else {

                    $accessor = $self->make_wo_accessor($field);

                }

                my $fullname = "${class}::$accessor_name";

                my $subnamed = 0;

                unless (defined &{$fullname}) {

                    subname($fullname, $accessor) if defined &subname;

                    $subnamed = 1;

                    *{$fullname} = $accessor;

                }

                if ($accessor_name eq $field) {

                    # the old behaviour

                    my $alias = "${class}::_${field}_accessor";

                    subname($alias, $accessor) if defined &subname and not $subnamed;

                    *{$alias} = $accessor unless defined &{$alias};

                }

            } else {

                my $fullaccname = "${class}::$accessor_name";

                my $fullmutname = "${class}::$mutator_name";

                if ($ra and not defined &{$fullaccname}) {

                    my $accessor = $self->make_ro_accessor($field);

                    subname($fullaccname, $accessor) if defined &subname;

                    *{$fullaccname} = $accessor;

                }

                if ($wa and not defined &{$fullmutname}) {

                    my $mutator = $self->make_wo_accessor($field);

                    subname($fullmutname, $mutator) if defined &subname;

                    *{$fullmutname} = $mutator;

                }

            }

        }

    }

}

sub mk_ro_accessors {

    my($self, @fields) = @_;

    $self->_mk_accessors('ro', @fields);

}

sub mk_wo_accessors {

    my($self, @fields) = @_;

    $self->_mk_accessors('wo', @fields);

}

sub best_practice_accessor_name_for {

    my ($class, $field) = @_;

    return "get_$field";

}

sub best_practice_mutator_name_for {

    my ($class, $field) = @_;

    return "set_$field";

}

sub accessor_name_for {

    my ($class, $field) = @_;

    return $field;

}

sub mutator_name_for {

    my ($class, $field) = @_;

    return $field;

}

sub set {

    my($self, $key) = splice(@_, 0, 2);

    if(@_ == 1) {

        $self->{$key} = $_[0];

    }

    elsif(@_ > 1) {

        $self->{$key} = [@_];

    }

    else {

        $self->_croak("Wrong number of arguments received");

    }

}

sub get {

    my $self = shift;

    if(@_ == 1) {

        return $self->{$_[0]};

    }

    elsif( @_ > 1 ) {

        return @{$self}{@_};

    }

    else {

        $self->_croak("Wrong number of arguments received");

    }

}

sub make_accessor {

    my ($class, $field) = @_;

    return sub {

        my $self = shift;

        if(@_) {

            return $self->set($field, @_);

        } else {

            return $self->get($field);

        }

    };

}

sub make_ro_accessor {

    my($class, $field) = @_;

    return sub {

        my $self = shift;

        if (@_) {

            my $caller = caller;

            $self->_croak("'$caller' cannot alter the value of '$field' on objects of class '$class'");

        }

        else {

            return $self->get($field);

        }

    };

}

sub make_wo_accessor {

    my($class, $field) = @_;

    return sub {

        my $self = shift;

        unless (@_) {

            my $caller = caller;

            $self->_croak("'$caller' cannot access the value of '$field' on objects of class '$class'");

        }

        else {

            return $self->set($field, @_);

        }

    };

}

use Carp ();

sub _carp {

    my ($self, $msg) = @_;

    Carp::carp($msg || $self);

    return;

}

sub _croak {

    my ($self, $msg) = @_;

    Carp::croak($msg || $self);

    return;

}

1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

  Class::Accessor - Automated accessor generation

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  package Foo;

  use base qw(Class::Accessor);

  Foo->follow_best_practice;

  Foo->mk_accessors(qw(name role salary));

  # or if you prefer a Moose-like interface...

  package Foo;

  use Class::Accessor "antlers";

  has name => ( is => "rw", isa => "Str" );

  has role => ( is => "rw", isa => "Str" );

  has salary => ( is => "rw", isa => "Num" );

  # Meanwhile, in a nearby piece of code!

  # Class::Accessor provides new().

  my $mp = Foo->new({ name => "Marty", role => "JAPH" });

  my $job = $mp->role;  # gets $mp->{role}

  $mp->salary(400000);  # sets $mp->{salary} = 400000 # I wish

  # like my @info = @{$mp}{qw(name role)}

  my @info = $mp->get(qw(name role));

  # $mp->{salary} = 400000

  $mp->set('salary', 400000);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module automagically generates accessors/mutators for your class.

Most of the time, writing accessors is an exercise in cutting and

pasting.  You usually wind up with a series of methods like this:

    sub name {

        my $self = shift;

        if(@_) {

            $self->{name} = $_[0];

        }

        return $self->{name};

    }

    sub salary {

        my $self = shift;

        if(@_) {

            $self->{salary} = $_[0];

        }

        return $self->{salary};

    }

  # etc...

One for each piece of data in your object.  While some will be unique,

doing value checks and special storage tricks, most will simply be

exercises in repetition.  Not only is it Bad Style to have a bunch of

repetitious code, but it's also simply not lazy, which is the real

tragedy.

If you make your module a subclass of Class::Accessor and declare your

accessor fields with mk_accessors() then you'll find yourself with a

set of automatically generated accessors which can even be

customized!

The basic set up is very simple:

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_accessors( qw(far bar car) );

Done.  Foo now has simple far(), bar() and car() accessors

defined.

Alternatively, if you want to follow Damian's I<best practice> guidelines

you can use:

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->follow_best_practice;

    Foo->mk_accessors( qw(far bar car) );

B<Note:> you must call C<follow_best_practice> before calling C<mk_accessors>.

=head2 Moose-like

By popular demand we now have a simple Moose-like interface.  You can now do:

    package Foo;

    use Class::Accessor "antlers";

    has far => ( is => "rw" );

    has bar => ( is => "rw" );

    has car => ( is => "rw" );

Currently only the C<is> attribute is supported.

=head1 CONSTRUCTOR

Class::Accessor provides a basic constructor, C<new>.  It generates a

hash-based object and can be called as either a class method or an

object method.

=head2 new

    my $obj = Foo->new;

    my $obj = $other_obj->new;

    my $obj = Foo->new(\%fields);

    my $obj = $other_obj->new(\%fields);

It takes an optional %fields hash which is used to initialize the

object (handy if you use read-only accessors).  The fields of the hash

correspond to the names of your accessors, so...

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_accessors('foo');

    my $obj = Foo->new({ foo => 42 });

    print $obj->foo;    # 42

however %fields can contain anything, new() will shove them all into

your object.

=head1 MAKING ACCESSORS

=head2 follow_best_practice

In Damian's Perl Best Practices book he recommends separate get and set methods

with the prefix set_ and get_ to make it explicit what you intend to do.  If you

want to create those accessor methods instead of the default ones, call:

    __PACKAGE__->follow_best_practice

B<before> you call any of the accessor-making methods.

=head2 accessor_name_for / mutator_name_for

You may have your own crazy ideas for the names of the accessors, so you can

make those happen by overriding C<accessor_name_for> and C<mutator_name_for> in

your subclass.  (I copied that idea from Class::DBI.)

=head2 mk_accessors

    __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(@fields);

This creates accessor/mutator methods for each named field given in

@fields.  Foreach field in @fields it will generate two accessors.

One called "field()" and the other called "_field_accessor()".  For

example:

    # Generates foo(), _foo_accessor(), bar() and _bar_accessor().

    __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(qw(foo bar));

See L<CAVEATS AND TRICKS/"Overriding autogenerated accessors">

for details.

=head2 mk_ro_accessors

  __PACKAGE__->mk_ro_accessors(@read_only_fields);

Same as mk_accessors() except it will generate read-only accessors

(ie. true accessors).  If you attempt to set a value with these

accessors it will throw an exception.  It only uses get() and not

set().

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_ro_accessors(qw(foo bar));

    # Let's assume we have an object $foo of class Foo...

    print $foo->foo;  # ok, prints whatever the value of $foo->{foo} is

    $foo->foo(42);    # BOOM!  Naughty you.

=head2 mk_wo_accessors

  __PACKAGE__->mk_wo_accessors(@write_only_fields);

Same as mk_accessors() except it will generate write-only accessors

(ie. mutators).  If you attempt to read a value with these accessors

it will throw an exception.  It only uses set() and not get().

B<NOTE> I'm not entirely sure why this is useful, but I'm sure someone

will need it.  If you've found a use, let me know.  Right now it's here

for orthogonality and because it's easy to implement.

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_wo_accessors(qw(foo bar));

    # Let's assume we have an object $foo of class Foo...

    $foo->foo(42);      # OK.  Sets $self->{foo} = 42

    print $foo->foo;    # BOOM!  Can't read from this accessor.

=head1 Moose!

If you prefer a Moose-like interface to create accessors, you can use C<has> by

importing this module like this:

  use Class::Accessor "antlers";

or

  use Class::Accessor "moose-like";

Then you can declare accessors like this:

  has alpha => ( is => "rw", isa => "Str" );

  has beta  => ( is => "ro", isa => "Str" );

  has gamma => ( is => "wo", isa => "Str" );

Currently only the C<is> attribute is supported.  And our C<is> also supports

the "wo" value to make a write-only accessor.

If you are using the Moose-like interface then you should use the C<extends>

rather than tweaking your C<@ISA> directly.  Basically, replace

  @ISA = qw/Foo Bar/;

with

  extends(qw/Foo Bar/);

=head1 DETAILS

An accessor generated by Class::Accessor looks something like

this:

    # Your foo may vary.

    sub foo {

        my($self) = shift;

        if(@_) {    # set

            return $self->set('foo', @_);

        }

        else {

            return $self->get('foo');

        }

    }

Very simple.  All it does is determine if you're wanting to set a

value or get a value and calls the appropriate method.

Class::Accessor provides default get() and set() methods which

your class can override.  They're detailed later.

=head2 Modifying the behavior of the accessor

Rather than actually modifying the accessor itself, it is much more

sensible to simply override the two key methods which the accessor

calls.  Namely set() and get().

If you -really- want to, you can override make_accessor().

=head2 set

    $obj->set($key, $value);

    $obj->set($key, @values);

set() defines how generally one stores data in the object.

override this method to change how data is stored by your accessors.

=head2 get

    $value  = $obj->get($key);

    @values = $obj->get(@keys);

get() defines how data is retrieved from your objects.

override this method to change how it is retrieved.

=head2 make_accessor

    $accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_accessor($field);

Generates a subroutine reference which acts as an accessor for the given

$field.  It calls get() and set().

If you wish to change the behavior of your accessors, try overriding

get() and set() before you start mucking with make_accessor().

=head2 make_ro_accessor

    $read_only_accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_ro_accessor($field);

Generates a subroutine reference which acts as a read-only accessor for

the given $field.  It only calls get().

Override get() to change the behavior of your accessors.

=head2 make_wo_accessor

    $write_only_accessor = __PACKAGE__->make_wo_accessor($field);

Generates a subroutine reference which acts as a write-only accessor

(mutator) for the given $field.  It only calls set().

Override set() to change the behavior of your accessors.

=head1 EXCEPTIONS

If something goes wrong Class::Accessor will warn or die by calling Carp::carp

or Carp::croak.  If you don't like this you can override _carp() and _croak() in

your subclass and do whatever else you want.

=head1 EFFICIENCY

Class::Accessor does not employ an autoloader, thus it is much faster

than you'd think.  Its generated methods incur no special penalty over

ones you'd write yourself.

  accessors:

              Rate  Basic   Fast Faster Direct

  Basic   367589/s     --   -51%   -55%   -89%

  Fast    747964/s   103%     --    -9%   -77%

  Faster  819199/s   123%    10%     --   -75%

  Direct 3245887/s   783%   334%   296%     --

  mutators:

              Rate    Acc   Fast Faster Direct

  Acc     265564/s     --   -54%   -63%   -91%

  Fast    573439/s   116%     --   -21%   -80%

  Faster  724710/s   173%    26%     --   -75%

  Direct 2860979/s   977%   399%   295%     --

Class::Accessor::Fast is faster than methods written by an average programmer

(where "average" is based on Schwern's example code).

Class::Accessor is slower than average, but more flexible.

Class::Accessor::Faster is even faster than Class::Accessor::Fast.  It uses an

array internally, not a hash.  This could be a good or bad feature depending on

your point of view.

Direct hash access is, of course, much faster than all of these, but it

provides no encapsulation.

Of course, it's not as simple as saying "Class::Accessor is slower than

average".  These are benchmarks for a simple accessor.  If your accessors do

any sort of complicated work (such as talking to a database or writing to a

file) the time spent doing that work will quickly swamp the time spend just

calling the accessor.  In that case, Class::Accessor and the ones you write

will be roughly the same speed.

=head1 EXAMPLES

Here's an example of generating an accessor for every public field of

your class.

    package Altoids;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor Class::Fields);

    use fields qw(curiously strong mints);

    Altoids->mk_accessors( Altoids->show_fields('Public') );

    sub new {

        my $proto = shift;

        my $class = ref $proto || $proto;

        return fields::new($class);

    }

    my Altoids $tin = Altoids->new;

    $tin->curiously('Curiouser and curiouser');

    print $tin->{curiously};    # prints 'Curiouser and curiouser'

    # Subclassing works, too.

    package Mint::Snuff;

    use base qw(Altoids);

    my Mint::Snuff $pouch = Mint::Snuff->new;

    $pouch->strong('Blow your head off!');

    print $pouch->{strong};     # prints 'Blow your head off!'

Here's a simple example of altering the behavior of your accessors.

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_accessors(qw(this that up down));

    sub get {

        my $self = shift;

        # Note every time someone gets some data.

        print STDERR "Getting @_\n";

        $self->SUPER::get(@_);

    }

    sub set {

        my ($self, $key) = splice(@_, 0, 2);

        # Note every time someone sets some data.

        print STDERR "Setting $key to @_\n";

        $self->SUPER::set($key, @_);

    }

=head1 CAVEATS AND TRICKS

Class::Accessor has to do some internal wackiness to get its

job done quickly and efficiently.  Because of this, there's a few

tricks and traps one must know about.

Hey, nothing's perfect.

=head2 Don't make a field called DESTROY

This is bad.  Since DESTROY is a magical method it would be bad for us

to define an accessor using that name.  Class::Accessor will

carp if you try to use it with a field named "DESTROY".

=head2 Overriding autogenerated accessors

You may want to override the autogenerated accessor with your own, yet

have your custom accessor call the default one.  For instance, maybe

you want to have an accessor which checks its input.  Normally, one

would expect this to work:

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Foo->mk_accessors(qw(email this that whatever));

    # Only accept addresses which look valid.

    sub email {

        my($self) = shift;

        my($email) = @_;

        if( @_ ) {  # Setting

            require Email::Valid;

            unless( Email::Valid->address($email) ) {

                carp("$email doesn't look like a valid address.");

                return;

            }

        }

        return $self->SUPER::email(@_);

    }

There's a subtle problem in the last example, and it's in this line:

    return $self->SUPER::email(@_);

If we look at how Foo was defined, it called mk_accessors() which

stuck email() right into Foo's namespace.  There *is* no

SUPER::email() to delegate to!  Two ways around this... first is to

make a "pure" base class for Foo.  This pure class will generate the

accessors and provide the necessary super class for Foo to use:

    package Pure::Organic::Foo;

    use base qw(Class::Accessor);

    Pure::Organic::Foo->mk_accessors(qw(email this that whatever));

    package Foo;

    use base qw(Pure::Organic::Foo);

And now Foo::email() can override the generated

Pure::Organic::Foo::email() and use it as SUPER::email().

This is probably the most obvious solution to everyone but me.

Instead, what first made sense to me was for mk_accessors() to define

an alias of email(), _email_accessor().  Using this solution,

Foo::email() would be written with:

    return $self->_email_accessor(@_);

instead of the expected SUPER::email().

=head1 AUTHORS

Copyright 2017 Marty Pauley <marty+perl@martian.org>

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under

the same terms as Perl itself.  That means either (a) the GNU General Public

License or (b) the Artistic License.

=head2 ORIGINAL AUTHOR

Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com>

=head2 THANKS

Liz and RUZ for performance tweaks.

Tels, for his big feature request/bug report.

Various presenters at YAPC::Asia 2009 for criticising the non-Moose interface.

=head1 SEE ALSO

See L<Class::Accessor::Fast> and L<Class::Accessor::Faster> if speed is more

important than flexibility.

These are some modules which do similar things in different ways

L<Class::Struct>, L<Class::Methodmaker>, L<Class::Generate>,

L<Class::Class>, L<Class::Contract>, L<Moose>, L<Mouse>

See L<Class::DBI> for an example of this module in use.

=cut