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/******************************************************************************

* Engineer: Agner Fog

*

* Create date:   2020-05-03

* Last modified: 2021-08-05

* Module name:   top

* Project name:  ForwardCom soft core

* Tool versions: Vivado 2020.1

* License:       CERN-OHL-W version 2 or later

* Description:   Top level module of ForwardCom softcore

*

* The pipeline stages are connected here:

* 1.  fetch:            Fetch code words from code memory

* 2.  decoder           Decode instruction code

* 3.  register_read     Read registers. The register file is included in this stage

* 4.  addressgenerator  Calculate address of any memory operand

* 5.  dataread          Wait for data being read from data RAM

* 6a. alu               Execute the instruction and calculate the result

* 6b. in_out_ports      Input and output instructions etc. go here instead of into alu

*

* Other modules connected here:

* clock_generator:      Controls the clock frequency of the global clock

* code_memory:          Code memory or cache

* data_memory:          Data memory or cache

* call_stack:           Call stack for function return addresses

* debug_display:        Shows contents of each pipeline stage on LCD display

* debugger.vh:          Displays values of any signals anywhere in system on LED displays

*

******************************************************************************/

`include "defines.vh"

/*

Signals have name prefixes indicating the modules that generate them.

Handshaking signals between pipeline stages:

valid_in:                  Preceding stage has valid data ready

valid_out:                 Valid data are ready for next stage

stall_in:                  Keep your data for the next clock cycle

stall_out:                 Unable to receive new data

stall_predict_out:         Predict that the next stage in pipeline will stall in next clock cycle

There is currently no contention for result buses, but future implementation may need handshaking for this:

result_bus_require_out:    Needs result bus in next clock cycle

result_bus_acknowledge_in: No unit with higher privilege is taking the result bus

result_bus_enable_out:     A result is on the result bus

*/

module top (

    input clock100,               // board input clock 100 MHz

    input switch0,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch1,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch2,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch3,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch4,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch5,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch6,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch7,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch8,                // switches for debug modes

    input switch15,               // disables error stop

    input step_button,            // Single stepping (RIGHT BUTTON)

    input run_button,             // Stop single stepping and start free running (UP BUTTON)

    input reset_button,           // Reset to start of program (DOWN BUTTON)

    input load_button,            // Load program throung serial interfase (!CPU RESET BUTTON)

    input step_button_x,          // Single stepping (external button)

    input run_button_x,           // Stop single stepping and start free running (external button)

    input reset_button_x,         // Reset to start of program (external button)

    input load_button_x,          // Loader (external button)

    input external_connected_x,   // high if external debug interface is connected

    input debug1_switch,          // enable single-stepping, pipeline mode

    input debug2_switch,          // enable single-stepping, instruction mode

    input uart_txd_in,            // UART transmit from PC

    input uart_rts_in,            // UART RTS from PC

    output reg [7:0] segment7seg, // segment output, active low

    output reg [7:0] digit7seg,   // digit select output, active low

    output reg [3:0] lcd_data,    // data to LCD display

    output reg lcd_rs,            // control signal for LCD display

    output reg [1:0] lcd_e,       // enable signals for LCD displays

    output uart_rxd_out,          // UART receive to PC

    output uart_cts_out,          // UART CTS to PC

    output  led0,                 // use of led's: see below

    output  led1,

    output  led2,

    output  led3,

    output  led4,

    output  led5,

    output  led6,

    output  led7,

    output  led12,

    output  led13,

    output  led14,

    output  led15,

    output  led16R,               // RGB led

    output  led16G,

    output  led16B

);

// generate clock (Xilinx specific. Generated by Clocking Wizard)

clock_generator clock_generator_inst (

    .clk_in(clock100),            // board input clock, 100 MHz

    .clk_out(clock),              // synthesized clock, frequency is `CLOCK_FREQUENCY

    .locked()                     // clock frequency has stabilized

);

// control single stepping

reg single_step_mode;

reg step_button_debounced;

reg run_button_debounced;

reg reset_button_debounced;

reg load_button_debounced;

reg step_button_pulse;

reg run_button_pulse;

reg reset_button_pulse;

reg load_button_pulse;

reg [2:0] reset_step = 3'b111;    // shift register for system reset clock cycles

reg clock_enable = 0;

reg system_reset = 1;             // reset everything. load program

reg program_restart = 0;          // restart loaded program

// pushbutton debouncers

// on-board buttons are always enabled, external buttons are enabled by external_connected_x

logic[3:0] input_buttons;

logic[3:0] debounced_buttons;

logic[3:0] button_pulse;

assign input_buttons[0] = step_button  | (step_button_x & external_connected_x);

assign input_buttons[1] = run_button   | (run_button_x & external_connected_x);

assign input_buttons[2] = reset_button | (reset_button_x & external_connected_x);

assign input_buttons[3] = (~load_button) | (load_button_x & external_connected_x);

assign debounced_buttons[0] = step_button_debounced;

assign debounced_buttons[1] = run_button_debounced;

assign debounced_buttons[2] = reset_button_debounced;

assign debounced_buttons[3] = load_button_debounced;

assign button_pulse[0] = step_button_pulse;

assign button_pulse[1] = run_button_pulse;

assign button_pulse[2] = reset_button_pulse;

assign button_pulse[3] = load_button_pulse;

debounce #(.num(4) ) debounce_inst

(.clock(clock),

.buttons_in (input_buttons),

.buttons_out(debounced_buttons),

.pulse_out(button_pulse));

/***************************************************

       Signals connecting the stages

***************************************************/

// code memory

logic [`CODE_DATA_WIDTH-1:0] code_memory_data;              // Data out

logic [31:0]                 code_memory_debug;

// data memory

logic [`RB1:0] data_memory_data;

// call stack

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] call_stack_pop_data;          // return address popped from call stack

logic call_stack_overflow;                                 // call stack overflow or underflow or error

// register file input

logic  [5:0]   debug_reada;                                // read port for debugger

// signals from each pipeline stage

// fetch stage

logic fetch_valid;

logic fetch_jump;                                          // jump instruction bypassing pipeline

logic fetch_call_e;                                        // executing call instruction

logic fetch_return_e;                                      // executing return instruction

logic [95:0] fetch_instruction;

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] fetch_instruction_pointer;    // point to current instruction

logic                        fetch_read_enable;

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-2:0] fetch_read_addr;              // Address for reading from code ram

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] fetch_call_push_data;         // return address pushed to call stack

logic [31:0]                 fetch_debug1;                 // temporary debug output

// decoder

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] decoder_tag_val;                    // instruction tag value

logic        decoder_tag_write;                            // tag write enable

logic        decoder_read;                                 // read register enable

logic        decoder_valid;                                // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] decoder_instruction_pointer;  // address of current instruction

logic [95:0] decoder_instruction;                          // first word of instruction

logic        decoder_stall;                                // Not ready to receive next instruction

logic [5:0]  decoder_tag_a;                                // register number for instruction tag

logic        decoder_vector;                               // this is a vector instruction

logic [1:0]  decoder_category;                             // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

logic [1:0]  decoder_format;                               // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

logic [2:0]  decoder_rs_status;                            // use of RS

logic [2:0]  decoder_rt_status;                            // use of RT

logic [1:0]  decoder_ru_status;                            // 1: RU is used

logic [1:0]  decoder_rd_status;                            // 1: RD is used as input

logic [1:0]  decoder_mask_status;                          // what the mask register is used for

logic        decoder_mask_options;                         // 1: mask register may contain options

logic        decoder_mask_alternative;                     // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

logic [2:0]  decoder_fallback_use;                         // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

logic [1:0]  decoder_num_operands;                         // number of source operands

logic [1:0]  decoder_result_type;                          // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

logic [1:0]  decoder_offset_field;                         // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

logic [1:0]  decoder_immediate_field;                      // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

logic [1:0]  decoder_scale_factor;                         // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

logic        decoder_index_limit;                          // index has a limit

logic [31:0] decoder_debug1;                               // temporary debug output

// register read stage

logic         registerread_valid;                          // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] registerread_instruction_pointer; // address of current instruction

logic [95:0]  registerread_instruction;                    // first word of instruction

logic         registerread_stall_predict;                  // predict next stage will stall

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] registerread_tag_val;               // instruction tag value

logic         registerread_vector;                         // this is a vector instruction

logic [1:0]   registerread_category;                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

logic [1:0]   registerread_format;                         // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

logic [1:0]   registerread_num_operands;                   // number of source operands

logic [1:0]   registerread_result_type;                    // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

logic [1:0]   registerread_offset_field;                   // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

logic [1:0]   registerread_immediate_field;                // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

logic [1:0]   registerread_scale_factor;                   // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

logic         registerread_index_limit;                    // The field indicated by offset_field contains a limit to the index

logic [`RB:0] registerread_rd_val;                         // value of register operand RD, bit `RB indicates missing

logic [`RB:0] registerread_rs_val;                         // value of register operand RS, bit `RB indicates missing

logic [`RB:0] registerread_rt_val;                         // value of register operand RT, bit `RB indicates missing

logic [`RB:0] registerread_ru_val;                         // value of register operand RU, bit `RB indicates missing

logic [`MASKSZ:0] registerread_regmask_val;                // value of mask register, bit 32 indicates missing

logic [1:0]   registerread_rd_status;                      // RD is used as input

logic [2:0]   registerread_rs_status;                      // use of RS

logic [2:0]   registerread_rt_status;                      // use of RT

logic [1:0]   registerread_ru_status;                      // RU is used

logic [1:0]   registerread_mask_status;                    // mask register is used

logic         registerread_mask_alternative;               // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

logic [2:0]   registerread_fallback_use;                   // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

logic [32:0]  registerread_debugport;                      // register read by debugger

// address generator

logic [`COMMON_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] addrgen_read_write_address; // address of memory operand

logic        addrgen_read_enable;                          // read from data memory

logic [1:0]  addrgen_read_data_size;

logic [7:0]  addrgen_write_enable;

logic [63:0] addrgen_write_data;                           // Any part of the 64 bits write bus can be used when the operand size is less than 64 bits

logic        addrgen_valid;                                // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] addrgen_instruction_pointer;  // address of current instruction

logic [63:0] addrgen_instruction;                          // first word of instruction

logic        addrgen_stall_next;                           // address generator waiting for an operand

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] addrgen_tag_val;                    // instruction tag value

logic [`RB:0] addrgen_operand1;                            // value of first register operand

logic [`RB:0] addrgen_operand2;                            // value of second register operand

logic [`RB:0] addrgen_operand3;                            // value of last operand

logic [`MASKSZ:0] addrgen_regmask_val;                     // value of mask register, bit 32 indicates valid

logic        addrgen_vector;                               // this is a vector instruction

logic [1:0]  addrgen_category;                             // instruction category: multiformat, single format, jump

logic [1:0]  addrgen_format;                               // instruction format: A, E, B, D

logic        addrgen_mask_status;                          // mask register is used

logic        addrgen_mask_alternative;                     // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

logic [2:0]  addrgen_fallback_use;                         // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

logic [1:0]  addrgen_num_operands;                         // number of source operands

logic [1:0]  addrgen_result_type;                          // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

logic [1:0]  addrgen_offset_field;                         // unused

logic [1:0]  addrgen_immediate_field;                      // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

logic [1:0]  addrgen_scale_factor;                         // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

logic        addrgen_memory_operand;                       // The instruction has a memory operand

logic        addrgen_array_error;                          // Array index exceeds limit

logic [31:0] addrgen_debug1;                               // temporary debug output

logic [31:0] addrgen_debug2;                               // temporary debug output

logic [31:0] addrgen_debug3;                               // temporary debug output

// data read stage

logic        dataread_valid;                               // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] dataread_instruction_pointer; // address of current instruction

logic [31:0] dataread_instruction;                         // first word of instruction

logic        dataread_stall_predict;                       // predict next stage will stall

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] dataread_tag_val;                   // instruction tag value

logic [`RB:0] dataread_operand1;                           // value of first operand

logic [`RB:0] dataread_operand2;                           // value of second operand

logic [`RB:0] dataread_operand3;                           // value of last operand

logic [`MASKSZ:0] dataread_mask_val;                       // value of mask, bit 32 is 0 if valid

logic        dataread_opr2_from_ram;                       // value of operand 2 comes from data memory

logic        dataread_opr3_from_ram;                       // value of last operand comes from data memory

logic        dataread_vector;                              // this is a vector instruction

logic [1:0]  dataread_category;                            // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

logic [1:0]  dataread_format;                              // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

logic [1:0]  dataread_num_operands;                        // number of source operands

logic        dataread_opr1_used;                           // opr1_val_out is needed

logic        dataread_opr2_used;                           // opr2_val_out is needed

logic        dataread_opr3_used;                           // opr3_val_out is needed

logic        dataread_regmask_used;                        // regmask_val_out is needed

logic        dataread_mask_alternative;                    // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

logic [1:0]  dataread_result_type;                         // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

logic [3:0]  dataread_exe_unit;                            // each bit enables a particular execution unit

                                                           // 1: ALU, 10: MUL, 100: DIV, 1000: IN/OUT

logic [6:0]  dataread_opx;                                 // operation ID in execution unit. This is mostly equal to op1 for multiformat instructions

logic [5:0]  dataread_opj;                                 // operation ID for conditional jump instructions

logic [2:0]  dataread_ot;                                  // operand type

logic [5:0]  dataread_option_bits;                         // option bits from IM3 or mask

logic [15:0] dataread_im2_bits;                            // constant bits from IM2 as extra operand

logic        dataread_trap;                                // trap instruction detected. enable single step mode

logic        dataread_array_error;                         // array index out of bounds

logic        dataread_read_address_error;                  // invalid read memory address

logic        dataread_write_address_error;                 // invalid write memory address

logic        dataread_misaligned_address_error;            // misaligned read/write memory address

logic [31:0] dataread_debug;                               // output for debugging

// alu stage

logic        alu_valid;                                    // for debug display: alu is active

logic        alu_write_en;                                 // write value to register file

logic [5:0]  alu_register_a;                               // register to write

logic [`RB1:0] alu_result;                                 // result to write

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] alu_tag;                            // instruction tag value

logic        alu_jump;                                     //  jump instruction: jump taken

logic        alu_nojump;                                   // jump instruction: jump not taken

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] alu_jump_pointer;             // jump target to fetch unit

logic alu_stall;

logic alu_stall_next;

logic alu_error;                                           // unknown instruction

logic alu_error_parm;                                      // wrong parameter for instruction

logic [31:0] alu_debug1;                                   // output for debugger

logic [31:0] alu_debug2;                                   // output for debugger

// mul/div alu

logic        muldiv_valid;                                 // for debug display: alu is active

logic        muldiv_write_en;                              // write value to register file

logic [4:0]  muldiv_register_a;                            // register to write

logic [`RB1:0] muldiv_result;                              // result to write

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] muldiv_tag;                         // instruction tag value

logic muldiv_stall;

logic muldiv_stall_next;

logic muldiv_error;                                        // unknown instruction

logic muldiv_error_parm;                                   // wrong parameter for instruction

logic [31:0] muldiv_debug1;                                // output for debugger

logic [31:0] muldiv_debug2;                                // output for debugger

// in_out_ports

logic inout_valid;                                         // for debug display: in_out is active

logic inout_write_en;                                      // write value to register file

logic [5:0] inout_register_a;                              // register to write

logic [`RB1:0] inout_result;                               // result to write

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] inout_tag;                          // instruction tag value

logic inout_nojump;                                        // serializing instruction read_perf gives jump not taken signal to resume pipeline

logic inout_stall;

logic inout_stall_next;

logic inout_error;                                         // unknown instruction

logic inout_error_parm;                                    // wrong parameter for instruction

logic [`N_ERROR_TYPES-1:0] inout_capab_disable_errors;     // capab2 register: disable errors

logic [3:0] inout_first_error;                             // error type for first error, stored in inout module

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] inout_first_error_address;    // code address of first error

logic [31:0] inout_debug;                                  // output for debugger

// error handling

logic [`N_ERROR_TYPES-1:0] errors_detect;                  // one bit for each type of error detected

logic clear_error;                                         // clear error on debug display

reg   show_error;                                          // show error on debug display

/***************************************************

       Top level logic signals

***************************************************/

// result bus 1

logic bus1_write_en;                                       // write value to register file

logic [5:0] bus1_register_a;                               // register to write (includes system registers)

logic [`RB1:0] bus1_value;                                 // value to write

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] bus1_tag;                           // result tag for value on bus 1

// result bus 2

logic bus2_write_en;                                       // write value to register file

logic [4:0] bus2_register_a;                               // register to write

logic [`RB1:0] bus2_value;                                 // value to write

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] bus2_tag;                           // result tag for value on bus 2

// signals for predicting when a result will be available

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] predict_tag1;                       // result tag value on bus 1 in next clock cycle

logic [`TAG_WIDTH-1:0] predict_tag2;                       // result tag value on bus 2 in next clock cycle

logic [`CODE_ADDR_WIDTH-2:0] code_read_addr;               // Address for reading from ram

reg [2:0] color_led16;                                     // RGB led

always_comb begin

    // result bus 1

    // There are no tri-state buffers inside the FPGA so we have to simulate the buses by OR'ing results:

    bus1_write_en  = alu_write_en | inout_write_en;        // write value to register file

    bus1_register_a = alu_register_a | inout_register_a;   // register to write

    bus1_value = alu_result | inout_result;                // value to write

    bus1_tag = alu_tag | inout_tag;                        // tag for result on bus 1

    // result bus 2 not yet used

    bus2_write_en  = muldiv_write_en;                      // write value to register file

    bus2_register_a = muldiv_register_a;                   // register to write

    bus2_value = muldiv_result;                            // value to write

    bus2_tag = muldiv_tag;                                 // tag for result on bus 2

    // read address for code memory. comes from fetch unit, except for taken conditional or indirect jumps/calls

    code_read_addr = alu_jump ? (alu_jump_pointer >> 1) : fetch_read_addr;

    // predict next tag on bus 1

    predict_tag1 = (dataread_exe_unit[0] | dataread_exe_unit[3]) ? dataread_tag_val : 0;

    // predict next tag on bus 2. To do: insert propagation delay !!

    predict_tag2 = (dataread_exe_unit[1] | dataread_exe_unit[2]) ? dataread_tag_val : 0;

    // error detection

    errors_detect[0] = alu_error | muldiv_error | inout_error; // unknown instruction

    errors_detect[1] = alu_error_parm | muldiv_error_parm | inout_error_parm | call_stack_overflow; // wrong parameter for instruction

    errors_detect[2] = dataread_array_error;               // array index out of bounds

    errors_detect[3] = dataread_read_address_error;        // read address violation

    errors_detect[4] = dataread_write_address_error;       // write address violation

    errors_detect[5] = dataread_misaligned_address_error;  // misaligned memory address

    clear_error = reset_button_debounced | step_button_pulse | run_button_pulse | load_button_debounced; // clear error on debug display

end

// single step and reset control

always_ff @(posedge clock) begin

    reset_step[2:0] <= {reset_step[1:0],(reset_button_debounced|load_button_debounced)}; // shift register delaying reset button

    if (reset_button_debounced) begin

        clock_enable <= 1;                                 // enable clock while resetting

        system_reset <= 1;                                 // reset everything for 3 clock cycles

        program_restart <= 1;

        single_step_mode <= 0;

    end else if (load_button_debounced) begin

        clock_enable <= 1;                                 // enable clock while resetting

        system_reset <= 1;                                 // reset everything for 3 clock cycles

        program_restart <= 0;

        single_step_mode <= 0;

    end else if (reset_step != 0) begin

        clock_enable <= 1;                                 // enable clock while resetting

        system_reset <= 1;                                 // reset everything for 3 clock cycles

        single_step_mode <= 0;                             // start in single step mode

    end else if (single_step_mode) begin                   // single-stepping for debugging

        clock_enable <= step_button_pulse;                 // enable for one clock cycle

        system_reset <= 0;

        program_restart <= 0;

    end else begin                                         // not single_step_mode

        clock_enable <= 1;

        system_reset <= 0;

        program_restart <= 0;

    end

    // set or clear single step mode

    if (run_button_pulse)  single_step_mode <= 0;

    if (step_button_pulse) single_step_mode <= 1;

    if (dataread_trap)     single_step_mode <= 1;          // breakpoint sets single step mode

    if (|(errors_detect & ~inout_capab_disable_errors) && !switch15) single_step_mode <= 1; // error detected

    if (clear_error) show_error <= 0;

    if (|(errors_detect & ~inout_capab_disable_errors)) show_error <= 1;

end

/***************************************************

       Memory modules

***************************************************/

// code memory

code_memory code_memory_inst(

    .clock(clock),                                         // clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),

    .read_enable(fetch_read_enable | alu_jump),            // read enable

    .write_enable(addrgen_write_enable),

    .write_addr_in(addrgen_read_write_address),

    .write_data_in(addrgen_write_data),                    // Data in

    .read_addr_in(code_read_addr),                         // Address for reading from code ram

    .data_out(code_memory_data),                           // Data out

    .debug_out(code_memory_debug)

);

// read/write data memory

data_memory data_memory_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .read_write_addr(addrgen_read_write_address),          // Address for reading from ram

    .read_enable(addrgen_read_enable),                     // read enable

    .read_data_size(addrgen_read_data_size),

    .write_enable(addrgen_write_enable),                   // write enable for each byte separately

    .write_data_in(addrgen_write_data),

    .read_data_out(data_memory_data)                       // Data out

);

// call stack

call_stack call_stack_instance(

    .clock(clock),                                         // clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // reset

    .call_e(fetch_call_e),                                 // Executing call instruction

    .return_e(fetch_return_e),                             // Executing return instruction

    .push_data(fetch_call_push_data),                      // Return address pushed at call instruction

    .pop_data(call_stack_pop_data),                        // Return address popped at return instruction

    .overflow(call_stack_overflow));                       // stack overflow or underflow or error

/***************************************************

       Pipeline stages

***************************************************/

// code fetch module

fetch fetch_inst(

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock (100 MHz)

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .restart(program_restart),                             // restart loaded program

    .valid_in(1),                                          // data from code memory ready

    .stall_in(registerread_stall_predict | addrgen_stall_next | dataread_stall_predict | alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),   // pipeline is stalled

    .jump_in(alu_jump),                                    // a jump target is coming from the ALU.

    .nojump_in(alu_nojump | inout_nojump),                 // jump target is next instruction

    .jump_pointer(alu_jump_pointer),                       // jump target from ALU. jump_pointer is also sent to the code memory

    .read_data(code_memory_data),                          // data from code memory

    .return_pop_data(call_stack_pop_data),                 // Return address popped here at return instruction

    .read_addr_out(fetch_read_addr),                       // code read address relative to code memory start

    .read_enable_out(fetch_read_enable),                   // code memory read enable

    .valid_out(fetch_valid),                               // An instruction is ready for output to decoder

    .jump_out(fetch_jump),                                 // Jump instruction bypassing pipeline

    .instruction_pointer_out(fetch_instruction_pointer),   // address of current instruction

    .instruction_out(fetch_instruction),                   // current instruction, up to 3 32-bit words long

    .call_e_out(fetch_call_e),                             // Executing call instruction. push_data contains return address

    .return_e_out(fetch_return_e),                         // Executing return instruction. return address is available in advance on pop_data

    .stall_predict_out(),                                  // predict stall in decoder

    .call_push_data_out(fetch_call_push_data) ,            // Return address pushed here at call instruction

    .debug1_out(fetch_debug1)                              // temporary debug output

);

decoder decoder_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock (100 MHz)

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(fetch_valid),                                // data from fetch module ready

    .stall_in(registerread_stall_predict | addrgen_stall_next | dataread_stall_predict | alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),   // pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_pointer_in(fetch_inst.instruction_pointer_out), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_in(fetch_instruction),                    // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1(bus1_tag),                                 // tag of result in bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2(bus2_tag),                                 // tag of result in bus 2

    .valid_out(decoder_valid),                             // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

    .instruction_pointer_out(decoder_instruction_pointer), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_out(decoder_instruction),                 // first word of instruction

    .stall_out(decoder_stall),                             // Not ready to receive next instruction

    .tag_a_out(decoder_tag_a),                             // register number for instruction tag

    .tag_val_out(decoder_tag_val),                         // instruction tag value

    .tag_write_out(decoder_tag_write),                     // instruction tag write enable

    .vector_out(decoder_vector),                           // this is a vector instruction

    .category_out(decoder_category),                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_out(decoder_format),                           // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .rs_status_out(decoder_rs_status),                     // use of RS

    .rt_status_out(decoder_rt_status),                     // use of RT

    .ru_status_out(decoder_ru_status),                     // 1: RU is used

    .rd_status_out(decoder_rd_status),                     // 1: RD is used as input

    .mask_status_out(decoder_mask_status),                 // What the mask register is used for

    .mask_options_out(decoder_mask_options),               // 1: mask register may contain options

    .mask_alternative_out(decoder_mask_alternative),       // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .fallback_use_out(decoder_fallback_use),               // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

    .num_operands_out(decoder_num_operands),               // number of source operands

    .result_type_out(decoder_result_type),                 // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .offset_field_out(decoder_offset_field),               // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

    .immediate_field_out(decoder_immediate_field),         // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .scale_factor_out(decoder_scale_factor),               // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

    .index_limit_out(decoder_index_limit),                 // The field indicated by offset_field contains a limit to the index

    .debug1_out(decoder_debug1)                            // temporary debug output

);

register_read register_read_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(decoder_valid),                              // data from fetch module ready

    .stall_in(registerread_stall_predict | addrgen_stall_next | dataread_stall_predict | alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),   // pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_pointer_in(decoder_instruction_pointer),  // address of current instruction

    .instruction_in(decoder_instruction),                  // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .tag_write_in(decoder_tag_write),                      // write tag

    .tag_val_in(decoder_tag_val),                          // instruction tag value

    .vector_in(decoder_vector),                            // this is a vector instruction

    .category_in(decoder_category),                        // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_in(decoder_format),                            // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .rs_status_in(decoder_rs_status),                      // 1: RS is register operand

    .rt_status_in(decoder_rt_status),                      // 1: RT is register operand

    .ru_status_in(decoder_ru_status),                      // 1: RU is used

    .rd_status_in(decoder_rd_status),                      // 1: RD is used as input

    .mask_status_in(decoder_mask_status),                  // use of mask

    .mask_options_in(decoder_mask_options),                // 1: mask register may contain options

    .mask_alternative_in(decoder_mask_alternative),        // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .fallback_use_in(decoder_fallback_use),                // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

    .num_operands_in(decoder_num_operands),                // number of source operands

    .result_type_in(decoder_result_type),                  // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .offset_field_in(decoder_offset_field),                // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

    .immediate_field_in(decoder_immediate_field),          // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .scale_factor_in(decoder_scale_factor),                // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

    .index_limit_in(decoder_index_limit),                  // The field indicated by offset_field contains a limit to the index

    .writeport1(bus1_value),                               // result bus 1

    .writea1(bus1_register_a),                             // address input for bus 1

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1(bus1_tag),                                 // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport2(bus2_value),                               // result bus 2

    .writea2(bus2_register_a),                             // address input for bus 2

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2(bus2_tag),                                 // tag of result in bus 2

    .debug_reada(debug_reada),                             // register read port for debugger

    .valid_out(registerread_valid),                        // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

    .instruction_pointer_out(registerread_instruction_pointer), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_out(registerread_instruction),            // first word of instruction

    .stall_predict_out(registerread_stall_predict),        // predict next stage will stall

    .tag_val_out(registerread_tag_val),                    // instruction tag value

    .vector_out(registerread_vector),                      // this is a vector instruction

    .category_out(registerread_category),                  // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_out(registerread_format),                      // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .num_operands_out(registerread_num_operands),          // number of source operands

    .result_type_out(registerread_result_type),            // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .offset_field_out(registerread_offset_field),          // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

    .immediate_field_out(registerread_immediate_field),    // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .scale_factor_out(registerread_scale_factor),          // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

    .index_limit_out(registerread_index_limit),            // The field indicated by offset_field contains a limit to the index

    .rd_val_out(registerread_rd_val),                      // value of register operand RD, bit `RB indicates missing

    .rs_val_out(registerread_rs_val),                      // value of register operand RS, bit `RB indicates missing

    .rt_val_out(registerread_rt_val),                      // value of register operand RT, bit `RB indicates missing

    .ru_val_out(registerread_ru_val),                      // value of register operand RU, bit `RB indicates missing

    .regmask_val_out(registerread_regmask_val),            // value of mask register, bit 32 indicates missing

    .rd_status_out(registerread_rd_status),                // 1: RD is used as input

    .rs_status_out(registerread_rs_status),                // use of RS

    .rt_status_out(registerread_rt_status),                // use of RT

    .ru_status_out(registerread_ru_status),                // 1: RU is used

    .mask_status_out(registerread_mask_status),            // 1: mask register is used

    .mask_alternative_out(registerread_mask_alternative),  // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .fallback_use_out(registerread_fallback_use),          // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

    .debugport_out(registerread_debugport)                 // read for debugging purpose

);

addressgenerator addressgenerator_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock (100 MHz)

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(registerread_valid),                         // data from fetch module ready

    .stall_in(dataread_stall_predict | alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),   // pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_pointer_in(registerread_instruction_pointer), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_in(registerread_instruction),             // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .tag_val_in(registerread_tag_val),                     // instruction tag value

    .vector_in(registerread_vector),                       // this is a vector instruction

    .category_in(registerread_category),                   // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_in(registerread_format),                       // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .rs_status_in(registerread_rs_status),                 // use of RS

    .rt_status_in(registerread_rt_status),                 // use of RT

    .ru_status_in(registerread_ru_status),                 // RU is used

    .rd_status_in(registerread_rd_status),                 // RD is used as input

    .mask_status_in(registerread_mask_status),             // mask register used

    .mask_alternative_in(registerread_mask_alternative),   // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .fallback_use_in(registerread_fallback_use),           // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

    .num_operands_in(registerread_num_operands),           // number of source operands

    .result_type_in(registerread_result_type),             // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .offset_field_in(registerread_offset_field),           // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

    .immediate_field_in(registerread_immediate_field),     // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .scale_factor_in(registerread_scale_factor),           // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

    .index_limit_in(registerread_index_limit),             // The field indicated by offset_field contains a limit to the index

    .rd_val_in(registerread_rd_val),                       // value of register operand RD, bit `RB indicates missing

    .rs_val_in(registerread_rs_val),                       // value of register operand RS, bit `RB indicates missing

    .rt_val_in(registerread_rt_val),                       // value of register operand RT, bit `RB indicates missing

    .ru_val_in(registerread_ru_val),                       // value of register operand RU, bit `RB indicates missing

    .regmask_val_in(registerread_regmask_val),             // mask register

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1_in(bus1_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport1_in(bus1_value),                            // result bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2_in(bus2_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 2

    .writeport2_in(bus2_value),                            // result bus 2

    .predict_tag1_in(predict_tag1),                        // tag on result bus 1 in next clock cycle

    .predict_tag2_in(predict_tag2),                        // tag on result bus 2 in next clock cycle

    .read_write_address_out(addrgen_read_write_address),   // address of read memory operand

    .read_enable_out(addrgen_read_enable),                 // enable read from data memory

    .read_data_size_out(addrgen_read_data_size),           // data size for memory read

    .write_enable_out(addrgen_write_enable),               // write enable for each byte separately

    .write_data_out(addrgen_write_data),                   // data to write

    .valid_out(addrgen_valid),                             // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

    .instruction_pointer_out(addrgen_instruction_pointer), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_out(addrgen_instruction),                 // first word of instruction

    .stall_predict_out(addrgen_stall_next),                // will be waiting for an operand

    .tag_val_out(addrgen_tag_val),                         // instruction tag value

    .operand1_out(addrgen_operand1),                       // value of first operand, bit `RB indicates invalid

    .operand2_out(addrgen_operand2),                       // value of second operand, bit `RB indicates invalid

    .operand3_out(addrgen_operand3),                       // value of last, bit `RB indicates valid

    .regmask_val_out(addrgen_regmask_val),                 // value of mask register, bit 32 indicates valid

    .vector_out(addrgen_vector),                           // this is a vector instruction

    .category_out(addrgen_category),                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_out(addrgen_format),                           // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .mask_status_out(addrgen_mask_status),                 // 1: mask register used

    .mask_alternative_out(addrgen_mask_alternative),       // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .fallback_use_out(addrgen_fallback_use),               // 0: no fallback, 1: same as first source operand, 2-4: RU, RS, RT

    .num_operands_out(addrgen_num_operands),               // number of source operands

    .result_type_out(addrgen_result_type),                 // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .offset_field_out(addrgen_offset_field),               // address offset. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, possibly scaled, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 bit

    .immediate_field_out(addrgen_immediate_field),         // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .scale_factor_out(addrgen_scale_factor),               // 00: index is not scaled, 01: index is scaled by operand size, 10: index is scaled by -1

    .memory_operand_out(addrgen_memory_operand),           // The instruction has a memory operand

    .array_error_out(addrgen_array_error),                 // Array index exceeds limit

    .options3_out(addrgen_options3),                       // IM3 containts option bits

    .debug1_out(addrgen_debug1),                           // Temporary output for debugging purpose

    .debug2_out(addrgen_debug2),                           // Temporary output for debugging purpose

    .debug3_out(addrgen_debug3)                            // Temporary output for debugging purpose

);

dataread dataread_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(addrgen_valid),                              // data from fetch module ready

    .stall_in(dataread_stall_predict | alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),   // pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_pointer_in(addrgen_instruction_pointer),  // address of current instruction

    .instruction_in(addrgen_instruction),                  // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .tag_val_in(addrgen_tag_val),                          // instruction tag value

    .vector_in(addrgen_vector),                            // this is a vector instruction

    .category_in(addrgen_category),                        // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_in(addrgen_format),                            // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .mask_status_in(addrgen_mask_status),                  // 1: mask register used

    .mask_alternative_in(addrgen_mask_alternative),        // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .num_operands_in(addrgen_num_operands),                // number of source operands

    .result_type_in(addrgen_result_type),                  // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .immediate_field_in(addrgen_immediate_field),          // immediate data field. 0: none, 1: 8 bit, 2: 16 bit, 3: 32 or 64 bit

    .memory_operand_in(addrgen_memory_operand),            // the instruction has a memory operand

    .array_error_in(addrgen_array_error),                  // Array index exceeds limit

    .options3_in(addrgen_options3),                        // IM3 containts option bits

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1_in(bus1_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport1_in(bus1_value),                            // result bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2_in(bus2_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 2

    .writeport2_in(bus2_value),                            // result bus 2

    .predict_tag1_in(predict_tag1),                        // result tag value on bus 1 in next clock cycle

    .predict_tag2_in(predict_tag2),                        // result tag value on bus 2 in next clock cycle

    .operand1_in(addrgen_operand1),                        // value of first operand

    .operand2_in(addrgen_operand2),                        // value of second operand

    .operand3_in(addrgen_operand3),                        // value of last operand

    .regmask_val_in(addrgen_regmask_val),                  // mask register

    .address_in(addrgen_read_write_address),               // address of memory operand

    .ram_data_in(data_memory_data),                        // memory operand from data memory

    .valid_out(dataread_valid),                            // An instruction is ready for output to next stage

    .instruction_pointer_out(dataread_instruction_pointer),// address of current instruction

    .instruction_out(dataread_instruction),                // first word of instruction

    .stall_predict_out(dataread_stall_predict),            // predict next stage will stall

    .tag_val_out(dataread_tag_val),                        // instruction tag value

    .operand1_out(dataread_operand1),                      // value of first operand for 3-op instructions, bit `RB is 0 if valid

    .operand2_out(dataread_operand2),                      // value of second operand, bit `RB is 0 if valid

    .operand3_out(dataread_operand3),                      // value of last operand, bit `RB is 0 if valid

    .mask_val_out(dataread_mask_val),                      // value of mask, bit 32 is 0 if valid

    .opr2_from_ram_out(dataread_opr2_from_ram),            // value of operand 2 comes from data memory

    .opr3_from_ram_out(dataread_opr3_from_ram),            // value of last operand comes from data memory

    .vector_out(dataread_vector),                          // this is a vector instruction

    .category_out(dataread_category),                      // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .format_out(dataread_format),                          // 00: format A, 01: format E, 10: format B, 11: format C (format D never goes through decoder)

    .num_operands_out(dataread_num_operands),              // number of source operands

    .result_type_out(dataread_result_type),                // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .opr1_used_out(dataread_opr1_used),                    // operand1 is needed

    .opr2_used_out(dataread_opr2_used),                    // operand2 is needed

    .opr3_used_out(dataread_opr3_used),                    // operand3 is needed

    .regmask_used_out(dataread_regmask_used),              // regmask_val_out is needed

    .mask_alternative_out(dataread_mask_alternative),      // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .exe_unit_out(dataread_exe_unit),                      // each bit enables a particular execution unit

    .opx_out(dataread_opx),                                // operation ID in execution unit. This is mostly equal to op1 for multiformat instructions

    .opj_out(dataread_opj),                                // operation ID for conditional jump instructions

    .ot_out(dataread_ot),                                  // operand type

    .option_bits_out(dataread_option_bits),                // instruction option bits

    .im2_bits_out(dataread_im2_bits),                      // constant bits from IM2 as extra operand

    .trap_out(dataread_trap),                              // trap instruction detected

    .array_error_out(dataread_array_error),                // array index out of bounds

    .read_address_error_out(dataread_read_address_error),  // invalid read memory address

    .write_address_error_out(dataread_write_address_error),// invalid write memory address

    .misaligned_address_error_out(dataread_misaligned_address_error), // misaligned read/write memory address

    .debug_out(dataread_debug)                             // output for debugging

);

alu alu_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(dataread_valid & dataread_exe_unit[0]),      // data from previous stage ready

    .stall_in(alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),// pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_pointer_in(dataread_instruction_pointer), // address of current instruction

    .instruction_in(dataread_instruction),                 // current instruction, first word only

    .tag_val_in(dataread_tag_val),                         // instruction tag value

    .category_in(dataread_category),                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .mask_alternative_in(dataread_mask_alternative),       // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .result_type_in(dataread_result_type),                 // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .vector_in(dataread_vector),                           // vector instruction

    .opx_in(dataread_opx),                                 // operation ID in execution unit. This is mostly equal to op1 for multiformat instructions

    .opj_in(dataread_opj),                                 // operation ID for conditional jump instructions

    .ot_in(dataread_ot),                                   // operand type

    .option_bits_in(dataread_option_bits),                 // option bits from IM3 or mask

    .im2_bits_in(dataread_im2_bits),                       // constant bits from IM2 as extra operand

    // monitor result buses:

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1_in(bus1_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport1_in(bus1_value),                            // result bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2_in(bus2_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 2

    .writeport2_in(bus2_value),                            // result bus 2

    .predict_tag1_in(predict_tag1),                        // result tag value on bus 1 in next clock cycle

    .predict_tag2_in(predict_tag2),                        // result tag value on bus 2 in next clock cycle

    // Register values sampled from result bus in previous stages

    .operand1_in(dataread_operand1),                       // first operand or fallback value

    .operand2_in(dataread_operand2),                       // second operand value

    .operand3_in(dataread_operand3),                       // last operand value

    .regmask_val_in(dataread_mask_val),                    // mask register

    .ram_data_in(data_memory_data),                        // memory operand from data memory

    .opr2_from_ram_in(dataread_opr2_from_ram),             // value of operand 2 comes from data memory

    .opr3_from_ram_in(dataread_opr3_from_ram),             // value of last operand comes from data memory

    .opr1_used_in(dataread_opr1_used),                     // opr1_val_in is needed

    .opr2_used_in(dataread_opr2_used),                     // opr2_val_in is needed

    .opr3_used_in(dataread_opr3_used),                     // opr3_val_in is needed

    .regmask_used_in(dataread_regmask_used),               // regmask_val_in is needed

    .valid_out(alu_valid),                                 // alu is active

    .register_write_out(alu_write_en),                     // write enable for bus 1

    .register_a_out(alu_register_a),                       // register to write

    .result_out(alu_result),                               //

    .tag_val_out(alu_tag),                                 // instruction tag value

    .jump_out(alu_jump),                                   //  jump instruction: jump taken

    .nojump_out(alu_nojump),                               // jump instruction: jump not taken

    .jump_pointer_out(alu_jump_pointer),                   // jump target to fetch unit

    .stall_out(alu_stall),                                 // alu is waiting for an operand or not ready to receive a new instruction

    .stall_next_out(alu_stall_next),                       // alu will be waiting in next clock cycle

    .error_out(alu_error),                                 // unknown instruction

    .error_parm_out(alu_error_parm),                       // wrong parameter for instruction

    .debug1_out(alu_debug1),                               // debug information

    .debug2_out(alu_debug2)                                // debug information

);

mul_div muldiv_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset.

    .valid_in(dataread_valid & (dataread_exe_unit[1] | dataread_exe_unit[2])), // data from previous stage ready

    .stall_in(alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),// pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_in(dataread_instruction[31:0]),           // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .tag_val_in(dataread_tag_val),                         // instruction tag value

    .category_in(dataread_category),                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .mask_alternative_in(dataread_mask_alternative),       // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .result_type_in(dataread_result_type),                 // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .vector_in(dataread_vector),                           // vector instruction

    .opx_in(dataread_opx),                                 // operation ID in execution unit. This is mostly equal to op1 for multiformat instructions

    .ot_in(dataread_ot),                                   // operand type

    .option_bits_in(dataread_option_bits),                 // option bits from IM3 or mask

    // monitor result buses:

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1_in(bus1_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport1_in(bus1_value),                            // result bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2_in(bus2_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 2

    .writeport2_in(bus2_value),                            // result bus 2

    .predict_tag1_in(predict_tag1),                        // result tag value on bus 1 in next clock cycle

    .predict_tag2_in(predict_tag2),                        // result tag value on bus 2 in next clock cycle

    // Register values sampled from result bus in previous stages

    .operand1_in(dataread_operand1),                       // first operand or fallback value

    .operand2_in(dataread_operand2),                       // second operand value

    .operand3_in(dataread_operand3),                       // last operand value

    .regmask_val_in(dataread_mask_val),                    // mask register

    .ram_data_in(data_memory_data),                        // memory operand from data memory

    .opr2_from_ram_in(dataread_opr2_from_ram),             // value of operand 2 comes from data memory

    .opr3_from_ram_in(dataread_opr3_from_ram),             // value of last operand comes from data memory

    .opr1_used_in(dataread_opr1_used),                     // opr1_val_in is needed

    .opr2_used_in(dataread_opr2_used),                     // opr2_val_in is needed

    .opr3_used_in(dataread_opr3_used),                     // opr3_val_in is needed

    .regmask_used_in(dataread_regmask_used),               // regmask_val_in is needed

    .valid_out(muldiv_valid),                              // alu is active

    .register_write_out(muldiv_write_en),                  // write enable for bus 1

    .register_a_out(muldiv_register_a),                    // register to write

    .result_out(muldiv_result),                            //

    .tag_val_out(muldiv_tag),                              // instruction tag value

    .stall_out(muldiv_stall),                              // alu is waiting for an operand or not ready to receive a new instruction

    .stall_next_out(muldiv_stall_next),                    // alu will be waiting in next clock cycle

    .error_out(muldiv_error),                              // unknown instruction

    .error_parm_out(muldiv_error_parm),                    // wrong parameter for instruction

    .debug1_out(muldiv_debug1),                            // debug information

    .debug2_out(muldiv_debug2)                             // debug information

);

/***************************************************

       Input and output ports

***************************************************/

in_out_ports in_out_ports_inst (

    .clock(clock),                                         // system clock

    .clock_enable(clock_enable),                           // clock enable. Used when single-stepping

    .reset(system_reset),                                  // system reset

    .valid_in(dataread_valid & dataread_exe_unit[3]),      // data from previous stage ready

    .stall_in(alu_stall_next | muldiv_stall_next | inout_stall_next),// pipeline is stalled

    .instruction_in(dataread_instruction[31:0]),           // current instruction, up to 3 words long

    .tag_val_in(dataread_tag_val),                         // instruction tag value

    .category_in(dataread_category),                       // 00: multiformat, 01: single format, 10: jump

    .result_type_in(dataread_result_type),                 // type of result: 0: register, 1: system register, 2: memory, 3: other or nothing

    .mask_alternative_in(dataread_mask_alternative),       // mask register and fallback register used for alternative purposes

    .vector_in(dataread_vector),                           // vector instruction

    .opx_in(dataread_opx),                                 // operation ID in execution unit. This is mostly equal to op1 for multiformat instructions

    .opj_in(dataread_opj),                                 // operation ID for conditional jump instructions

    .ot_in(dataread_ot),                                   // operand type

    .regmask_used_in(dataread_regmask_used),               // regmask_val_in is needed

    // connections to UART

    .uart_bit_in(uart_txd_in),                             // serial input

    .uart_rts_in(uart_rts_in),                             // ready to send input

    // monitor result buses:

    .write_en1(bus1_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 1

    .write_tag1_in(bus1_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 1

    .writeport1_in(bus1_value),                            // result bus 1

    .write_en2(bus2_write_en),                             // a result is written to bus 2

    .write_tag2_in(bus2_tag),                              // tag of result in bus 2

    .writeport2_in(bus2_value),                            // result bus 2

    .predict_tag1_in(predict_tag1),                        // result tag value on bus 1 in next clock cycle

    .predict_tag2_in(predict_tag2),                        // result tag value on bus 2 in next clock cycle

    // Register values sampled from result bus in previous stages

    .operand1_in(dataread_operand1),                       // first operand or fallback value

    .operand2_in(dataread_operand2),                       // second operand

    .operand3_in(dataread_operand3),                       // last operand

    .regmask_val_in(dataread_mask_val),                    // mask register

    .opr1_used_in(dataread_opr1_used),                     // opr1_val_in is needed

    // signals used for performance monitoring

    .instruction_valid_in(dataread_valid),                 // instruction is valid but possibly going to a different exe unit

    .fast_jump_in(fetch_jump),                             // a jump is bypassing the pipeline

    .errors_detect_in(errors_detect),                      // one bit for each type of error detected

    .fetch_instruction_pointer(fetch_instruction_pointer),

    .dataread_instruction_pointer(dataread_instruction_pointer),

    .dataread_valid(dataread_valid),                       // used when reconstructing alu_instruction_pointer

    .call_stack_overflow(call_stack_overflow),             // used for differentiating errors_detect_in[1]

    .clear_error_in(clear_error),                          // debug clear error

    // outputs

    .valid_out(inout_valid),                               // in_out is active

    .register_write_out(inout_write_en),

    .register_a_out(inout_register_a),                     // register to write

    .result_out(inout_result),

    .tag_val_out(inout_tag),                               // instruction tag value

    .nojump_out(inout_nojump),                             // serializing instruction finished

    .stall_out(inout_stal),                                // alu is waiting for an operand or not ready to receive a new instruction

    .stall_next_out(inout_stall_next),                     // alu will be waiting in next clock cycle

    .error_out(inout_error),                               // unknown instruction

    .error_parm_out(inout_error_parm),                     // wrong parameter for instruction