Subversion Repositories neorv32

-- #################################################################################################

-- # << NEORV32 - CPU Control >>                                                                   #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # FSM to control CPU operations. This unit also includes the control and status registers (CSR) #

-- # and the interrupt and exception controller.                                                   #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # BSD 3-Clause License                                                                          #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # Copyright (c) 2020, Stephan Nolting. All rights reserved.                                     #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are          #

-- # permitted provided that the following conditions are met:                                     #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of        #

-- #    conditions and the following disclaimer.                                                   #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of     #

-- #    conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials        #

-- #    provided with the distribution.                                                            #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to  #

-- #    endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written      #

-- #    permission.                                                                                #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS   #

-- # OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF               #

-- # MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE    #

-- # COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,     #

-- # EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE #

-- # GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED    #

-- # AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING     #

-- # NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED  #

-- # OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                                            #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # The NEORV32 Processor - https://github.com/stnolting/neorv32              (c) Stephan Nolting #

-- #################################################################################################

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

use ieee.numeric_std.all;

library neorv32;

use neorv32.neorv32_package.all;

entity neorv32_cpu_control is

  generic (

    -- General --

    CLOCK_FREQUENCY           : natural := 0; -- clock frequency of clk_i in Hz

    HART_ID                   : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"00000000"; -- custom hardware thread ID

    BOOTLOADER_USE            : boolean := true;   -- implement processor-internal bootloader?

    -- RISC-V CPU Extensions --

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C     : boolean := false;  -- implement compressed extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_E     : boolean := false;  -- implement embedded RF extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_M     : boolean := false;  -- implement muld/div extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_Zicsr : boolean := true;   -- implement CSR system?

    -- Memory configuration: Instruction memory --

    MEM_ISPACE_BASE           : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"00000000"; -- base address of instruction memory space

    MEM_ISPACE_SIZE           : natural := 8*1024; -- total size of instruction memory space in byte

    MEM_INT_IMEM_USE          : boolean := true;   -- implement processor-internal instruction memory

    MEM_INT_IMEM_SIZE         : natural := 8*1024; -- size of processor-internal instruction memory in bytes

    MEM_INT_IMEM_ROM          : boolean := false;  -- implement processor-internal instruction memory as ROM

    -- Memory configuration: Data memory --

    MEM_DSPACE_BASE           : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"80000000"; -- base address of data memory space

    MEM_DSPACE_SIZE           : natural := 4*1024; -- total size of data memory space in byte

    MEM_INT_DMEM_USE          : boolean := true;   -- implement processor-internal data memory

    MEM_INT_DMEM_SIZE         : natural := 4*1024; -- size of processor-internal data memory in bytes

    -- Memory configuration: External memory interface --

    MEM_EXT_USE               : boolean := false;  -- implement external memory bus interface?

    -- Processor peripherals --

    IO_GPIO_USE               : boolean := true;   -- implement general purpose input/output port unit (GPIO)?

    IO_MTIME_USE              : boolean := true;   -- implement machine system timer (MTIME)?

    IO_UART_USE               : boolean := true;   -- implement universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)?

    IO_SPI_USE                : boolean := true;   -- implement serial peripheral interface (SPI)?

    IO_TWI_USE                : boolean := true;   -- implement two-wire interface (TWI)?

    IO_PWM_USE                : boolean := true;   -- implement pulse-width modulation unit (PWM)?

    IO_WDT_USE                : boolean := true;   -- implement watch dog timer (WDT)?

    IO_CLIC_USE               : boolean := true;   -- implement core local interrupt controller (CLIC)?

    IO_TRNG_USE               : boolean := true    -- implement true random number generator (TRNG)?

  );

  port (

    -- global control --

    clk_i         : in  std_ulogic; -- global clock, rising edge

    rstn_i        : in  std_ulogic; -- global reset, low-active, async

    ctrl_o        : out std_ulogic_vector(ctrl_width_c-1 downto 0); -- main control bus

    -- status input --

    alu_wait_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- wait for ALU

    bus_wait_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- wait for bus

    -- data input --

    instr_i       : in  std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- instruction

    cmp_i         : in  std_ulogic_vector(1 downto 0); -- comparator status

    alu_add_i     : in  std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- ALU.add result

    -- data output --

    imm_o         : out std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- immediate

    pc_o          : out std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- current PC

    alu_pc_o      : out std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- delayed PC for ALU

    -- csr data interface --

    csr_wdata_i   : in  std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- CSR write data

    csr_rdata_o   : out std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- CSR read data

    -- external interrupt --

    clic_irq_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- CLIC interrupt request

    mtime_irq_i   : in  std_ulogic; -- machine timer interrupt

    -- bus access exceptions --

    mar_i         : in  std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0);  -- memory address register

    ma_instr_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- misaligned instruction address

    ma_load_i     : in  std_ulogic; -- misaligned load data address

    ma_store_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- misaligned store data address

    be_instr_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- bus error on instruction access

    be_load_i     : in  std_ulogic; -- bus error on load data access

    be_store_i    : in  std_ulogic; -- bus error on store data access

    bus_exc_ack_o : out std_ulogic  -- bus exception error acknowledge

  );

end neorv32_cpu_control;

architecture neorv32_cpu_control_rtl of neorv32_cpu_control is

  -- state machine --

  type state_t is (IFETCH_0, IFETCH_1, IFETCH_2, IFETCH_3, IFETCH_4, IFETCH_5, IFETCH_6, EXECUTE,

                   ALU_WAIT, STORE_0, LOAD_0, LOADSTORE_0, LOADSTORE_1, CSR_ACCESS, SLEEP);

  signal state, state_nxt : state_t;

  signal ctrl_nxt, ctrl   : std_ulogic_vector(ctrl_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal hw_control       : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0);

  -- pre-decoder --

  signal ci_instr32 : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  signal ci_valid   : std_ulogic;

  signal ci_illegal : std_ulogic;

  -- instruction register --

  signal i_reg,  i_reg_nxt  : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  signal i_buf,  i_buf_nxt  : std_ulogic_vector(15 downto 0);

  signal ci_reg, ci_reg_nxt : std_ulogic_vector(15 downto 0);

  signal iavail, iavail_nxt : std_ulogic;

  signal is_ci,  is_ci_nxt  : std_ulogic; -- current instruction is COMPRESSED instruction flag

  -- immediates --

  signal imm_reg : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0);

  -- branch system --

  signal is_branch     : std_ulogic;

  signal is_branch_nxt : std_ulogic;

  signal branch_taken  : std_ulogic;

  -- program counter --

  signal pc_reg         : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- actual PC

  signal pc_backup_reg  : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- delayed PC (for ALU operations)

  signal pc_backup2_reg : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- delayed delayed PC (for exception handling)

  signal mepc           : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- exception PC

  -- irq controller --

  signal exc_buf       : std_ulogic_vector(exception_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal exc_ack       : std_ulogic_vector(exception_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal exc_ack_nxt   : std_ulogic_vector(exception_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal exc_src       : std_ulogic_vector(exception_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal exc_fire      : std_ulogic;

  signal irq_buf       : std_ulogic_vector(interrupt_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal irq_ack       : std_ulogic_vector(interrupt_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal irq_ack_nxt   : std_ulogic_vector(interrupt_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal irq_fire      : std_ulogic;

  signal exc_cpu_start : std_ulogic; -- starting exception env

  signal exc_cpu_ack   : std_ulogic; -- starting of exception env acknowledge

  signal exc_cpu_end   : std_ulogic; -- exiting eception env

  signal exc_cause     : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0);

  signal exc_cause_nxt : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0);

  -- RISC-V CSRs --

  signal mstatus_mie    : std_ulogic; -- mstatus.MIE: global IRQ enable (R/W)

  signal mstatus_mpie   : std_ulogic; -- mstatus.MPIE: previous global IRQ enable (R/-)

  signal mip_msip       : std_ulogic; -- mip.MSIP: machine software interrupt pending (R/W)

  signal mie_msie       : std_ulogic; -- mie.MSIE: machine software interrupt enable (R/W)

  signal mie_meie       : std_ulogic; -- mie.MEIE: machine external interrupt enable (R/W)

  signal mie_mtie       : std_ulogic; -- mie.MEIE: machine timer interrupt enable (R/W)

  signal mtvec          : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- mtvec: machine trap-handler base address (R/W)

  signal mtval          : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- mtval: machine bad address or isntruction (R/-)

  signal mscratch       : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- mscratch: scratch register (R/W)

  signal mtinst         : std_ulogic_vector(data_width_c-1 downto 0); -- mtinst: machine trap instruction (transformed) (R/-)

  signal cycle_lo       : std_ulogic_vector(32 downto 0); -- cycle, mtime (R/-)

  signal instret_lo     : std_ulogic_vector(32 downto 0); -- instret (R/-)

  signal cycle_hi       : std_ulogic_vector(15 downto 0); -- cycleh, mtimeh (R/-) - only 16-bit wide

  signal instret_hi     : std_ulogic_vector(15 downto 0); -- instreth (R/-) - only 16-bit wide

  signal cycle_lo_msb   : std_ulogic;

  signal instret_lo_msb : std_ulogic;

  -- illegal instruction check ..

  signal illegal_instruction : std_ulogic;

  signal illegal_register    : std_ulogic; -- only for E-extension

  signal illegal_compressed  : std_ulogic; -- only fir C-extension

  -- synchronous exceptions trigger --

  signal illegal_instr_exc : std_ulogic;

  signal env_call          : std_ulogic;

  signal break_point       : std_ulogic;

begin

  -- Compressed Instructions Recoding -------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  neorv32_cpu_decompressor_inst_true:

  if (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C = true) generate

    neorv32_cpu_decompressor_inst: neorv32_cpu_decompressor

    port map (

      -- instruction input --

      ci_instr16_i => ci_reg,     -- compressed instruction input

      -- instruction output --

      ci_valid_o   => ci_valid,   -- is a compressed instruction

      ci_illegal_o => ci_illegal, -- is an illegal compressed instruction

      ci_instr32_o => ci_instr32  -- 32-bit decompressed instruction

    );

  end generate;

  neorv32_cpu_decompressor_inst_false:

  if (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C = false) generate

    ci_instr32 <= instr_i;

    ci_valid   <= '0';

    ci_illegal <= '0';

  end generate;

  -- Immediate Generator --------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  imm_gen: process(clk_i)

  begin

    if rising_edge(clk_i) then

      -- default: I-immediate --

      imm_reg(31 downto 11) <= (others => i_reg(31)); -- sign extension

      imm_reg(10 downto 05) <= i_reg(30 downto 25);

      imm_reg(04 downto 01) <= i_reg(24 downto 21);

      imm_reg(00)           <= i_reg(20);

      case i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) is

        when opcode_store_c => -- S-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 11) <= (others => i_reg(31)); -- sign extension

          imm_reg(10 downto 05) <= i_reg(30 downto 25);

          imm_reg(04 downto 01) <= i_reg(11 downto 08);

          imm_reg(00)           <= i_reg(07);

        when opcode_branch_c => -- B-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 12) <= (others => i_reg(31)); -- sign extension

          imm_reg(11)           <= i_reg(07);

          imm_reg(10 downto 05) <= i_reg(30 downto 25);

          imm_reg(04 downto 01) <= i_reg(11 downto 08);

          imm_reg(00)           <= '0';

        when opcode_lui_c | opcode_auipc_c => -- U-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 20) <= i_reg(31 downto 20);

          imm_reg(19 downto 12) <= i_reg(19 downto 12);

          imm_reg(11 downto 00) <= (others => '0');

        when opcode_jal_c => -- J-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 20) <= (others => i_reg(31)); -- sign extension

          imm_reg(19 downto 12) <= i_reg(19 downto 12);

          imm_reg(11)           <= i_reg(20);

          imm_reg(10 downto 05) <= i_reg(30 downto 25);

          imm_reg(04 downto 01) <= i_reg(24 downto 21);

          imm_reg(00)           <= '0';

        when opcode_syscsr_c => -- CSR-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 05) <= (others => '0');

          imm_reg(04 downto 00) <= i_reg(19 downto 15);

        when others => -- I-immediate

          imm_reg(31 downto 11) <= (others => i_reg(31)); -- sign extension

          imm_reg(10 downto 05) <= i_reg(30 downto 25);

          imm_reg(04 downto 01) <= i_reg(24 downto 21);

          imm_reg(00)           <= i_reg(20);

      end case;

    end if;

  end process imm_gen;

  -- output --

  imm_o <= imm_reg;

  -- Branch Condition Check -----------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  branch_check: process(i_reg, cmp_i)

  begin

    case i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c downto instr_funct3_lsb_c) is

      when funct3_beq_c => -- branch if equal

        branch_taken <= cmp_i(alu_cmp_equal_c);

      when funct3_bne_c => -- branch if not equal

        branch_taken <= not cmp_i(alu_cmp_equal_c);

      when funct3_blt_c | funct3_bltu_c => -- branch if less (signed/unsigned)

        branch_taken <= cmp_i(alu_cmp_less_c);

      when funct3_bge_c | funct3_bgeu_c => -- branch if greater or equal (signed/unsigned)

        branch_taken <= not cmp_i(alu_cmp_less_c);

      when others => -- undefined

        branch_taken <= '0';

    end case;

  end process branch_check;

  -- Arbiter State Machine Sync -------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  arbiter_sync_rst: process(rstn_i, clk_i)

  begin

    if (rstn_i = '0') then

      -- these registers REQUIRE a specific reset state

      state <= IFETCH_0;

    elsif rising_edge(clk_i) then

      state <= state_nxt;

    end if;

  end process arbiter_sync_rst;

  arbiter_sync: process(clk_i)

  begin

    if rising_edge(clk_i) then

      -- these registers do not need a specific reset state

      ctrl      <= ctrl_nxt;

      i_reg     <= i_reg_nxt;

      i_buf     <= i_buf_nxt;

      ci_reg    <= ci_reg_nxt;

      iavail    <= iavail_nxt;

      is_ci     <= is_ci_nxt;

      is_branch <= is_branch_nxt;

    end if;

  end process arbiter_sync;

  -- control bus output --

  ctrl_outpu: process(ctrl, i_reg)

  begin

    ctrl_o <= ctrl;

    -- direct output of register addresses --

    ctrl_o(ctrl_rf_rd_adr4_c  downto ctrl_rf_rd_adr0_c)  <= i_reg(instr_rd_msb_c  downto instr_rd_lsb_c);

    ctrl_o(ctrl_rf_rs1_adr4_c downto ctrl_rf_rs1_adr0_c) <= i_reg(instr_rs1_msb_c downto instr_rs1_lsb_c);

    ctrl_o(ctrl_rf_rs2_adr4_c downto ctrl_rf_rs2_adr0_c) <= i_reg(instr_rs2_msb_c downto instr_rs2_lsb_c);

  end process ctrl_outpu;

  -- Arbiter State Machine Comb -----------------------------------------------

  -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  arbiter_comb: process(state, ctrl, i_reg, alu_wait_i, bus_wait_i, exc_cpu_start, ma_load_i, be_load_i, ma_store_i, be_store_i,

                        i_reg, ci_reg, i_buf, instr_i, is_ci, iavail, pc_backup_reg, ci_valid, ci_instr32)

    variable alu_immediate_v : std_ulogic;

    variable alu_operation_v : std_ulogic_vector(2 downto 0);

    variable rs1_is_r0_v     : std_ulogic;

    variable rd_is_r0_v      : std_ulogic;

  begin

    -- arbiter defaults --

    state_nxt     <= state;

    is_branch_nxt <= '0';

    exc_cpu_ack   <= '0';

    exc_cpu_end   <= '0';

    i_reg_nxt  <= i_reg;

    i_buf_nxt  <= i_buf;

    ci_reg_nxt <= ci_reg;

    iavail_nxt <= iavail;

    is_ci_nxt  <= is_ci;

    -- exception trigger --

    env_call    <= '0';

    break_point <= '0';

    -- control defaults --

    ctrl_nxt <= (others => '0'); -- all off at first

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_unsigned_c)   <= i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c); -- unsigned LOAD (LBU, LHU)

    if (i_reg(instr_opcode_lsb_c+4) = '1') then -- ALU ops

      ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_unsigned_c) <= i_reg(instr_funct3_lsb_c+0); -- unsigned ALU operation (SLTIU, SLTU)

    else -- branches

      ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_unsigned_c) <= i_reg(instr_funct3_lsb_c+1); -- unsigned branches (BLTU, BGEU)

    end if;

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_shift_dir_c)  <= i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c); -- shift direction

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_shift_ar_c)   <= i_reg(30); -- arithmetic shift

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_size_lsb_c)   <= i_reg(instr_funct3_lsb_c+0); -- transfer size lsb (00=byte, 01=half-word)

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_size_msb_c)   <= i_reg(instr_funct3_lsb_c+1); -- transfer size msb (10=word, 11=?)

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c  downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c)  <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation = add

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_cp_cmd2_c   downto ctrl_cp_cmd0_c)   <= i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c downto instr_funct3_lsb_c); -- CP operation

    ctrl_nxt(ctrl_cp_id_msb_c downto ctrl_cp_id_lsb_c) <= cp_sel_muldiv_c; -- only CP0 implemented yet

    -- is immediate operation? --

    alu_immediate_v := '0';

    if (i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c-1) = '0') then

      alu_immediate_v := '1';

    end if;

    -- hardware branch operation control --

    hw_control(31 downto 24) <= ('0' & funct3_bne_c) & ('1' & funct3_bne_c);

    hw_control(23 downto 16) <= funct3_xor_c & funct3_slt_c & "00";

    hw_control(15 downto 08) <= funct3_beq_c & funct3_bne_c & "11";

    hw_control(07 downto 00) <= funct3_beq_c & funct3_bne_c & "00";

    -- alu operation --

    case i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c downto instr_funct3_lsb_c) is

      when funct3_subadd_c => -- SUB / ADD(I)

        if (alu_immediate_v = '0') and (i_reg(instr_funct7_msb_c-1) = '1') then -- not immediate and funct7 = SUB

          alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_sub_c;

        else

          alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_add_c;

        end if;

      when funct3_sll_c  => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_shift_c; -- SLL(I)

      when funct3_slt_c  => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_slt_c; -- SLT(I)

      when funct3_sltu_c => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_slt_c; -- SLTU(I)

      when funct3_xor_c  => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_xor_c; -- XOR(I)

      when funct3_sr_c   => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_shift_c; -- SRL(I) / SRA(I)

      when funct3_or_c   => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_or_c; -- OR(I)

      when funct3_and_c  => alu_operation_v := alu_cmd_and_c; -- AND(I)

      when others        => alu_operation_v := (others => '-'); -- undefined

    end case;

    -- is rs1 = r0? --

    rs1_is_r0_v := '0';

    if (i_reg(instr_rs1_msb_c downto instr_rs1_lsb_c) = "00000") then

      rs1_is_r0_v := '1';

    end if;

    -- is rd = r0? --

    rd_is_r0_v := '0';

    if (i_reg(instr_rd_msb_c downto instr_rd_lsb_c) = "00000") then

      rd_is_r0_v := '1';

    end if;

    -- state machine: instruction fetch and execution --

    case state is

      when IFETCH_0 => -- output current PC to bus system

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

      ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_if_c) <= '1'; -- instruction fetch request (output PC to bus address)

      iavail_nxt <= '0'; -- absolutely no instruction available yet

      state_nxt  <= IFETCH_1;

      when IFETCH_1 => -- memory latency, update PC

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opa = current PC

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opb = PC_increment

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation = ADD

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_csr_pc_we_c) <= '1'; -- update PC

        state_nxt <= IFETCH_2;

      when IFETCH_2 => -- update instruction buffers

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        if (exc_cpu_start = '1') then -- exception detected!

          exc_cpu_ack <= '1';

          state_nxt <= IFETCH_0; -- start new instruction fetch

        else -- normal operation

          -- instruction register update --

          if (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C = true) then -- compressed AND uncompressed instructions possible

            if (pc_backup_reg(1) = '0') then

              i_buf_nxt  <= instr_i(31 downto 16);

              ci_reg_nxt <= instr_i(15 downto 00);

            else

              i_buf_nxt  <= instr_i(15 downto 00);

              ci_reg_nxt <= instr_i(31 downto 16);

            end if;

          else -- only uncompressed instructions

            i_reg_nxt <= instr_i(31 downto 0);

          end if;

          -- next state --

          if (bus_wait_i = '0') then -- wait for bus response

            if (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C = true) then -- compressed AND uncompressed instructions possible

              state_nxt <= IFETCH_3;

            else -- only uncompressed instructions

              state_nxt <= EXECUTE;

            end if;

          end if;

        end if;

      when IFETCH_3 => -- check for exception, start instruction execution (only available for C-extension)

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opa = current PC

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opb = PC_increment

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation = ADD

        --

        if (exc_cpu_start = '1') then -- exception detected!

          exc_cpu_ack <= '1';

          state_nxt   <= IFETCH_0; -- start new instruction fetch

        else -- normal operation

          if (ci_valid = '1') then -- directly execute decoded compressed instruction

            i_reg_nxt <= ci_instr32;

            state_nxt <= EXECUTE;

          elsif (pc_backup_reg(1) = '0') or (iavail = '1') then -- 32-bit aligned uncompressed instruction

            i_reg_nxt <= i_buf & ci_reg;

            state_nxt <= EXECUTE;

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_csr_pc_we_c) <= not pc_backup_reg(1); -- update PC again when on 32b-aligned address

          else

            i_reg_nxt <= i_buf & ci_reg;

            state_nxt <= IFETCH_4;

          end if;

        end if;

      when IFETCH_4 => -- get missing instruction parts: output current PC to bus system (only available for C-extension)

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

      ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_if_c) <= '1'; -- instruction fetch request (output PC to bus address)

      state_nxt <= IFETCH_5;

      when IFETCH_5 => -- memory latency, update PC (only available for C-extension)

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opa = current PC

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= "11"; -- opb = PC_increment

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation = ADD

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_csr_pc_we_c) <= '1'; -- update PC

        state_nxt <= IFETCH_6;

      when IFETCH_6 => -- update missing instruction buffer parts (only available for C-extension)

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        if (bus_wait_i = '0') then -- wait for bus response

          i_buf_nxt  <= instr_i(15 downto 00);

          iavail_nxt <= '1';

          state_nxt  <= IFETCH_3;

        end if;

      when EXECUTE => -- decode and execute instruction

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        is_ci_nxt <= ci_valid; -- flag to indicate this is a compressed instruction beeing executed (ci_valid is zero if not C-ext is not implemented)

        case i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) is

          when opcode_alu_c | opcode_alui_c => -- ALU operation

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '0'; -- use RS1 as ALU.OPA

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= alu_immediate_v; -- use IMM as ALU.OPB for immediate operations

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opc_mux_c)     <= not alu_immediate_v;

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_operation_v; -- actual ALU operation

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_in_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_rf_in_mux_lsb_c) <= "00"; -- RF input = ALU result

            if (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_M = true) and (i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) = opcode_alu_c) and

               (i_reg(instr_funct7_msb_c downto instr_funct7_lsb_c) = "0000001") then -- MULDIV?

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_cp_use_c) <= '1'; -- use CP

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_cp_id_msb_c downto ctrl_cp_id_lsb_c) <= cp_sel_muldiv_c; -- muldiv CP

              state_nxt <= ALU_WAIT;

            elsif (alu_operation_v = alu_cmd_shift_c) then -- multi-cycle shift operation?

              state_nxt <= ALU_WAIT;

            else

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_wb_en_c) <= '1'; -- valid RF write-back

              state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

            end if;

          when opcode_lui_c | opcode_auipc_c => -- load upper immediate (add to PC)

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_clear_rs1_c) <= '1'; -- force RS1 = r0

            if (i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) = opcode_auipc_c) then -- AUIPC

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use PC as ALU.OPA

            else -- LUI

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '0'; -- use RS1 as ALU.OPA

            end if;

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c)  <= '1'; -- use IMM as ALU.OPB

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_in_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_rf_in_mux_lsb_c) <= "00"; -- RF input = ALU result

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_wb_en_c) <= '1'; -- valid RF write-back

            state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

          when opcode_load_c | opcode_store_c => -- load/store

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '0'; -- use RS1 as ALU.OPA

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use IMM as ALU.OPB

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_cmd_add_c; -- actual ALU operation

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_mar_we_c)  <= '1'; -- write to MAR

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_bus_mdo_we_c)  <= '1'; -- write to MDO (only relevant for stores)

            if (i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) = opcode_load_c) then -- LOAD

              state_nxt <= LOAD_0;

            else -- STORE

              state_nxt <= STORE_0;

            end if;

          when opcode_branch_c => -- branch instruction

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use PC as ALU.OPA

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use IMM as ALU.OPB

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opc_mux_c) <= '1'; -- use RS2 as ALU.OPC

            is_branch_nxt <= '1';

            state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

          when opcode_jal_c | opcode_jalr_c => -- jump and link (with register)

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            -- compute target address --

            if (i_reg(instr_opcode_msb_c downto instr_opcode_lsb_c) = opcode_jal_c) then -- JAL

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use PC as ALU.OPA

            else -- JALR

              ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opa_mux_lsb_c) <= '0'; -- use RS1 as ALU.OPA

            end if;

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_opb_mux_lsb_c) <= '1'; -- use IMM as ALU.OPB

            -- save return address --

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_in_mux_msb_c downto ctrl_rf_in_mux_lsb_c) <= "10"; -- RF input = current PC

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_rf_wb_en_c) <= '1'; -- valid RF write-back

            -- update PC --

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_csr_pc_we_c)  <= '1'; -- update PC

            state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

          when opcode_syscsr_c => -- system/csr access

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            ctrl_nxt(ctrl_csr_re_c) <= '1'; -- ALWAYS READ CSR!!! (OLD: not rd_is_r0_v; -- valid CSR read if rd is not r0)

            if (i_reg(instr_funct3_msb_c downto instr_funct3_lsb_c) = funct3_env_c) then -- system

              case i_reg(instr_funct12_msb_c downto instr_funct12_lsb_c) is

                when x"000" => env_call    <= '1'; state_nxt <= IFETCH_0; -- ECALL

                when x"001" => break_point <= '1'; state_nxt <= IFETCH_0; -- EBREAK

                when x"302" => exc_cpu_end <= '1'; state_nxt <= IFETCH_0; -- MRET

                when x"105" =>                     state_nxt <= SLEEP;    -- WFI

                when others => NULL; -- undefined

              end case;

            elsif (CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_Zicsr = true) then -- CSR access

              state_nxt <= CSR_ACCESS;

            else

              state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

            end if;

          when others => -- undefined

          -- ------------------------------------------------------------

            state_nxt <= IFETCH_0;

        end case;

      when ALU_WAIT => -- wait for multi-cycle ALU operation to finish

      -- ------------------------------------------------------------

        ctrl_nxt(ctrl_alu_cmd2_c downto ctrl_alu_cmd0_c) <= alu_operation_v; -- actual ALU operation