Subversion Repositories neorv32

-- #################################################################################################

-- # << NEORV32 - Default Testbench >>                                                             #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # The processor is configured to use a maximum of functional units (for testing purpose).       #

-- # Use the "User Configuration" section to configure the testbench according to your needs.      #

-- # See NEORV32 data sheet (docs/NEORV32.pdf) for more information.                               #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # BSD 3-Clause License                                                                          #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # Copyright (c) 2021, Stephan Nolting. All rights reserved.                                     #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are          #

-- # permitted provided that the following conditions are met:                                     #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of        #

-- #    conditions and the following disclaimer.                                                   #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of     #

-- #    conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials        #

-- #    provided with the distribution.                                                            #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to  #

-- #    endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written      #

-- #    permission.                                                                                #

-- #                                                                                               #

-- # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS   #

-- # OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF               #

-- # MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE    #

-- # COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,     #

-- # EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE #

-- # GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED    #

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-- # NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED  #

-- # OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                                            #

-- # ********************************************************************************************* #

-- # The NEORV32 Processor - https://github.com/stnolting/neorv32              (c) Stephan Nolting #

-- #################################################################################################

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

use ieee.numeric_std.all;

use ieee.math_real.all;

library neorv32;

use neorv32.neorv32_package.all;

use neorv32.neorv32_application_image.all; -- this file is generated by the image generator

use std.textio.all;

entity neorv32_tb is

end neorv32_tb;

architecture neorv32_tb_rtl of neorv32_tb is

  -- User Configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- general --

  constant ext_imem_c            : boolean := false; -- false: use and boot from proc-internal IMEM, true: use and boot from external (initialized) simulated IMEM (ext. mem A)

  constant ext_dmem_c            : boolean := false; -- false: use proc-internal DMEM, true: use external simulated DMEM (ext. mem B)

  constant icache_en_c           : boolean := false; -- set true to use processor-internal instruction cache

  constant imem_size_c           : natural := 16*1024; -- size in bytes of processor-internal IMEM / external mem A

  constant dmem_size_c           : natural := 8*1024; -- size in bytes of processor-internal DMEM / external mem B

  constant f_clock_c             : natural := 100000000; -- main clock in Hz

  constant baud0_rate_c          : natural := 19200; -- simulation UART0 (primary UART) baud rate

  constant baud1_rate_c          : natural := 19200; -- simulation UART1 (secondary UART) baud rate

  -- simulated external Wishbone memory A (can be used as external IMEM) --

  constant ext_mem_a_base_addr_c : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"00000000"; -- wishbone memory base address (external IMEM base)

  constant ext_mem_a_size_c      : natural := imem_size_c; -- wishbone memory size in bytes

  constant ext_mem_a_latency_c   : natural := 8; -- latency in clock cycles (min 1, max 255), plus 1 cycle initial delay

  -- simulated external Wishbone memory B (can be used as external DMEM) --

  constant ext_mem_b_base_addr_c : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"80000000"; -- wishbone memory base address (external DMEM base)

  constant ext_mem_b_size_c      : natural := dmem_size_c; -- wishbone memory size in bytes

  constant ext_mem_b_latency_c   : natural := 8; -- latency in clock cycles (min 1, max 255), plus 1 cycle initial delay

  -- simulated external Wishbone memory C (can be used to simulate external IO access) --

  constant ext_mem_c_base_addr_c : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"F0000000"; -- wishbone memory base address (default begin of EXTERNAL IO area)

  constant ext_mem_c_size_c      : natural := 64; -- wishbone memory size in bytes

  constant ext_mem_c_latency_c   : natural := 3; -- latency in clock cycles (min 1, max 255), plus 1 cycle initial delay

  -- simulation interrupt trigger --

  constant irq_trigger_c         : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"FF000000";

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- internals - hands off! --

  constant int_imem_c       : boolean := not ext_imem_c;

  constant int_dmem_c       : boolean := not ext_dmem_c;

  constant uart0_baud_val_c : real := real(f_clock_c) / real(baud0_rate_c);

  constant uart1_baud_val_c : real := real(f_clock_c) / real(baud1_rate_c);

  constant t_clock_c        : time := (1 sec) / f_clock_c;

  -- generators --

  signal clk_gen, rst_gen : std_ulogic := '0';

  -- text.io --

  file file_uart0_tx_out : text open write_mode is "neorv32.testbench_uart0.out";

  file file_uart1_tx_out : text open write_mode is "neorv32.testbench_uart1.out";

  -- simulation uart0 receiver --

  signal uart0_txd         : std_ulogic; -- local loop-back

  signal uart0_cts         : std_ulogic; -- local loop-back

  signal uart0_rx_sync     : std_ulogic_vector(04 downto 0) := (others => '1');

  signal uart0_rx_busy     : std_ulogic := '0';

  signal uart0_rx_sreg     : std_ulogic_vector(08 downto 0) := (others => '0');

  signal uart0_rx_baud_cnt : real;

  signal uart0_rx_bitcnt   : natural;

  -- simulation uart1 receiver --

  signal uart1_txd         : std_ulogic; -- local loop-back

  signal uart1_cts         : std_ulogic; -- local loop-back

  signal uart1_rx_sync     : std_ulogic_vector(04 downto 0) := (others => '1');

  signal uart1_rx_busy     : std_ulogic := '0';

  signal uart1_rx_sreg     : std_ulogic_vector(08 downto 0) := (others => '0');

  signal uart1_rx_baud_cnt : real;

  signal uart1_rx_bitcnt   : natural;

  -- gpio --

  signal gpio : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  -- twi --

  signal twi_scl, twi_sda : std_logic;

  -- spi --

  signal spi_data : std_ulogic;

  -- irq --

  signal msi_ring, mei_ring : std_ulogic;

  signal soc_firq_ring      : std_ulogic_vector(5 downto 0);

  -- Wishbone bus --

  type wishbone_t is record

    addr  : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0); -- address

    wdata : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0); -- master write data

    rdata : std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0); -- master read data

    we    : std_ulogic; -- write enable

    sel   : std_ulogic_vector(03 downto 0); -- byte enable

    stb   : std_ulogic; -- strobe

    cyc   : std_ulogic; -- valid cycle

    ack   : std_ulogic; -- transfer acknowledge

    err   : std_ulogic; -- transfer error

    tag   : std_ulogic_vector(03 downto 0); -- request tag

    tag_r : std_ulogic; -- response tag

  end record;

  signal wb_cpu, wb_mem_a, wb_mem_b, wb_mem_c, wb_irq : wishbone_t;

  -- Wishbone memories --

  type ext_mem_a_ram_t is array (0 to ext_mem_a_size_c/4-1) of std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  type ext_mem_b_ram_t is array (0 to ext_mem_b_size_c/4-1) of std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  type ext_mem_c_ram_t is array (0 to ext_mem_c_size_c/4-1) of std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  type ext_mem_read_latency_t is array (0 to 255) of std_ulogic_vector(31 downto 0);

  -- exclusive access / reservation --

  signal ext_mem_c_atomic_reservation : std_ulogic := '0';

  -- init function --

  -- impure function: returns NOT the same result every time it is evaluated with the same arguments since the source file might have changed

  impure function init_wbmem(init : application_init_image_t) return ext_mem_a_ram_t is

    variable mem_v : ext_mem_a_ram_t;

  begin

    mem_v := (others => (others => '0'));

    for i in 0 to init'length-1 loop -- init only in range of source data array

      if (xbus_big_endian_c = true) then

        mem_v(i) := init(i);

      else

        mem_v(i) := bswap32_f(init(i));

      end if;

    end loop; -- i

    return mem_v;

  end function init_wbmem;

  -- external memory components --

  signal ext_ram_a : ext_mem_a_ram_t := init_wbmem(application_init_image); -- initialized, used to simulate external IMEM

  signal ext_ram_b : ext_mem_b_ram_t := (others => (others => '0')); -- zero, used to simulate external DMEM

  signal ext_ram_c : ext_mem_c_ram_t; -- uninitialized, used to simulate external IO

  type ext_mem_t is record

    rdata  : ext_mem_read_latency_t;

    acc_en : std_ulogic;

    ack    : std_ulogic_vector(ext_mem_a_latency_c-1 downto 0);

  end record;

  signal ext_mem_a, ext_mem_b, ext_mem_c : ext_mem_t;

begin

  -- Clock/Reset Generator ------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  clk_gen <= not clk_gen after (t_clock_c/2);

  rst_gen <= '0', '1' after 60*(t_clock_c/2);

  -- The Core of the Problem ----------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  neorv32_top_inst: neorv32_top

  generic map (

    -- General --

    CLOCK_FREQUENCY              => f_clock_c,     -- clock frequency of clk_i in Hz

    BOOTLOADER_EN                => false,         -- implement processor-internal bootloader?

    USER_CODE                    => x"12345678",   -- custom user code

    HW_THREAD_ID                 => 0,             -- hardware thread id (hartid) (32-bit)

    -- RISC-V CPU Extensions --

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_A        => true,          -- implement atomic extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_B        => true,          -- implement bit manipulation extensions?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_C        => true,          -- implement compressed extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_E        => false,         -- implement embedded RF extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_M        => true,          -- implement muld/div extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_U        => true,          -- implement user mode extension?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_Zfinx    => true,          -- implement 32-bit floating-point extension (using INT reg!)

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_Zicsr    => true,          -- implement CSR system?

    CPU_EXTENSION_RISCV_Zifencei => true,          -- implement instruction stream sync.?

    -- Extension Options --

    FAST_MUL_EN                  => false,         -- use DSPs for M extension's multiplier

    FAST_SHIFT_EN                => false,         -- use barrel shifter for shift operations

    TINY_SHIFT_EN                => false,         -- use tiny (single-bit) shifter for shift operations

    CPU_CNT_WIDTH                => 64,            -- total width of CPU cycle and instret counters (0..64)

    -- Physical Memory Protection (PMP) --

    PMP_NUM_REGIONS              => 4,             -- number of regions (0..64)

    PMP_MIN_GRANULARITY          => 64*1024,       -- minimal region granularity in bytes, has to be a power of 2, min 8 bytes

    -- Hardware Performance Monitors (HPM) --

    HPM_NUM_CNTS                 => 12,            -- number of inmplemnted HPM counters (0..29)

    HPM_CNT_WIDTH                => 40,            -- total size of HPM counters (1..64)

    -- Internal Instruction memory --

    MEM_INT_IMEM_EN              => int_imem_c ,   -- implement processor-internal instruction memory

    MEM_INT_IMEM_SIZE            => imem_size_c,   -- size of processor-internal instruction memory in bytes

    MEM_INT_IMEM_ROM             => false,         -- implement processor-internal instruction memory as ROM

    -- Internal Data memory --

    MEM_INT_DMEM_EN              => int_dmem_c,    -- implement processor-internal data memory

    MEM_INT_DMEM_SIZE            => dmem_size_c,   -- size of processor-internal data memory in bytes

    -- Internal Cache memory --

    ICACHE_EN                    => icache_en_c,   -- implement instruction cache

    ICACHE_NUM_BLOCKS            => 8,             -- i-cache: number of blocks (min 2), has to be a power of 2

    ICACHE_BLOCK_SIZE            => 64,            -- i-cache: block size in bytes (min 4), has to be a power of 2

    ICACHE_ASSOCIATIVITY         => 2,             -- i-cache: associativity / number of sets (1=direct_mapped), has to be a power of 2

    -- External memory interface --

    MEM_EXT_EN                   => true,          -- implement external memory bus interface?

    -- Processor peripherals --

    IO_GPIO_EN                   => true,          -- implement general purpose input/output port unit (GPIO)?

    IO_MTIME_EN                  => true,          -- implement machine system timer (MTIME)?

    IO_UART0_EN                  => true,          -- implement primary universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART0)?

    IO_UART1_EN                  => true,          -- implement secondary universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART1)?

    IO_SPI_EN                    => true,          -- implement serial peripheral interface (SPI)?

    IO_TWI_EN                    => true,          -- implement two-wire interface (TWI)?

    IO_PWM_EN                    => true,          -- implement pulse-width modulation unit (PWM)?

    IO_WDT_EN                    => true,          -- implement watch dog timer (WDT)?

    IO_TRNG_EN                   => false,         -- trng cannot be simulated

    IO_CFS_EN                    => true,          -- implement custom functions subsystem (CFS)?

    IO_CFS_CONFIG                => (others => '0'), -- custom CFS configuration generic

    IO_CFS_IN_SIZE               => 32,            -- size of CFS input conduit in bits

    IO_CFS_OUT_SIZE              => 32,            -- size of CFS output conduit in bits

    IO_NCO_EN                    => true,          -- implement numerically-controlled oscillator (NCO)?

    IO_NEOLED_EN                 => true           -- implement NeoPixel-compatible smart LED interface (NEOLED)?

  )

  port map (

    -- Global control --

    clk_i       => clk_gen,         -- global clock, rising edge

    rstn_i      => rst_gen,         -- global reset, low-active, async

    -- Wishbone bus interface (available if MEM_EXT_EN = true) --

    wb_tag_o    => wb_cpu.tag,      -- request tag

    wb_adr_o    => wb_cpu.addr,     -- address

    wb_dat_i    => wb_cpu.rdata,    -- read data

    wb_dat_o    => wb_cpu.wdata,    -- write data

    wb_we_o     => wb_cpu.we,       -- read/write

    wb_sel_o    => wb_cpu.sel,      -- byte enable

    wb_stb_o    => wb_cpu.stb,      -- strobe

    wb_cyc_o    => wb_cpu.cyc,      -- valid cycle

    wb_tag_i    => wb_cpu.tag_r,    -- response tag

    wb_ack_i    => wb_cpu.ack,      -- transfer acknowledge

    wb_err_i    => wb_cpu.err,      -- transfer error

    -- Advanced memory control signals (available if MEM_EXT_EN = true) --

    fence_o     => open,            -- indicates an executed FENCE operation

    fencei_o    => open,            -- indicates an executed FENCEI operation

    -- GPIO (available if IO_GPIO_EN = true) --

    gpio_o      => gpio,            -- parallel output

    gpio_i      => gpio,            -- parallel input

    -- primary UART0 (available if IO_UART0_EN = true) --

    uart0_txd_o => uart0_txd,       -- UART0 send data

    uart0_rxd_i => uart0_txd,       -- UART0 receive data

    uart0_rts_o => uart0_cts,       -- hw flow control: UART0.RX ready to receive ("RTR"), low-active, optional

    uart0_cts_i => uart0_cts,       -- hw flow control: UART0.TX allowed to transmit, low-active, optional

    -- secondary UART1 (available if IO_UART1_EN = true) --

    uart1_txd_o => uart1_txd,       -- UART1 send data

    uart1_rxd_i => uart1_txd,       -- UART1 receive data

    uart1_rts_o => uart1_cts,       -- hw flow control: UART1.RX ready to receive ("RTR"), low-active, optional

    uart1_cts_i => uart1_cts,       -- hw flow control: UART1.TX allowed to transmit, low-active, optional

    -- SPI (available if IO_SPI_EN = true) --

    spi_sck_o   => open,            -- SPI serial clock

    spi_sdo_o   => spi_data,        -- controller data out, peripheral data in

    spi_sdi_i   => spi_data,        -- controller data in, peripheral data out

    spi_csn_o   => open,            -- SPI CS

    -- TWI (available if IO_TWI_EN = true) --

    twi_sda_io  => twi_sda,         -- twi serial data line

    twi_scl_io  => twi_scl,         -- twi serial clock line

    -- PWM (available if IO_PWM_EN = true) --

    pwm_o       => open,            -- pwm channels

    -- Custom Functions Subsystem IO --

    cfs_in_i    => (others => '0'), -- custom CFS inputs

    cfs_out_o   => open,            -- custom CFS outputs

    -- NCO output (available if IO_NCO_EN = true) --

    nco_o       => open,            -- numerically-controlled oscillator channels

    -- NeoPixel-compatible smart LED interface (available if IO_NEOLED_EN = true) --

    neoled_o    => open,            -- async serial data line

    -- system time input from external MTIME (available if IO_MTIME_EN = false) --

    mtime_i     => (others => '0'), -- current system time

    -- Interrupts --

    soc_firq_i  => soc_firq_ring,   -- fast interrupt channels

    mtime_irq_i => '0',             -- machine software interrupt, available if IO_MTIME_EN = false

    msw_irq_i   => msi_ring,        -- machine software interrupt

    mext_irq_i  => mei_ring         -- machine external interrupt

  );

  -- TWI termination (pull-ups) --

  twi_scl <= 'H';

  twi_sda <= 'H';

  -- Console UART0 Receiver -----------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  uart0_rx_console: process(clk_gen)

    variable i : integer;

    variable l : line;

  begin

    -- "UART" --

    if rising_edge(clk_gen) then

      -- synchronizer --

      uart0_rx_sync <= uart0_rx_sync(3 downto 0) & uart0_txd;

      -- arbiter --

      if (uart0_rx_busy = '0') then -- idle

        uart0_rx_busy     <= '0';

        uart0_rx_baud_cnt <= round(0.5 * uart0_baud_val_c);

        uart0_rx_bitcnt   <= 9;

        if (uart0_rx_sync(4 downto 1) = "1100") then -- start bit? (falling edge)

          uart0_rx_busy <= '1';

        end if;

      else

        if (uart0_rx_baud_cnt <= 0.0) then

          if (uart0_rx_bitcnt = 1) then

            uart0_rx_baud_cnt <= round(0.5 * uart0_baud_val_c);

          else

            uart0_rx_baud_cnt <= round(uart0_baud_val_c);

          end if;

          if (uart0_rx_bitcnt = 0) then

            uart0_rx_busy <= '0'; -- done

            i := to_integer(unsigned(uart0_rx_sreg(8 downto 1)));

            if (i < 32) or (i > 32+95) then -- printable char?

              report "NEORV32_TB_UART0.TX: (" & integer'image(i) & ")"; -- print code

            else

              report "NEORV32_TB_UART0.TX: " & character'val(i); -- print ASCII

            end if;

            if (i = 10) then -- Linux line break

              writeline(file_uart0_tx_out, l);

            elsif (i /= 13) then -- Remove additional carriage return

              write(l, character'val(i));

            end if;

          else

            uart0_rx_sreg   <= uart0_rx_sync(4) & uart0_rx_sreg(8 downto 1);

            uart0_rx_bitcnt <= uart0_rx_bitcnt - 1;

          end if;

        else

          uart0_rx_baud_cnt <= uart0_rx_baud_cnt - 1.0;

        end if;

      end if;

    end if;

  end process uart0_rx_console;

  -- Console UART1 Receiver -----------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  uart1_rx_console: process(clk_gen)

    variable i : integer;

    variable l : line;

  begin

    -- "UART" --

    if rising_edge(clk_gen) then

      -- synchronizer --

      uart1_rx_sync <= uart1_rx_sync(3 downto 0) & uart1_txd;

      -- arbiter --

      if (uart1_rx_busy = '0') then -- idle

        uart1_rx_busy     <= '0';

        uart1_rx_baud_cnt <= round(0.5 * uart1_baud_val_c);

        uart1_rx_bitcnt   <= 9;

        if (uart1_rx_sync(4 downto 1) = "1100") then -- start bit? (falling edge)

          uart1_rx_busy <= '1';

        end if;

      else

        if (uart1_rx_baud_cnt <= 0.0) then

          if (uart1_rx_bitcnt = 1) then

            uart1_rx_baud_cnt <= round(0.5 * uart1_baud_val_c);

          else

            uart1_rx_baud_cnt <= round(uart1_baud_val_c);

          end if;

          if (uart1_rx_bitcnt = 0) then

            uart1_rx_busy <= '0'; -- done

            i := to_integer(unsigned(uart1_rx_sreg(8 downto 1)));

            if (i < 32) or (i > 32+95) then -- printable char?

              report "NEORV32_TB_UART1.TX: (" & integer'image(i) & ")"; -- print code

            else

              report "NEORV32_TB_UART1.TX: " & character'val(i); -- print ASCII

            end if;

            if (i = 10) then -- Linux line break

              writeline(file_uart1_tx_out, l);

            elsif (i /= 13) then -- Remove additional carriage return

              write(l, character'val(i));

            end if;

          else

            uart1_rx_sreg   <= uart1_rx_sync(4) & uart1_rx_sreg(8 downto 1);

            uart1_rx_bitcnt <= uart1_rx_bitcnt - 1;

          end if;

        else

          uart1_rx_baud_cnt <= uart1_rx_baud_cnt - 1.0;

        end if;

      end if;

    end if;

  end process uart1_rx_console;

  -- Wishbone Fabric ------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -- CPU broadcast signals --

  wb_mem_a.addr  <= wb_cpu.addr;

  wb_mem_a.wdata <= wb_cpu.wdata;

  wb_mem_a.we    <= wb_cpu.we;

  wb_mem_a.sel   <= wb_cpu.sel;

  wb_mem_a.tag   <= wb_cpu.tag;

  wb_mem_a.cyc   <= wb_cpu.cyc;

  wb_mem_b.addr  <= wb_cpu.addr;

  wb_mem_b.wdata <= wb_cpu.wdata;

  wb_mem_b.we    <= wb_cpu.we;

  wb_mem_b.sel   <= wb_cpu.sel;

  wb_mem_b.tag   <= wb_cpu.tag;

  wb_mem_b.cyc   <= wb_cpu.cyc;

  wb_mem_c.addr  <= wb_cpu.addr;

  wb_mem_c.wdata <= wb_cpu.wdata;

  wb_mem_c.we    <= wb_cpu.we;

  wb_mem_c.sel   <= wb_cpu.sel;

  wb_mem_c.tag   <= wb_cpu.tag;

  wb_mem_c.cyc   <= wb_cpu.cyc;

  wb_irq.addr    <= wb_cpu.addr;

  wb_irq.wdata   <= wb_cpu.wdata;

  wb_irq.we      <= wb_cpu.we;

  wb_irq.sel     <= wb_cpu.sel;

  wb_irq.tag     <= wb_cpu.tag;

  wb_irq.cyc     <= wb_cpu.cyc;

  -- CPU read-back signals (no mux here since peripherals have "output gates") --

  wb_cpu.rdata <= wb_mem_a.rdata or wb_mem_b.rdata or wb_mem_c.rdata or wb_irq.rdata;

  wb_cpu.ack   <= wb_mem_a.ack   or wb_mem_b.ack   or wb_mem_c.ack   or wb_irq.ack;

  wb_cpu.err   <= wb_mem_a.err   or wb_mem_b.err   or wb_mem_c.err   or wb_irq.err;

  wb_cpu.tag_r <= wb_mem_a.tag_r or wb_mem_b.tag_r or wb_mem_c.tag_r or wb_irq.tag_r;

  -- peripheral select via STROBE signal --

  wb_mem_a.stb <= wb_cpu.stb when (wb_cpu.addr >= ext_mem_a_base_addr_c) and (wb_cpu.addr < std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(ext_mem_a_base_addr_c) + ext_mem_a_size_c)) else '0';

  wb_mem_b.stb <= wb_cpu.stb when (wb_cpu.addr >= ext_mem_b_base_addr_c) and (wb_cpu.addr < std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(ext_mem_b_base_addr_c) + ext_mem_b_size_c)) else '0';

  wb_mem_c.stb <= wb_cpu.stb when (wb_cpu.addr >= ext_mem_c_base_addr_c) and (wb_cpu.addr < std_ulogic_vector(unsigned(ext_mem_c_base_addr_c) + ext_mem_c_size_c)) else '0';

  wb_irq.stb   <= wb_cpu.stb when (wb_cpu.addr =  irq_trigger_c) else '0';

  -- Wishbone Memory A (simulated external IMEM) --------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ext_mem_a_access: process(clk_gen)

  begin

    if rising_edge(clk_gen) then

      -- control --

      ext_mem_a.ack(0) <= wb_mem_a.cyc and wb_mem_a.stb; -- wishbone acknowledge

      -- write access --

      if ((wb_mem_a.cyc and wb_mem_a.stb and wb_mem_a.we) = '1') then -- valid write access

        for i in 0 to 3 loop

          if (wb_mem_a.sel(i) = '1') then

            ext_ram_a(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_a.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_a_size_c/4)+1 downto 2))))(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8) <= wb_mem_a.wdata(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8);

          end if;

        end loop; -- i

      end if;

      -- read access --

      ext_mem_a.rdata(0) <= ext_ram_a(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_a.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_a_size_c/4)+1 downto 2)))); -- word aligned

      -- virtual read and ack latency --

      if (ext_mem_a_latency_c > 1) then

        for i in 1 to ext_mem_a_latency_c-1 loop

          ext_mem_a.rdata(i) <= ext_mem_a.rdata(i-1);

          ext_mem_a.ack(i)   <= ext_mem_a.ack(i-1) and wb_mem_a.cyc;

        end loop;

      end if;

      -- bus output register --

      wb_mem_a.err   <= '0';

      wb_mem_a.tag_r <= '0';

      if (ext_mem_a.ack(ext_mem_a_latency_c-1) = '1') and (wb_mem_b.cyc = '1') and (wb_mem_a.ack = '0') then

        wb_mem_a.rdata <= ext_mem_a.rdata(ext_mem_a_latency_c-1);

        wb_mem_a.ack   <= '1';

      else

        wb_mem_a.rdata <= (others => '0');

        wb_mem_a.ack   <= '0';

      end if;

    end if;

  end process ext_mem_a_access;

  -- Wishbone Memory B (simulated external DMEM) --------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ext_mem_b_access: process(clk_gen)

  begin

    if rising_edge(clk_gen) then

      -- control --

      ext_mem_b.ack(0) <= wb_mem_b.cyc and wb_mem_b.stb; -- wishbone acknowledge

      -- write access --

      if ((wb_mem_b.cyc and wb_mem_b.stb and wb_mem_b.we) = '1') then -- valid write access

        for i in 0 to 3 loop

          if (wb_mem_b.sel(i) = '1') then

            ext_ram_b(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_b.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_b_size_c/4)+1 downto 2))))(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8) <= wb_mem_b.wdata(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8);

          end if;

        end loop; -- i

      end if;

      -- read access --

      ext_mem_b.rdata(0) <= ext_ram_b(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_b.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_b_size_c/4)+1 downto 2)))); -- word aligned

      -- virtual read and ack latency --

      if (ext_mem_b_latency_c > 1) then

        for i in 1 to ext_mem_b_latency_c-1 loop

          ext_mem_b.rdata(i) <= ext_mem_b.rdata(i-1);

          ext_mem_b.ack(i)   <= ext_mem_b.ack(i-1) and wb_mem_b.cyc;

        end loop;

      end if;

      -- bus output register --

      wb_mem_b.err   <= '0';

      wb_mem_b.tag_r <= '0';

      if (ext_mem_b.ack(ext_mem_b_latency_c-1) = '1') and (wb_mem_b.cyc = '1') and (wb_mem_b.ack = '0') then

        wb_mem_b.rdata <= ext_mem_b.rdata(ext_mem_b_latency_c-1);

        wb_mem_b.ack   <= '1';

      else

        wb_mem_b.rdata <= (others => '0');

        wb_mem_b.ack   <= '0';

      end if;

    end if;

  end process ext_mem_b_access;

  -- Wishbone Memory C (simulated external IO) ----------------------------------------------

  -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ext_mem_c_access: process(clk_gen)

  begin

    if rising_edge(clk_gen) then

      -- control --

      ext_mem_c.ack(0) <= wb_mem_c.cyc and wb_mem_c.stb; -- wishbone acknowledge

      -- write access --

      if ((wb_mem_c.cyc and wb_mem_c.stb and wb_mem_c.we) = '1') then -- valid write access

        for i in 0 to 3 loop

          if (wb_mem_c.sel(i) = '1') then

            ext_ram_c(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_c.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_c_size_c/4)+1 downto 2))))(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8) <= wb_mem_c.wdata(7+i*8 downto 0+i*8);

          end if;

        end loop; -- i

      end if;

      -- read access --

      ext_mem_c.rdata(0) <= ext_ram_c(to_integer(unsigned(wb_mem_c.addr(index_size_f(ext_mem_c_size_c/4)+1 downto 2)))); -- word aligned

      -- virtual read and ack latency --

      if (ext_mem_c_latency_c > 1) then

        for i in 1 to ext_mem_c_latency_c-1 loop

          ext_mem_c.rdata(i) <= ext_mem_c.rdata(i-1);

          ext_mem_c.ack(i)   <= ext_mem_c.ack(i-1) and wb_mem_c.cyc;

        end loop;

      end if;

      -- EXCLUSIVE bus access -----------------------------------------------------

      -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

      -- make a reservation --

      if ((wb_mem_c.cyc and wb_mem_c.stb) = '1') and -- valid access

         (wb_mem_c.tag(3) = '1') and -- make a reservation if there is a request (LR.W instruction)

         (wb_mem_c.addr(2) = '0') then -- only possible for even word-addresses - odd word-addresses will fail

        ext_mem_c_atomic_reservation <= '1';

      -- clear reservation --

      elsif (wb_mem_c.ack = '1') and -- end of access

            (wb_mem_c.tag(3) = '0') then -- end of exclusive access

        ext_mem_c_atomic_reservation <= '0';

      end if;

      -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

      -- bus output register --

      wb_mem_c.err <= '0';

      if (ext_mem_c.ack(ext_mem_c_latency_c-1) = '1') and (wb_mem_c.cyc = '1') and (wb_mem_c.ack = '0') then

        wb_mem_c.rdata <= ext_mem_c.rdata(ext_mem_c_latency_c-1);

        wb_mem_c.ack   <= '1';

        wb_mem_c.tag_r <= ext_mem_c_atomic_reservation;

      else

        wb_mem_c.rdata <= (others => '0');

        wb_mem_c.ack   <= '0';

        wb_mem_c.tag_r <= '0';

      end if;

    end if;

  end process ext_mem_c_access;

  -- Wishbone IRQ Triggers ------------------------------------------------------------------