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    Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation,

    Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,

    Boston, MA 02110-1301 

    role="initialism">USA.  Everyone is permitted to copy and

    distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is

    not allowed.

    0. PREAMBLE

    The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

    functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure

    everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or

    without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

    Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to

    get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for

    modifications made by others.

    This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of

    the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It complements

    the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for

    free software.

    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

    software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program

    should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software

    does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used

    for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is

    published as a printed book.  We recommend this License principally for

    works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

    1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

    This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

    contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

    distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

    world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work

    under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below, refers to any

    such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is

    addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you copy, modify or

    distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright

    law.

    A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

    Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications

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    A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the

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    The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are

    designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says

    that the Document is released under this License.  If a section does not

    fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be

    designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero Invariant

    Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then

    there are none.

    The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as

    Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the

    Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may be at

    most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

    A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

    represented in a format whose specification is available to the general

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    is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a

    variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in

    an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup,

    has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by

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    for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is

    called "Opaque".

    Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII

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    PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

    transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

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    HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output

    purposes only.

    The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus

    such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this

    License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in formats which

    do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the

    most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of

    the body of the text.

    A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title

    either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that

    translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a specific

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    when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled

    XYZ" according to this definition.

    The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

    states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

    Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,

    but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that

    these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the

    meaning of this License.

    2. VERBATIM COPYING

    You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

    commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright

    notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the

    Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

    conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use technical

    measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the

    copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept compensation in

    exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough number of copies

    you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

    You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you

    may publicly display copies.

    3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

    If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

    printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

    Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

    copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:

    Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back

    cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the

    publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present the full title

    with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.  You may add

    other material on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to

    the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy

    these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other

    respects.

    If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,

    you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the

    actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

    If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more

    than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy

    along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a

    computer-network location from which the general network-using public has

    access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete

    Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.  If you use the

    latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin

    distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent

    copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one

    year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or

    through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

    It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

    Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

    them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the

    Document.

    4. MODIFICATIONS

    You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the

    conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the

    Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version

    filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and

    modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.

    In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

        Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

        from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which

        should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the

        Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version if the

        original publisher of that version gives permission.

        List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

        responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

        Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

        Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

        unless they release you from this requirement.

        State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified

        Version, as the publisher.

        Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

        Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to

        the other copyright notices.

        Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

        giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

        terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

        Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

        and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

        Include an unaltered copy of this License.

        Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

        to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

        publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

        there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

        stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

        given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

        Version as stated in the previous sentence.

        Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

        public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the

        network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was

        based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.  You may omit

        a network location for a work that was published at least four years

        before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the

        version it refers to gives permission.

        For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve

        the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the

        substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or

        dedications given therein.

        Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in

        their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the equivalent are

        not considered part of the section titles.

        Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section may not be

        included in the Modified Version.

        Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or

        to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

        Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

    If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices

    that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the

    Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections

    as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant

    Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.  These titles must be

    distinct from any other section titles.

    You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

    nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for

    example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by

    an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

    You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

    passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of

    Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of Front-Cover Text

    and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made

    by) any one entity.  If the Document already includes a cover text for the

    same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same

    entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may

    replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher

    that added the old one.

    The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give

    permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply

    endorsement of any Modified Version.

    5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

    You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

    License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,

    provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections

    of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as

    Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that

    you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

    The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple

    identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy.  If there

    are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,

    make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in

    parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section

    if known, or else a unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the

    section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of

    the combined work.

    In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in

    the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History";

    likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any

    sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections Entitled

    "Endorsements".

    6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

    You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

    released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

    License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

    the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

    verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

    You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

    it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

    License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other

    respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

    7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

    A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and

    independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

    distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting

    from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the

    compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.  When the

    Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the

    other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of

    the Document.

    If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies

    of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire

    aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket

    the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers

    if the Document is in electronic form.  Otherwise they must appear on

    printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

    8. TRANSLATION

    Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute

    translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.  Replacing

    Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from

    their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all

    Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant

    Sections.  You may include a translation of this License, and all the

    license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided

    that you also include the original English version of this License and the

    original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a

    disagreement between the translation and the original version of this

    License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

    If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

    "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its

    Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

    9. TERMINATION

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as

    expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to copy,

    modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

    automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However, parties

    who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not

    have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full

    compliance.

    10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU

    Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions will be

    similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to

    address new problems or concerns.  See 

    url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.  If

    the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License

    "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the

    terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later

    version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software

    Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version number of this

    License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the

    Free Software Foundation.

    ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

    To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the

    License in the document and put the following copyright and license

    notices just after the title page:

      Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.

      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

      under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or

      any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no

      Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A

      copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free

      Documentation License".

    If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

    replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

      with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

      Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

    If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

    combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

    situation.

    If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

    recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free

    software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their

    use in free software.