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@c -*-texinfo-*-

@c Copyright (C) 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software

@c Foundation, Inc.

@c This is part of the GCC manual.

@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c Control Flow Graph

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Control Flow

@chapter Control Flow Graph

@cindex CFG, Control Flow Graph

@findex basic-block.h

A control flow graph (CFG) is a data structure built on top of the

intermediate code representation (the RTL or @code{tree} instruction

stream) abstracting the control flow behavior of a function that is

being compiled.  The CFG is a directed graph where the vertices

represent basic blocks and edges represent possible transfer of

control flow from one basic block to another.  The data structures

used to represent the control flow graph are defined in

@file{basic-block.h}.

@menu

* Basic Blocks::           The definition and representation of basic blocks.

* Edges::                  Types of edges and their representation.

* Profile information::    Representation of frequencies and probabilities.

* Maintaining the CFG::    Keeping the control flow graph and up to date.

* Liveness information::   Using and maintaining liveness information.

@end menu

@node Basic Blocks

@section Basic Blocks

@cindex basic block

@findex basic_block

A basic block is a straight-line sequence of code with only one entry

point and only one exit.  In GCC, basic blocks are represented using

the @code{basic_block} data type.

@findex next_bb, prev_bb, FOR_EACH_BB

Two pointer members of the @code{basic_block} structure are the

pointers @code{next_bb} and @code{prev_bb}.  These are used to keep

doubly linked chain of basic blocks in the same order as the

underlying instruction stream.  The chain of basic blocks is updated

transparently by the provided API for manipulating the CFG@.  The macro

@code{FOR_EACH_BB} can be used to visit all the basic blocks in

lexicographical order.  Dominator traversals are also possible using

@code{walk_dominator_tree}.  Given two basic blocks A and B, block A

dominates block B if A is @emph{always} executed before B@.

@findex BASIC_BLOCK

The @code{BASIC_BLOCK} array contains all basic blocks in an

unspecified order.  Each @code{basic_block} structure has a field

that holds a unique integer identifier @code{index} that is the

index of the block in the @code{BASIC_BLOCK} array.

The total number of basic blocks in the function is

@code{n_basic_blocks}.  Both the basic block indices and

the total number of basic blocks may vary during the compilation

process, as passes reorder, create, duplicate, and destroy basic

blocks.  The index for any block should never be greater than

@code{last_basic_block}.

@findex ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR, EXIT_BLOCK_PTR

Special basic blocks represent possible entry and exit points of a

function.  These blocks are called @code{ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR} and

@code{EXIT_BLOCK_PTR}.  These blocks do not contain any code, and are

not elements of the @code{BASIC_BLOCK} array.  Therefore they have

been assigned unique, negative index numbers.

Each @code{basic_block} also contains pointers to the first

instruction (the @dfn{head}) and the last instruction (the @dfn{tail})

or @dfn{end} of the instruction stream contained in a basic block.  In

fact, since the @code{basic_block} data type is used to represent

blocks in both major intermediate representations of GCC (@code{tree}

and RTL), there are pointers to the head and end of a basic block for

both representations.

@findex NOTE_INSN_BASIC_BLOCK, CODE_LABEL, notes

For RTL, these pointers are @code{rtx head, end}.  In the RTL function

representation, the head pointer always points either to a

@code{NOTE_INSN_BASIC_BLOCK} or to a @code{CODE_LABEL}, if present.

In the RTL representation of a function, the instruction stream

contains not only the ``real'' instructions, but also @dfn{notes}.

Any function that moves or duplicates the basic blocks needs

to take care of updating of these notes.  Many of these notes expect

that the instruction stream consists of linear regions, making such

updates difficult.   The @code{NOTE_INSN_BASIC_BLOCK} note is the only

kind of note that may appear in the instruction stream contained in a

basic block.  The instruction stream of a basic block always follows a

@code{NOTE_INSN_BASIC_BLOCK},  but zero or more @code{CODE_LABEL}

nodes can precede the block note.   A basic block ends by control flow

instruction or last instruction before following @code{CODE_LABEL} or

@code{NOTE_INSN_BASIC_BLOCK}.  A @code{CODE_LABEL} cannot appear in

the instruction stream of a basic block.

@findex can_fallthru

@cindex table jump

In addition to notes, the jump table vectors are also represented as

``pseudo-instructions'' inside the insn stream.  These vectors never

appear in the basic block and should always be placed just after the

table jump instructions referencing them.  After removing the

table-jump it is often difficult to eliminate the code computing the

address and referencing the vector, so cleaning up these vectors is

postponed until after liveness analysis.   Thus the jump table vectors

may appear in the insn stream unreferenced and without any purpose.

Before any edge is made @dfn{fall-thru}, the existence of such

construct in the way needs to be checked by calling

@code{can_fallthru} function.

@cindex block statement iterators

For the @code{tree} representation, the head and end of the basic block

are being pointed to by the @code{stmt_list} field, but this special

@code{tree} should never be referenced directly.  Instead, at the tree

level abstract containers and iterators are used to access statements

and expressions in basic blocks.  These iterators are called

@dfn{block statement iterators} (BSIs).  Grep for @code{^bsi}

in the various @file{tree-*} files.

The following snippet will pretty-print all the statements of the

program in the GIMPLE representation.

@smallexample

FOR_EACH_BB (bb)

  @{

     block_stmt_iterator si;

     for (si = bsi_start (bb); !bsi_end_p (si); bsi_next (&si))

       @{

          tree stmt = bsi_stmt (si);

          print_generic_stmt (stderr, stmt, 0);

       @}

  @}

@end smallexample

@node Edges

@section Edges

@cindex edge in the flow graph

@findex edge

Edges represent possible control flow transfers from the end of some

basic block A to the head of another basic block B@.  We say that A is

a predecessor of B, and B is a successor of A@.  Edges are represented

in GCC with the @code{edge} data type.  Each @code{edge} acts as a

link between two basic blocks: the @code{src} member of an edge

points to the predecessor basic block of the @code{dest} basic block.

The members @code{preds} and @code{succs} of the @code{basic_block} data

type point to type-safe vectors of edges to the predecessors and

successors of the block.

@cindex edge iterators

When walking the edges in an edge vector, @dfn{edge iterators} should

be used.  Edge iterators are constructed using the

@code{edge_iterator} data structure and several methods are available

to operate on them:

@ftable @code

@item ei_start

This function initializes an @code{edge_iterator} that points to the

first edge in a vector of edges.

@item ei_last

This function initializes an @code{edge_iterator} that points to the

last edge in a vector of edges.

@item ei_end_p

This predicate is @code{true} if an @code{edge_iterator} represents

the last edge in an edge vector.

@item ei_one_before_end_p

This predicate is @code{true} if an @code{edge_iterator} represents

the second last edge in an edge vector.

@item ei_next

This function takes a pointer to an @code{edge_iterator} and makes it

point to the next edge in the sequence.

@item ei_prev

This function takes a pointer to an @code{edge_iterator} and makes it

point to the previous edge in the sequence.

@item ei_edge

This function returns the @code{edge} currently pointed to by an

@code{edge_iterator}.

@item ei_safe_safe

This function returns the @code{edge} currently pointed to by an

@code{edge_iterator}, but returns @code{NULL} if the iterator is

pointing at the end of the sequence.  This function has been provided

for existing code makes the assumption that a @code{NULL} edge

indicates the end of the sequence.

@end ftable

The convenience macro @code{FOR_EACH_EDGE} can be used to visit all of

the edges in a sequence of predecessor or successor edges.  It must

not be used when an element might be removed during the traversal,

otherwise elements will be missed.  Here is an example of how to use

the macro:

@smallexample

edge e;

edge_iterator ei;

FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs)

  @{

     if (e->flags & EDGE_FALLTHRU)

       break;

  @}

@end smallexample

@findex fall-thru

There are various reasons why control flow may transfer from one block

to another.  One possibility is that some instruction, for example a

@code{CODE_LABEL}, in a linearized instruction stream just always

starts a new basic block.  In this case a @dfn{fall-thru} edge links

the basic block to the first following basic block.  But there are

several other reasons why edges may be created.  The @code{flags}

field of the @code{edge} data type is used to store information

about the type of edge we are dealing with.  Each edge is of one of

the following types:

@table @emph

@item jump

No type flags are set for edges corresponding to jump instructions.

These edges are used for unconditional or conditional jumps and in

RTL also for table jumps.  They are the easiest to manipulate as they

may be freely redirected when the flow graph is not in SSA form.

@item fall-thru

@findex EDGE_FALLTHRU, force_nonfallthru

Fall-thru edges are present in case where the basic block may continue

execution to the following one without branching.  These edges have

the @code{EDGE_FALLTHRU} flag set.  Unlike other types of edges, these

edges must come into the basic block immediately following in the

instruction stream.  The function @code{force_nonfallthru} is

available to insert an unconditional jump in the case that redirection

is needed.  Note that this may require creation of a new basic block.

@item exception handling

@cindex exception handling

@findex EDGE_ABNORMAL, EDGE_EH

Exception handling edges represent possible control transfers from a

trapping instruction to an exception handler.  The definition of

``trapping'' varies.  In C++, only function calls can throw, but for

Java, exceptions like division by zero or segmentation fault are

defined and thus each instruction possibly throwing this kind of

exception needs to be handled as control flow instruction.  Exception

edges have the @code{EDGE_ABNORMAL} and @code{EDGE_EH} flags set.

@findex purge_dead_edges

When updating the instruction stream it is easy to change possibly

trapping instruction to non-trapping, by simply removing the exception

edge.  The opposite conversion is difficult, but should not happen

anyway.  The edges can be eliminated via @code{purge_dead_edges} call.

@findex REG_EH_REGION, EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL

In the RTL representation, the destination of an exception edge is

specified by @code{REG_EH_REGION} note attached to the insn.

In case of a trapping call the @code{EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL} flag is set

too.  In the @code{tree} representation, this extra flag is not set.

@findex may_trap_p, tree_could_trap_p

In the RTL representation, the predicate @code{may_trap_p} may be used

to check whether instruction still may trap or not.  For the tree

representation, the @code{tree_could_trap_p} predicate is available,

but this predicate only checks for possible memory traps, as in

dereferencing an invalid pointer location.

@item sibling calls

@cindex sibling call

@findex EDGE_ABNORMAL, EDGE_SIBCALL

Sibling calls or tail calls terminate the function in a non-standard

way and thus an edge to the exit must be present.

@code{EDGE_SIBCALL} and @code{EDGE_ABNORMAL} are set in such case.

These edges only exist in the RTL representation.

@item computed jumps

@cindex computed jump

@findex EDGE_ABNORMAL

Computed jumps contain edges to all labels in the function referenced

from the code.  All those edges have @code{EDGE_ABNORMAL} flag set.

The edges used to represent computed jumps often cause compile time

performance problems, since functions consisting of many taken labels

and many computed jumps may have @emph{very} dense flow graphs, so

these edges need to be handled with special care.  During the earlier

stages of the compilation process, GCC tries to avoid such dense flow

graphs by factoring computed jumps.  For example, given the following

series of jumps,

@smallexample

  goto *x;

  [ @dots{} ]

  goto *x;

  [ @dots{} ]

  goto *x;

  [ @dots{} ]

@end smallexample

@noindent

factoring the computed jumps results in the following code sequence

which has a much simpler flow graph:

@smallexample

  goto y;

  [ @dots{} ]

  goto y;

  [ @dots{} ]

  goto y;

  [ @dots{} ]

y:

  goto *x;

@end smallexample

However, the classic problem with this transformation is that it has a

runtime cost in there resulting code: An extra jump.  Therefore, the

computed jumps are un-factored in the later passes of the compiler.

Be aware of that when you work on passes in that area.  There have

been numerous examples already where the compile time for code with

unfactored computed jumps caused some serious headaches.

@item nonlocal goto handlers

@cindex nonlocal goto handler

@findex EDGE_ABNORMAL, EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL

GCC allows nested functions to return into caller using a @code{goto}

to a label passed to as an argument to the callee.  The labels passed

to nested functions contain special code to cleanup after function

call.  Such sections of code are referred to as ``nonlocal goto

receivers''.  If a function contains such nonlocal goto receivers, an

edge from the call to the label is created with the

@code{EDGE_ABNORMAL} and @code{EDGE_ABNORMAL_CALL} flags set.

@item function entry points

@cindex function entry point, alternate function entry point

@findex LABEL_ALTERNATE_NAME

By definition, execution of function starts at basic block 0, so there

is always an edge from the @code{ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR} to basic block 0.

There is no @code{tree} representation for alternate entry points at

this moment.  In RTL, alternate entry points are specified by

@code{CODE_LABEL} with @code{LABEL_ALTERNATE_NAME} defined.  This

feature is currently used for multiple entry point prologues and is

limited to post-reload passes only.  This can be used by back-ends to

emit alternate prologues for functions called from different contexts.

In future full support for multiple entry functions defined by Fortran

90 needs to be implemented.

@item function exits

In the pre-reload representation a function terminates after the last

instruction in the insn chain and no explicit return instructions are

used.  This corresponds to the fall-thru edge into exit block.  After

reload, optimal RTL epilogues are used that use explicit (conditional)

return instructions that are represented by edges with no flags set.

@end table

@node Profile information

@section Profile information

@cindex profile representation

In many cases a compiler must make a choice whether to trade speed in

one part of code for speed in another, or to trade code size for code

speed.  In such cases it is useful to know information about how often

some given block will be executed.  That is the purpose for

maintaining profile within the flow graph.

GCC can handle profile information obtained through @dfn{profile

feedback}, but it can also  estimate branch probabilities based on

statics and heuristics.

@cindex profile feedback

The feedback based profile is produced by compiling the program with

instrumentation, executing it on a train run and reading the numbers

of executions of basic blocks and edges back to the compiler while

re-compiling the program to produce the final executable.  This method

provides very accurate information about where a program spends most

of its time on the train run.  Whether it matches the average run of

course depends on the choice of train data set, but several studies

have shown that the behavior of a program usually changes just

marginally over different data sets.

@cindex Static profile estimation

@cindex branch prediction

@findex predict.def

When profile feedback is not available, the compiler may be asked to

attempt to predict the behavior of each branch in the program using a

set of heuristics (see @file{predict.def} for details) and compute

estimated frequencies of each basic block by propagating the

probabilities over the graph.

@findex frequency, count, BB_FREQ_BASE

Each @code{basic_block} contains two integer fields to represent

profile information: @code{frequency} and @code{count}.  The

@code{frequency} is an estimation how often is basic block executed

within a function.  It is represented as an integer scaled in the

range from 0 to @code{BB_FREQ_BASE}.  The most frequently executed

basic block in function is initially set to @code{BB_FREQ_BASE} and

the rest of frequencies are scaled accordingly.  During optimization,

the frequency of the most frequent basic block can both decrease (for

instance by loop unrolling) or grow (for instance by cross-jumping

optimization), so scaling sometimes has to be performed multiple

times.

@findex gcov_type

The @code{count} contains hard-counted numbers of execution measured

during training runs and is nonzero only when profile feedback is

available.  This value is represented as the host's widest integer

(typically a 64 bit integer) of the special type @code{gcov_type}.

Most optimization passes can use only the frequency information of a

basic block, but a few passes may want to know hard execution counts.

The frequencies should always match the counts after scaling, however

during updating of the profile information numerical error may

accumulate into quite large errors.

@findex REG_BR_PROB_BASE, EDGE_FREQUENCY

Each edge also contains a branch probability field: an integer in the

range from 0 to @code{REG_BR_PROB_BASE}.  It represents probability of

passing control from the end of the @code{src} basic block to the

@code{dest} basic block, i.e.@: the probability that control will flow

along this edge.   The @code{EDGE_FREQUENCY} macro is available to

compute how frequently a given edge is taken.  There is a @code{count}

field for each edge as well, representing same information as for a

basic block.

The basic block frequencies are not represented in the instruction

stream, but in the RTL representation the edge frequencies are

represented for conditional jumps (via the @code{REG_BR_PROB}

macro) since they are used when instructions are output to the

assembly file and the flow graph is no longer maintained.

@cindex reverse probability

The probability that control flow arrives via a given edge to its

destination basic block is called @dfn{reverse probability} and is not

directly represented, but it may be easily computed from frequencies

of basic blocks.

@findex redirect_edge_and_branch

Updating profile information is a delicate task that can unfortunately

not be easily integrated with the CFG manipulation API@.  Many of the

functions and hooks to modify the CFG, such as

@code{redirect_edge_and_branch}, do not have enough information to

easily update the profile, so updating it is in the majority of cases

left up to the caller.  It is difficult to uncover bugs in the profile

updating code, because they manifest themselves only by producing

worse code, and checking profile consistency is not possible because

of numeric error accumulation.  Hence special attention needs to be

given to this issue in each pass that modifies the CFG@.

@findex REG_BR_PROB_BASE, BB_FREQ_BASE, count

It is important to point out that @code{REG_BR_PROB_BASE} and

@code{BB_FREQ_BASE} are both set low enough to be possible to compute

second power of any frequency or probability in the flow graph, it is

not possible to even square the @code{count} field, as modern CPUs are

fast enough to execute $2^32$ operations quickly.

@node Maintaining the CFG

@section Maintaining the CFG

@findex cfghooks.h

An important task of each compiler pass is to keep both the control

flow graph and all profile information up-to-date.  Reconstruction of

the control flow graph after each pass is not an option, since it may be

very expensive and lost profile information cannot be reconstructed at

all.

GCC has two major intermediate representations, and both use the

@code{basic_block} and @code{edge} data types to represent control

flow.  Both representations share as much of the CFG maintenance code

as possible.  For each representation, a set of @dfn{hooks} is defined

so that each representation can provide its own implementation of CFG

manipulation routines when necessary.  These hooks are defined in

@file{cfghooks.h}.  There are hooks for almost all common CFG

manipulations, including block splitting and merging, edge redirection

and creating and deleting basic blocks.  These hooks should provide

everything you need to maintain and manipulate the CFG in both the RTL

and @code{tree} representation.

At the moment, the basic block boundaries are maintained transparently

when modifying instructions, so there rarely is a need to move them

manually (such as in case someone wants to output instruction outside

basic block explicitly).

Often the CFG may be better viewed as integral part of instruction

chain, than structure built on the top of it.  However, in principle

the control flow graph for the @code{tree} representation is

@emph{not} an integral part of the representation, in that a function

tree may be expanded without first building a  flow graph for the

@code{tree} representation at all.  This happens when compiling

without any @code{tree} optimization enabled.  When the @code{tree}

optimizations are enabled and the instruction stream is rewritten in

SSA form, the CFG is very tightly coupled with the instruction stream.

In particular, statement insertion and removal has to be done with

care.  In fact, the whole @code{tree} representation can not be easily

used or maintained without proper maintenance of the CFG

simultaneously.

@findex BLOCK_FOR_INSN, bb_for_stmt

In the RTL representation, each instruction has a

@code{BLOCK_FOR_INSN} value that represents pointer to the basic block

that contains the instruction.  In the @code{tree} representation, the

function @code{bb_for_stmt} returns a pointer to the basic block

containing the queried statement.

@cindex block statement iterators

When changes need to be applied to a function in its @code{tree}

representation, @dfn{block statement iterators} should be used.  These

iterators provide an integrated abstraction of the flow graph and the

instruction stream.  Block statement iterators are constructed using

the @code{block_stmt_iterator} data structure and several modifier are

available, including the following:

@ftable @code

@item bsi_start

This function initializes a @code{block_stmt_iterator} that points to

the first non-empty statement in a basic block.

@item bsi_last

This function initializes a @code{block_stmt_iterator} that points to

the last statement in a basic block.

@item bsi_end_p

This predicate is @code{true} if a @code{block_stmt_iterator}

represents the end of a basic block.

@item bsi_next

This function takes a @code{block_stmt_iterator} and makes it point to

its successor.

@item bsi_prev

This function takes a @code{block_stmt_iterator} and makes it point to

its predecessor.

@item bsi_insert_after

This function inserts a statement after the @code{block_stmt_iterator}

passed in.  The final parameter determines whether the statement

iterator is updated to point to the newly inserted statement, or left

pointing to the original statement.

@item bsi_insert_before

This function inserts a statement before the @code{block_stmt_iterator}

passed in.  The final parameter determines whether the statement

iterator is updated to point to the newly inserted statement, or left

pointing to the original  statement.

@item bsi_remove

This function removes the @code{block_stmt_iterator} passed in and

rechains the remaining statements in a basic block, if any.

@end ftable

@findex BB_HEAD, BB_END

In the RTL representation, the macros @code{BB_HEAD} and @code{BB_END}

may be used to get the head and end @code{rtx} of a basic block.  No

abstract iterators are defined for traversing the insn chain, but you

can just use @code{NEXT_INSN} and @code{PREV_INSN} instead.  @xref{Insns}.

@findex purge_dead_edges

Usually a code manipulating pass simplifies the instruction stream and

the flow of control, possibly eliminating some edges.  This may for

example happen when a conditional jump is replaced with an

unconditional jump, but also when simplifying possibly trapping

instruction to non-trapping while compiling Java.  Updating of edges

is not transparent and each optimization pass is required to do so

manually.  However only few cases occur in practice.  The pass may

call @code{purge_dead_edges} on a given basic block to remove

superfluous edges, if any.

@findex redirect_edge_and_branch, redirect_jump

Another common scenario is redirection of branch instructions, but

this is best modeled as redirection of edges in the control flow graph

and thus use of @code{redirect_edge_and_branch} is preferred over more

low level functions, such as @code{redirect_jump} that operate on RTL

chain only.  The CFG hooks defined in @file{cfghooks.h} should provide

the complete API required for manipulating and maintaining the CFG@.

@findex split_block

It is also possible that a pass has to insert control flow instruction

into the middle of a basic block, thus creating an entry point in the

middle of the basic block, which is impossible by definition: The

block must be split to make sure it only has one entry point, i.e.@: the

head of the basic block.  The CFG hook @code{split_block} may be used

when an instruction in the middle of a basic block has to become the

target of a jump or branch instruction.

@findex insert_insn_on_edge

@findex commit_edge_insertions

@findex bsi_insert_on_edge

@findex bsi_commit_edge_inserts

@cindex edge splitting

For a global optimizer, a common operation is to split edges in the

flow graph and insert instructions on them.  In the RTL

representation, this can be easily done using the

@code{insert_insn_on_edge} function that emits an instruction

``on the edge'', caching it for a later @code{commit_edge_insertions}

call that will take care of moving the inserted instructions off the

edge into the instruction stream contained in a basic block.  This

includes the creation of new basic blocks where needed.  In the

@code{tree} representation, the equivalent functions are

@code{bsi_insert_on_edge} which inserts a block statement

iterator on an edge, and @code{bsi_commit_edge_inserts} which flushes

the instruction to actual instruction stream.

While debugging the optimization pass, a @code{verify_flow_info}

function may be useful to find bugs in the control flow graph updating

code.

Note that at present, the representation of control flow in the

@code{tree} representation is discarded before expanding to RTL@.

Long term the CFG should be maintained and ``expanded'' to the

RTL representation along with the function @code{tree} itself.

@node Liveness information

@section Liveness information

@cindex Liveness representation

Liveness information is useful to determine whether some register is

``live'' at given point of program, i.e.@: that it contains a value that

may be used at a later point in the program.  This information is

used, for instance, during register allocation, as the pseudo

registers only need to be assigned to a unique hard register or to a

stack slot if they are live.  The hard registers and stack slots may

be freely reused for other values when a register is dead.

Liveness information is available in the back end starting with

@code{pass_df_initialize} and ending with @code{pass_df_finish}.  Three

flavors of live analysis are available: With @code{LR}, it is possible

to determine at any point @code{P} in the function if the register may be

used on some path from @code{P} to the end of the function.  With

@code{UR}, it is possible to determine if there is a path from the

beginning of the function to @code{P} that defines the variable.

@code{LIVE} is the intersection of the @code{LR} and @code{UR} and a

variable is live at @code{P} if there is both an assignment that reaches

it from the beginning of the function and a use that can be reached on

some path from @code{P} to the end of the function.

In general @code{LIVE} is the most useful of the three.  The macros

@code{DF_[LR,UR,LIVE]_[IN,OUT]} can be used to access this information.

The macros take a basic block number and return a bitmap that is indexed

by the register number.  This information is only guaranteed to be up to

date after calls are made to @code{df_analyze}.  See the file

@code{df-core.c} for details on using the dataflow.

@findex REG_DEAD, REG_UNUSED

The liveness information is stored partly in the RTL instruction stream

and partly in the flow graph.  Local information is stored in the

instruction stream: Each instruction may contain @code{REG_DEAD} notes

representing that the value of a given register is no longer needed, or

@code{REG_UNUSED} notes representing that the value computed by the

instruction is never used.  The second is useful for instructions

computing multiple values at once.