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@c Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@c This is part of the GCC manual.

@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.

@node C Implementation

@chapter C Implementation-defined behavior

@cindex implementation-defined behavior, C language

A conforming implementation of ISO C is required to document its

choice of behavior in each of the areas that are designated

``implementation defined''.  The following lists all such areas,

along with the section numbers from the ISO/IEC 9899:1990 and ISO/IEC

9899:1999 standards.  Some areas are only implementation-defined in

one version of the standard.

Some choices depend on the externally determined ABI for the platform

(including standard character encodings) which GCC follows; these are

listed as ``determined by ABI'' below.  @xref{Compatibility, , Binary

Compatibility}, and @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html}.  Some

choices are documented in the preprocessor manual.

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.  Some choices are made by the

library and operating system (or other environment when compiling for

a freestanding environment); refer to their documentation for details.

@menu

* Translation implementation::

* Environment implementation::

* Identifiers implementation::

* Characters implementation::

* Integers implementation::

* Floating point implementation::

* Arrays and pointers implementation::

* Hints implementation::

* Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation::

* Qualifiers implementation::

* Declarators implementation::

* Statements implementation::

* Preprocessing directives implementation::

* Library functions implementation::

* Architecture implementation::

* Locale-specific behavior implementation::

@end menu

@node Translation implementation

@section Translation

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{How a diagnostic is identified (C90 3.7, C99 3.10, C90 and C99 5.1.1.3).}

Diagnostics consist of all the output sent to stderr by GCC@.

@item

@cite{Whether each nonempty sequence of white-space characters other than

new-line is retained or replaced by one space character in translation

phase 3 (C90 and C99 5.1.1.2).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@end itemize

@node Environment implementation

@section Environment

The behavior of most of these points are dependent on the implementation

of the C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The mapping between physical source file multibyte characters

and the source character set in translation phase 1 (C90 and C99 5.1.1.2).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@end itemize

@node Identifiers implementation

@section Identifiers

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{Which additional multibyte characters may appear in identifiers

and their correspondence to universal character names (C99 6.4.2).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@item

@cite{The number of significant initial characters in an identifier

(C90 6.1.2, C90 and C99 5.2.4.1, C99 6.4.2).}

For internal names, all characters are significant.  For external names,

the number of significant characters are defined by the linker; for

almost all targets, all characters are significant.

@item

@cite{Whether case distinctions are significant in an identifier with

external linkage (C90 6.1.2).}

This is a property of the linker.  C99 requires that case distinctions

are always significant in identifiers with external linkage and

systems without this property are not supported by GCC@.

@end itemize

@node Characters implementation

@section Characters

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The number of bits in a byte (C90 3.4, C99 3.6).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The values of the members of the execution character set (C90

and C99 5.2.1).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The unique value of the member of the execution character set produced

for each of the standard alphabetic escape sequences (C90 and C99 5.2.2).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The value of a @code{char} object into which has been stored any

character other than a member of the basic execution character set

(C90 6.1.2.5, C99 6.2.5).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{Which of @code{signed char} or @code{unsigned char} has the same

range, representation, and behavior as ``plain'' @code{char} (C90

6.1.2.5, C90 6.2.1.1, C99 6.2.5, C99 6.3.1.1).}

@opindex fsigned-char

@opindex funsigned-char

Determined by ABI@.  The options @option{-funsigned-char} and

@option{-fsigned-char} change the default.  @xref{C Dialect Options, ,

Options Controlling C Dialect}.

@item

@cite{The mapping of members of the source character set (in character

constants and string literals) to members of the execution character

set (C90 6.1.3.4, C99 6.4.4.4, C90 and C99 5.1.1.2).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The value of an integer character constant containing more than one

character or containing a character or escape sequence that does not map

to a single-byte execution character (C90 6.1.3.4, C99 6.4.4.4).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@item

@cite{The value of a wide character constant containing more than one

multibyte character, or containing a multibyte character or escape

sequence not represented in the extended execution character set (C90

6.1.3.4, C99 6.4.4.4).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@item

@cite{The current locale used to convert a wide character constant consisting

of a single multibyte character that maps to a member of the extended

execution character set into a corresponding wide character code (C90

6.1.3.4, C99 6.4.4.4).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@item

@cite{The current locale used to convert a wide string literal into

corresponding wide character codes (C90 6.1.4, C99 6.4.5).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@item

@cite{The value of a string literal containing a multibyte character or escape

sequence not represented in the execution character set (C90 6.1.4, C99 6.4.5).}

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}.

@end itemize

@node Integers implementation

@section Integers

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{Any extended integer types that exist in the implementation (C99 6.2.5).}

GCC does not support any extended integer types.

@c The __mode__ attribute might create types of precisions not

@c otherwise supported, but the syntax isn't right for use everywhere

@c the standard type names might be used.  Predefined typedefs should

@c be used if any extended integer types are to be defined.  The

@c __int128_t and __uint128_t typedefs are not extended integer types

@c as they are generally longer than the ABI-specified intmax_t.

@item

@cite{Whether signed integer types are represented using sign and magnitude,

two's complement, or one's complement, and whether the extraordinary value

is a trap representation or an ordinary value (C99 6.2.6.2).}

GCC supports only two's complement integer types, and all bit patterns

are ordinary values.

@item

@cite{The rank of any extended integer type relative to another extended

integer type with the same precision (C99 6.3.1.1).}

GCC does not support any extended integer types.

@c If it did, there would only be one of each precision and signedness.

@item

@cite{The result of, or the signal raised by, converting an integer to a

signed integer type when the value cannot be represented in an object of

that type (C90 6.2.1.2, C99 6.3.1.3).}

For conversion to a type of width @math{N}, the value is reduced

modulo @math{2^N} to be within range of the type; no signal is raised.

@item

@cite{The results of some bitwise operations on signed integers (C90

6.3, C99 6.5).}

Bitwise operators act on the representation of the value including

both the sign and value bits, where the sign bit is considered

immediately above the highest-value value bit.  Signed @samp{>>} acts

on negative numbers by sign extension.

GCC does not use the latitude given in C99 only to treat certain

aspects of signed @samp{<<} as undefined, but this is subject to

change.

@item

@cite{The sign of the remainder on integer division (C90 6.3.5).}

GCC always follows the C99 requirement that the result of division is

truncated towards zero.

@end itemize

@node Floating point implementation

@section Floating point

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The accuracy of the floating-point operations and of the library

functions in @code{<math.h>} and @code{<complex.h>} that return floating-point

results (C90 and C99 5.2.4.2.2).}

The accuracy is unknown.

@item

@cite{The rounding behaviors characterized by non-standard values

of @code{FLT_ROUNDS} @gol

(C90 and C99 5.2.4.2.2).}

GCC does not use such values.

@item

@cite{The evaluation methods characterized by non-standard negative

values of @code{FLT_EVAL_METHOD} (C99 5.2.4.2.2).}

GCC does not use such values.

@item

@cite{The direction of rounding when an integer is converted to a

floating-point number that cannot exactly represent the original

value (C90 6.2.1.3, C99 6.3.1.4).}

C99 Annex F is followed.

@item

@cite{The direction of rounding when a floating-point number is

converted to a narrower floating-point number (C90 6.2.1.4, C99

6.3.1.5).}

C99 Annex F is followed.

@item

@cite{How the nearest representable value or the larger or smaller

representable value immediately adjacent to the nearest representable

value is chosen for certain floating constants (C90 6.1.3.1, C99

6.4.4.2).}

C99 Annex F is followed.

@item

@cite{Whether and how floating expressions are contracted when not

disallowed by the @code{FP_CONTRACT} pragma (C99 6.5).}

Expressions are currently only contracted if

@option{-funsafe-math-optimizations} or @option{-ffast-math} are used.

This is subject to change.

@item

@cite{The default state for the @code{FENV_ACCESS} pragma (C99 7.6.1).}

This pragma is not implemented, but the default is to ``off'' unless

@option{-frounding-math} is used in which case it is ``on''.

@item

@cite{Additional floating-point exceptions, rounding modes, environments,

and classifications, and their macro names (C99 7.6, C99 7.12).}

This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is not

defined by GCC itself.

@item

@cite{The default state for the @code{FP_CONTRACT} pragma (C99 7.12.2).}

This pragma is not implemented.  Expressions are currently only

contracted if @option{-funsafe-math-optimizations} or

@option{-ffast-math} are used.  This is subject to change.

@item

@cite{Whether the ``inexact'' floating-point exception can be raised

when the rounded result actually does equal the mathematical result

in an IEC 60559 conformant implementation (C99 F.9).}

This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is not

defined by GCC itself.

@item

@cite{Whether the ``underflow'' (and ``inexact'') floating-point

exception can be raised when a result is tiny but not inexact in an

IEC 60559 conformant implementation (C99 F.9).}

This is dependent on the implementation of the C library, and is not

defined by GCC itself.

@end itemize

@node Arrays and pointers implementation

@section Arrays and pointers

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The result of converting a pointer to an integer or

vice versa (C90 6.3.4, C99 6.3.2.3).}

A cast from pointer to integer discards most-significant bits if the

pointer representation is larger than the integer type,

sign-extends@footnote{Future versions of GCC may zero-extend, or use

a target-defined @code{ptr_extend} pattern.  Do not rely on sign extension.}

if the pointer representation is smaller than the integer type, otherwise

the bits are unchanged.

@c ??? We've always claimed that pointers were unsigned entities.

@c Shouldn't we therefore be doing zero-extension?  If so, the bug

@c is in convert_to_integer, where we call type_for_size and request

@c a signed integral type.  On the other hand, it might be most useful

@c for the target if we extend according to POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED.

A cast from integer to pointer discards most-significant bits if the

pointer representation is smaller than the integer type, extends according

to the signedness of the integer type if the pointer representation

is larger than the integer type, otherwise the bits are unchanged.

When casting from pointer to integer and back again, the resulting

pointer must reference the same object as the original pointer, otherwise

the behavior is undefined.  That is, one may not use integer arithmetic to

avoid the undefined behavior of pointer arithmetic as proscribed in

C99 6.5.6/8.

@item

@cite{The size of the result of subtracting two pointers to elements

of the same array (C90 6.3.6, C99 6.5.6).}

The value is as specified in the standard and the type is determined

by the ABI@.

@end itemize

@node Hints implementation

@section Hints

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The extent to which suggestions made by using the @code{register}

storage-class specifier are effective (C90 6.5.1, C99 6.7.1).}

The @code{register} specifier affects code generation only in these ways:

@itemize @bullet

@item

When used as part of the register variable extension, see

@ref{Explicit Reg Vars}.

@item

When @option{-O0} is in use, the compiler allocates distinct stack

memory for all variables that do not have the @code{register}

storage-class specifier; if @code{register} is specified, the variable

may have a shorter lifespan than the code would indicate and may never

be placed in memory.

@item

On some rare x86 targets, @code{setjmp} doesn't save the registers in

all circumstances.  In those cases, GCC doesn't allocate any variables

in registers unless they are marked @code{register}.

@end itemize

@item

@cite{The extent to which suggestions made by using the inline function

specifier are effective (C99 6.7.4).}

GCC will not inline any functions if the @option{-fno-inline} option is

used or if @option{-O0} is used.  Otherwise, GCC may still be unable to

inline a function for many reasons; the @option{-Winline} option may be

used to determine if a function has not been inlined and why not.

@end itemize

@node Structures unions enumerations and bit-fields implementation

@section Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{A member of a union object is accessed using a member of a

different type (C90 6.3.2.3).}

The relevant bytes of the representation of the object are treated as

an object of the type used for the access.  @xref{Type-punning}.  This

may be a trap representation.

@item

@cite{Whether a ``plain'' @code{int} bit-field is treated as a

@code{signed int} bit-field or as an @code{unsigned int} bit-field

(C90 6.5.2, C90 6.5.2.1, C99 6.7.2, C99 6.7.2.1).}

@opindex funsigned-bitfields

By default it is treated as @code{signed int} but this may be changed

by the @option{-funsigned-bitfields} option.

@item

@cite{Allowable bit-field types other than @code{_Bool}, @code{signed int},

and @code{unsigned int} (C99 6.7.2.1).}

No other types are permitted in strictly conforming mode.

@c Would it be better to restrict the pedwarn for other types to C90

@c mode and document the other types for C99 mode?

@item

@cite{Whether a bit-field can straddle a storage-unit boundary (C90

6.5.2.1, C99 6.7.2.1).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The order of allocation of bit-fields within a unit (C90

6.5.2.1, C99 6.7.2.1).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The alignment of non-bit-field members of structures (C90

6.5.2.1, C99 6.7.2.1).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The integer type compatible with each enumerated type (C90

6.5.2.2, C99 6.7.2.2).}

@opindex fshort-enums

Normally, the type is @code{unsigned int} if there are no negative

values in the enumeration, otherwise @code{int}.  If

@option{-fshort-enums} is specified, then if there are negative values

it is the first of @code{signed char}, @code{short} and @code{int}

that can represent all the values, otherwise it is the first of

@code{unsigned char}, @code{unsigned short} and @code{unsigned int}

that can represent all the values.

@c On a few unusual targets with 64-bit int, this doesn't agree with

@c the code and one of the types accessed via mode attributes (which

@c are not currently considered extended integer types) may be used.

@c If these types are made extended integer types, it would still be

@c the case that -fshort-enums stops the implementation from

@c conforming to C90 on those targets.

On some targets, @option{-fshort-enums} is the default; this is

determined by the ABI@.

@end itemize

@node Qualifiers implementation

@section Qualifiers

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{What constitutes an access to an object that has volatile-qualified

type (C90 6.5.3, C99 6.7.3).}

Such an object is normally accessed by pointers and used for accessing

hardware.  In most expressions, it is intuitively obvious what is a read

and what is a write.  For example

@smallexample

volatile int *dst = @var{somevalue};

volatile int *src = @var{someothervalue};

*dst = *src;

@end smallexample

@noindent

will cause a read of the volatile object pointed to by @var{src} and store the

value into the volatile object pointed to by @var{dst}.  There is no

guarantee that these reads and writes are atomic, especially for objects

larger than @code{int}.

However, if the volatile storage is not being modified, and the value of

the volatile storage is not used, then the situation is less obvious.

For example

@smallexample

volatile int *src = @var{somevalue};

*src;

@end smallexample

According to the C standard, such an expression is an rvalue whose type

is the unqualified version of its original type, i.e. @code{int}.  Whether

GCC interprets this as a read of the volatile object being pointed to or

only as a request to evaluate the expression for its side-effects depends

on this type.

If it is a scalar type, or on most targets an aggregate type whose only

member object is of a scalar type, or a union type whose member objects

are of scalar types, the expression is interpreted by GCC as a read of

the volatile object; in the other cases, the expression is only evaluated

for its side-effects.

@end itemize

@node Declarators implementation

@section Declarators

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The maximum number of declarators that may modify an arithmetic,

structure or union type (C90 6.5.4).}

GCC is only limited by available memory.

@end itemize

@node Statements implementation

@section Statements

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The maximum number of @code{case} values in a @code{switch}

statement (C90 6.6.4.2).}

GCC is only limited by available memory.

@end itemize

@node Preprocessing directives implementation

@section Preprocessing directives

@xref{Implementation-defined behavior, , Implementation-defined

behavior, cpp, The C Preprocessor}, for details of these aspects of

implementation-defined behavior.

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{How sequences in both forms of header names are mapped to headers

or external source file names (C90 6.1.7, C99 6.4.7).}

@item

@cite{Whether the value of a character constant in a constant expression

that controls conditional inclusion matches the value of the same character

constant in the execution character set (C90 6.8.1, C99 6.10.1).}

@item

@cite{Whether the value of a single-character character constant in a

constant expression that controls conditional inclusion may have a

negative value (C90 6.8.1, C99 6.10.1).}

@item

@cite{The places that are searched for an included @samp{<>} delimited

header, and how the places are specified or the header is

identified (C90 6.8.2, C99 6.10.2).}

@item

@cite{How the named source file is searched for in an included @samp{""}

delimited header (C90 6.8.2, C99 6.10.2).}

@item

@cite{The method by which preprocessing tokens (possibly resulting from

macro expansion) in a @code{#include} directive are combined into a header

name (C90 6.8.2, C99 6.10.2).}

@item

@cite{The nesting limit for @code{#include} processing (C90 6.8.2, C99

6.10.2).}

@item

@cite{Whether the @samp{#} operator inserts a @samp{\} character before

the @samp{\} character that begins a universal character name in a

character constant or string literal (C99 6.10.3.2).}

@item

@cite{The behavior on each recognized non-@code{STDC #pragma}

directive (C90 6.8.6, C99 6.10.6).}

@xref{Pragmas, , Pragmas, cpp, The C Preprocessor}, for details of

pragmas accepted by GCC on all targets.  @xref{Pragmas, , Pragmas

Accepted by GCC}, for details of target-specific pragmas.

@item

@cite{The definitions for @code{__DATE__} and @code{__TIME__} when

respectively, the date and time of translation are not available (C90

6.8.8, C99 6.10.8).}

@end itemize

@node Library functions implementation

@section Library functions

The behavior of most of these points are dependent on the implementation

of the C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The null pointer constant to which the macro @code{NULL} expands

(C90 7.1.6, C99 7.17).}

In @code{<stddef.h>}, @code{NULL} expands to @code{((void *)0)}.  GCC

does not provide the other headers which define @code{NULL} and some

library implementations may use other definitions in those headers.

@end itemize

@node Architecture implementation

@section Architecture

@itemize @bullet

@item

@cite{The values or expressions assigned to the macros specified in the

headers @code{<float.h>}, @code{<limits.h>}, and @code{<stdint.h>}

(C90 and C99 5.2.4.2, C99 7.18.2, C99 7.18.3).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The number, order, and encoding of bytes in any object

(when not explicitly specified in this International Standard) (C99 6.2.6.1).}

Determined by ABI@.

@item

@cite{The value of the result of the @code{sizeof} operator (C90

6.3.3.4, C99 6.5.3.4).}

Determined by ABI@.

@end itemize

@node Locale-specific behavior implementation

@section Locale-specific behavior

The behavior of these points are dependent on the implementation

of the C library, and are not defined by GCC itself.