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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 13. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"/><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library "/><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , runtime , library "/><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library"/><link rel="up" href="bk01pt02.html" title="Part II. Standard Contents"/><link rel="prev" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Interacting with C"/><link rel="next" href="streambufs.html" title="Stream Buffers"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13.
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Input and Output
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</th></tr><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
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Standard Contents
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</th><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 13. Input and Output"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.io"/>Chapter 13.
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Input and Output
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<a id="id504933" class="indexterm"/>
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</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="io.html#std.io.objects">Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="streambufs.html">Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.buffering">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="stringstreams.html">Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="stringstreams.html#std.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="fstreams.html">File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="fstreams.html#std.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="fstreams.html#std.io.filestreams.binary">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="io_and_c.html">Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="io_and_c.html#std.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="io_and_c.html#std.io.c.sync">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" title="Iostream Objects"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.io.objects"/>Iostream Objects</h2></div></div></div><p>To minimize the time you have to wait on the compiler, it's good to
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only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include
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<iostream> when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize
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your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use
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for which situations, starting with the simplest.
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</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><iosfwd></em></span> should be included whenever you simply
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need the <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> of an I/O-related class, such as
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"ofstream" or "basic_streambuf". Like the name
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implies, these are forward declarations. (A word to all you fellow
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old school programmers: trying to forward declare classes like
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"class istream;" won't work. Look in the iosfwd header if
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you'd like to know why.) For example,
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</p><pre class="programlisting">
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#include <iosfwd>
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class MyClass
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{
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....
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std::ifstream& input_file;
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};
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extern std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, MyClass&);
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</pre><p><span class="emphasis"><em><ios></em></span> declares the base classes for the entire
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I/O stream hierarchy, std::ios_base and std::basic_ios<charT>, the
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counting types std::streamoff and std::streamsize, the file
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positioning type std::fpos, and the various manipulators like
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std::hex, std::fixed, std::noshowbase, and so forth.
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</p><p>The ios_base class is what holds the format flags, the state flags,
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and the functions which change them (setf(), width(), precision(),
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etc). You can also store extra data and register callback functions
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through ios_base, but that has been historically underused. Anything
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which doesn't depend on the type of characters stored is consolidated
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here.
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</p><p>The template class basic_ios is the highest template class in the
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hierarchy; it is the first one depending on the character type, and
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holds all general state associated with that type: the pointer to the
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polymorphic stream buffer, the facet information, etc.
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</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><streambuf></em></span> declares the template class
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basic_streambuf, and two standard instantiations, streambuf and
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wstreambuf. If you need to work with the vastly useful and capable
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stream buffer classes, e.g., to create a new form of storage
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transport, this header is the one to include.
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</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><istream></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><ostream></em></span> are
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the headers to include when you are using the >>/<<
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interface, or any of the other abstract stream formatting functions.
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For example,
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</p><pre class="programlisting">
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#include <istream>
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std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, MyClass& c)
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{
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return os << c.data1() << c.data2();
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}
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</pre><p>The std::istream and std::ostream classes are the abstract parents of
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the various concrete implementations. If you are only using the
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interfaces, then you only need to use the appropriate interface header.
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</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><iomanip></em></span> provides "extractors and inserters
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that alter information maintained by class ios_base and its derived
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classes," such as std::setprecision and std::setw. If you need
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to write expressions like <code class="code">os << setw(3);</code> or
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<code class="code">is >> setbase(8);</code>, you must include <iomanip>.
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</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em><sstream></em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em><fstream></em></span>
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declare the six stringstream and fstream classes. As they are the
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standard concrete descendants of istream and ostream, you will already
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know about them.
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</p><p>Finally, <span class="emphasis"><em><iostream></em></span> provides the eight standard
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global objects (cin, cout, etc). To do this correctly, this header
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also provides the contents of the <istream> and <ostream>
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headers, but nothing else. The contents of this header look like
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</p><pre class="programlisting">
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#include <ostream>
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#include <istream>
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namespace std
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{
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extern istream cin;
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extern ostream cout;
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....
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// this is explained below
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<span class="emphasis"><em>static ios_base::Init __foo;</em></span> // not its real name
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}
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</pre><p>Now, the runtime penalty mentioned previously: the global objects
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must be initialized before any of your own code uses them; this is
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guaranteed by the standard. Like any other global object, they must
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be initialized once and only once. This is typically done with a
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construct like the one above, and the nested class ios_base::Init is
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specified in the standard for just this reason.
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</p><p>How does it work? Because the header is included before any of your
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code, the <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> object is constructed before any of
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your objects. (Global objects are built in the order in which they
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are declared, and destroyed in reverse order.) The first time the
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constructor runs, the eight stream objects are set up.
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</p><p>The <code class="code">static</code> keyword means that each object file compiled
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from a source file containing <iostream> will have its own
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private copy of <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span>. There is no specified order
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of construction across object files (it's one of those pesky NP
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problems that make life so interesting), so one copy in each object
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file means that the stream objects are guaranteed to be set up before
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any of your code which uses them could run, thereby meeting the
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requirements of the standard.
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</p><p>The penalty, of course, is that after the first copy of
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<span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> is constructed, all the others are just wasted
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processor time. The time spent is merely for an increment-and-test
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inside a function call, but over several dozen or hundreds of object
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files, that time can add up. (It's not in a tight loop, either.)
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</p><p>The lesson? Only include <iostream> when you need to use one of
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the standard objects in that source file; you'll pay less startup
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time. Only include the header files you need to in general; your
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compile times will go down when there's less parsing work to do.
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</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt02.html">Up</a></td><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">Interacting with C </td><td align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top"> Stream Buffers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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