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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 8.  Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"/><meta name="keywords" content="&#10;      ISO C++&#10;    , &#10;      library&#10;    "/><meta name="keywords" content="&#10;      ISO C++&#10;    , &#10;      runtime&#10;    , &#10;      library&#10;    "/><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library"/><link rel="up" href="bk01pt02.html" title="Part II.  Standard Contents"/><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Chapter 7.  Strings"/><link rel="next" href="facets.html" title="Facets"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. 
4 
  Localization
5 
 
6 
</th></tr><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
7 
    Standard Contents
8 
  </th><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 8.  Localization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.localization"/>Chapter 8. 
9 
  Localization
10 
  <a id="id500383" class="indexterm"/>
11 
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#std.localization.locales">Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#std.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#locale.impl.c">Interacting with "C" locales</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="localization.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html">Facets</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#std.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#id501036">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#std.localization.facet.codecvt">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#codecvt.design.wchar_t_size"><span class="type">wchar_t</span> Size</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#codecvt.design.unicode">Support for Unicode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#codecvt.design.issues">Other Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.messages">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#messages.impl.models">Models</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#messages.impl.gnu">The GNU Model</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="facets.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" title="Locales"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.localization.locales"/>Locales</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="locale"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.localization.locales.locale"/>locale</h3></div></div></div><p>
12 
Describes the basic locale object, including nested
13 
classes id, facet, and the reference-counted implementation object,
14 
class _Impl.
15 
</p><div class="section" title="Requirements"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.req"/>Requirements</h4></div></div></div><p>
16 
Class locale is non-templatized and has two distinct types nested
17 
inside of it:
18 
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
19 
<span class="emphasis"><em>
20 
class facet
21 
22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet
22 
</em></span>
23 
</p></blockquote></div><p>
24 
Facets actually implement locale functionality. For instance, a facet
25 
called numpunct is the data object that can be used to query for the
26 
thousands separator in the locale.
27 
</p><p>
28 
Literally, a facet is strictly defined:
29 
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>
30 
      Containing the following public data member:
31 
    </p><p>
32 
      <code class="code">static locale::id id;</code>
33 
    </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
34 
      Derived from another facet:
35 
    </p><p>
36 
      <code class="code">class gnu_codecvt: public std::ctype&lt;user-defined-type&gt;</code>
37 
    </p></li></ul></div><p>
38 
Of interest in this class are the memory management options explicitly
39 
specified as an argument to facet's constructor. Each constructor of a
40 
facet class takes a std::size_t __refs argument: if __refs == 0, the
41 
facet is deleted when the locale containing it is destroyed. If __refs
42 
== 1, the facet is not destroyed, even when it is no longer
43 
referenced.
44 
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
45 
<span class="emphasis"><em>
46 
class id
47 
22.1.1.1.3 - Class locale::id
48 
</em></span>
49 
</p></blockquote></div><p>
50 
Provides an index for looking up specific facets.
51 
</p></div><div class="section" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.design"/>Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
52 
The major design challenge is fitting an object-orientated and
53 
non-global locale design on top of POSIX and other relevant standards,
54 
which include the Single Unix (nee X/Open.)
55 
</p><p>
56 
Because C and earlier versions of POSIX fall down so completely,
57 
portability is an issue.
58 
</p></div><div class="section" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.impl"/>Implementation</h4></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Interacting with &quot;C&quot; locales"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="locale.impl.c"/>Interacting with "C" locales</h5></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>
59 
       <code class="code">`locale -a`</code> displays available locales.
60 
     </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
61 
af_ZA
62 
ar_AE
63 
ar_AE.utf8
64 
ar_BH
65 
ar_BH.utf8
66 
ar_DZ
67 
ar_DZ.utf8
68 
ar_EG
69 
ar_EG.utf8
70 
ar_IN
71 
ar_IQ
72 
ar_IQ.utf8
73 
ar_JO
74 
ar_JO.utf8
75 
ar_KW
76 
ar_KW.utf8
77 
ar_LB
78 
ar_LB.utf8
79 
ar_LY
80 
ar_LY.utf8
81 
ar_MA
82 
ar_MA.utf8
83 
ar_OM
84 
ar_OM.utf8
85 
ar_QA
86 
ar_QA.utf8
87 
ar_SA
88 
ar_SA.utf8
89 
ar_SD
90 
ar_SD.utf8
91 
ar_SY
92 
ar_SY.utf8
93 
ar_TN
94 
ar_TN.utf8
95 
ar_YE
96 
ar_YE.utf8
97 
be_BY
98 
be_BY.utf8
99 
bg_BG
100 
bg_BG.utf8
101 
br_FR
102 
bs_BA
103 
C
104 
ca_ES
105 
ca_ES@euro
106 
ca_ES.utf8
107 
ca_ES.utf8@euro
108 
cs_CZ
109 
cs_CZ.utf8
110 
cy_GB
111 
da_DK
112 
da_DK.iso885915
113 
da_DK.utf8
114 
de_AT
115 
de_AT@euro
116 
de_AT.utf8
117 
de_AT.utf8@euro
118 
de_BE
119 
de_BE@euro
120 
de_BE.utf8
121 
de_BE.utf8@euro
122 
de_CH
123 
de_CH.utf8
124 
de_DE
125 
de_DE@euro
126 
de_DE.utf8
127 
de_DE.utf8@euro
128 
de_LU
129 
de_LU@euro
130 
de_LU.utf8
131 
de_LU.utf8@euro
132 
el_GR
133 
el_GR.utf8
134 
en_AU
135 
en_AU.utf8
136 
en_BW
137 
en_BW.utf8
138 
en_CA
139 
en_CA.utf8
140 
en_DK
141 
en_DK.utf8
142 
en_GB
143 
en_GB.iso885915
144 
en_GB.utf8
145 
en_HK
146 
en_HK.utf8
147 
en_IE
148 
en_IE@euro
149 
en_IE.utf8
150 
en_IE.utf8@euro
151 
en_IN
152 
en_NZ
153 
en_NZ.utf8
154 
en_PH
155 
en_PH.utf8
156 
en_SG
157 
en_SG.utf8
158 
en_US
159 
en_US.iso885915
160 
en_US.utf8
161 
en_ZA
162 
en_ZA.utf8
163 
en_ZW
164 
en_ZW.utf8
165 
es_AR
166 
es_AR.utf8
167 
es_BO
168 
es_BO.utf8
169 
es_CL
170 
es_CL.utf8
171 
es_CO
172 
es_CO.utf8
173 
es_CR
174 
es_CR.utf8
175 
es_DO
176 
es_DO.utf8
177 
es_EC
178 
es_EC.utf8
179 
es_ES
180 
es_ES@euro
181 
es_ES.utf8
182 
es_ES.utf8@euro
183 
es_GT
184 
es_GT.utf8
185 
es_HN
186 
es_HN.utf8
187 
es_MX
188 
es_MX.utf8
189 
es_NI
190 
es_NI.utf8
191 
es_PA
192 
es_PA.utf8
193 
es_PE
194 
es_PE.utf8
195 
es_PR
196 
es_PR.utf8
197 
es_PY
198 
es_PY.utf8
199 
es_SV
200 
es_SV.utf8
201 
es_US
202 
es_US.utf8
203 
es_UY
204 
es_UY.utf8
205 
es_VE
206 
es_VE.utf8
207 
et_EE
208 
et_EE.utf8
209 
eu_ES
210 
eu_ES@euro
211 
eu_ES.utf8
212 
eu_ES.utf8@euro
213 
fa_IR
214 
fi_FI
215 
fi_FI@euro
216 
fi_FI.utf8
217 
fi_FI.utf8@euro
218 
fo_FO
219 
fo_FO.utf8
220 
fr_BE
221 
fr_BE@euro
222 
fr_BE.utf8
223 
fr_BE.utf8@euro
224 
fr_CA
225 
fr_CA.utf8
226 
fr_CH
227 
fr_CH.utf8
228 
fr_FR
229 
fr_FR@euro
230 
fr_FR.utf8
231 
fr_FR.utf8@euro
232 
fr_LU
233 
fr_LU@euro
234 
fr_LU.utf8
235 
fr_LU.utf8@euro
236 
ga_IE
237 
ga_IE@euro
238 
ga_IE.utf8
239 
ga_IE.utf8@euro
240 
gl_ES
241 
gl_ES@euro
242 
gl_ES.utf8
243 
gl_ES.utf8@euro
244 
gv_GB
245 
gv_GB.utf8
246 
he_IL
247 
he_IL.utf8
248 
hi_IN
249 
hr_HR
250 
hr_HR.utf8
251 
hu_HU
252 
hu_HU.utf8
253 
id_ID
254 
id_ID.utf8
255 
is_IS
256 
is_IS.utf8
257 
it_CH
258 
it_CH.utf8
259 
it_IT
260 
it_IT@euro
261 
it_IT.utf8
262 
it_IT.utf8@euro
263 
iw_IL
264 
iw_IL.utf8
265 
ja_JP.eucjp
266 
ja_JP.utf8
267 
ka_GE
268 
kl_GL
269 
kl_GL.utf8
270 
ko_KR.euckr
271 
ko_KR.utf8
272 
kw_GB
273 
kw_GB.utf8
274 
lt_LT
275 
lt_LT.utf8
276 
lv_LV
277 
lv_LV.utf8
278 
mi_NZ
279 
mk_MK
280 
mk_MK.utf8
281 
mr_IN
282 
ms_MY
283 
ms_MY.utf8
284 
mt_MT
285 
mt_MT.utf8
286 
nl_BE
287 
nl_BE@euro
288 
nl_BE.utf8
289 
nl_BE.utf8@euro
290 
nl_NL
291 
nl_NL@euro
292 
nl_NL.utf8
293 
nl_NL.utf8@euro
294 
nn_NO
295 
nn_NO.utf8
296 
no_NO
297 
no_NO.utf8
298 
oc_FR
299 
pl_PL
300 
pl_PL.utf8
301 
POSIX
302 
pt_BR
303 
pt_BR.utf8
304 
pt_PT
305 
pt_PT@euro
306 
pt_PT.utf8
307 
pt_PT.utf8@euro
308 
ro_RO
309 
ro_RO.utf8
310 
ru_RU
311 
ru_RU.koi8r
312 
ru_RU.utf8
313 
ru_UA
314 
ru_UA.utf8
315 
se_NO
316 
sk_SK
317 
sk_SK.utf8
318 
sl_SI
319 
sl_SI.utf8
320 
sq_AL
321 
sq_AL.utf8
322 
sr_YU
323 
sr_YU@cyrillic
324 
sr_YU.utf8
325 
sr_YU.utf8@cyrillic
326 
sv_FI
327 
sv_FI@euro
328 
sv_FI.utf8
329 
sv_FI.utf8@euro
330 
sv_SE
331 
sv_SE.iso885915
332 
sv_SE.utf8
333 
ta_IN
334 
te_IN
335 
tg_TJ
336 
th_TH
337 
th_TH.utf8
338 
tl_PH
339 
tr_TR
340 
tr_TR.utf8
341 
uk_UA
342 
uk_UA.utf8
343 
ur_PK
344 
uz_UZ
345 
vi_VN
346 
vi_VN.tcvn
347 
wa_BE
348 
wa_BE@euro
349 
yi_US
350 
zh_CN
351 
zh_CN.gb18030
352 
zh_CN.gbk
353 
zh_CN.utf8
354 
zh_HK
355 
zh_HK.utf8
356 
zh_TW
357 
zh_TW.euctw
358 
zh_TW.utf8
359 
</pre></blockquote></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
360 
       <code class="code">`locale`</code> displays environmental variables that
361 
       impact how locale("") will be deduced.
362 
     </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
363 
LANG=en_US
364 
LC_CTYPE="en_US"
365 
LC_NUMERIC="en_US"
366 
LC_TIME="en_US"
367 
LC_COLLATE="en_US"
368 
LC_MONETARY="en_US"
369 
LC_MESSAGES="en_US"
370 
LC_PAPER="en_US"
371 
LC_NAME="en_US"
372 
LC_ADDRESS="en_US"
373 
LC_TELEPHONE="en_US"
374 
LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US"
375 
LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US"
376 
LC_ALL=
377 
</pre></blockquote></div></li></ul></div><p>
378 
From Josuttis, p. 697-698, which says, that "there is only *one*
379 
relation (of the C++ locale mechanism) to the C locale mechanism: the
380 
global C locale is modified if a named C++ locale object is set as the
381 
global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:
382 
</p><pre class="programlisting">std::locale::global(std::locale(""));</pre><p>affects the C functions as if the following call was made:</p><pre class="programlisting">std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "");</pre><p>
383 
  On the other hand, there is *no* vice versa, that is, calling
384 
  setlocale has *no* whatsoever on the C++ locale mechanism, in
385 
  particular on the working of locale(""), which constructs the locale
386 
  object from the environment of the running program, that is, in
387 
  practice, the set of LC_ALL, LANG, etc. variable of the shell.
388 
</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Future"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.future"/>Future</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>
389 
       Locale initialization: at what point does _S_classic, _S_global
390 
       get initialized? Can named locales assume this initialization
391 
       has already taken place?
392 
     </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
393 
       Document how named locales error check when filling data
394 
       members. I.e., a fr_FR locale that doesn't have
395 
       numpunct::truename(): does it use "true"? Or is it a blank
396 
       string? What's the convention?
397 
   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
398 
       Explain how locale aliasing happens. When does "de_DE" use "de"
399 
       information? What is the rule for locales composed of just an
400 
       ISO language code (say, "de") and locales with both an ISO
401 
       language code and ISO country code (say, "de_DE").
402 
     </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
403 
       What should non-required facet instantiations do?  If the
404 
       generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users
405 
       provide specializations?
406 
   </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"/>Bibliography</h4></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500746"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
407 
      The GNU C Library
408 
    </em>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">
409 
      Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and
410 
      Internationalization
411 
    . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500786"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
412 
      Correspondence
413 
    </em>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500811"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
414 
      ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
415 
    </em>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500830"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
416 
      ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
417 
    </em>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="System Interface Definitions, Issue 7 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2008)"><a id="id500849"/><p><span class="title"><em>
418 
        <a class="link" href="http://www.opengroup.org/austin/">
419 
      System Interface Definitions, Issue 7 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2008)
420 
        </a>
421 
      </em>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2008
422 
        The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
423 
        Engineers, Inc.
424 
      . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500876"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
425 
      The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
426 
    </em>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
427 
        Addison Wesley
428 
      . </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id500915"/><p><span class="citetitle"><em class="citetitle">
429 
      Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
430 
    </em>. </span><span class="subtitle">
431 
      Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
432 
    . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
433 
        Addison Wesley Longman
434 
      . </span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt02.html">Up</a></td><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter 7. 
435 
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