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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 4.  Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"/><meta name="keywords" content="&#10;      ISO C++&#10;    , &#10;      library&#10;    "/><meta name="keywords" content="&#10;      ISO C++&#10;    , &#10;      runtime&#10;    , &#10;      library&#10;    "/><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library"/><link rel="up" href="bk01pt02.html" title="Part II.  Standard Contents"/><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02.html" title="Part II.  Standard Contents"/><link rel="next" href="dynamic_memory.html" title="Dynamic Memory"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 4. 
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  Support
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</th></tr><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
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    Standard Contents
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  </th><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="dynamic_memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 4.  Support"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.support"/>Chapter 4. 
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  Support
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  <a id="id483878" class="indexterm"/>
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</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types">Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.numeric_limits">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.null">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html">Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.verbose">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
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    This part deals with the functions called and objects created
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    automatically during the course of a program's existence.
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  </p><p>
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    While we can't reproduce the contents of the Standard here (you
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    need to get your own copy from your nation's member body; see our
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    homepage for help), we can mention a couple of changes in what
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    kind of support a C++ program gets from the Standard Library.
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  </p><div class="section" title="Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.support.types"/>Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Fundamental Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.fundamental"/>Fundamental Types</h3></div></div></div><p>
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      C++ has the following builtin types:
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    </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>
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        char
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        signed char
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        unsigned char
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        signed short
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        signed int
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        signed long
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        unsigned short
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        unsigned int
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        unsigned long
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        bool
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        wchar_t
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        float
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        double
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      </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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        long double
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      </p></li></ul></div><p>
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      These fundamental types are always available, without having to
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      include a header file. These types are exactly the same in
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      either C++ or in C.
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    </p><p>
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      Specializing parts of the library on these types is prohibited:
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      instead, use a POD.
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    </p></div><div class="section" title="Numeric Properties"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.numeric_limits"/>Numeric Properties</h3></div></div></div><p>
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    The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines
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    traits classes to give access to various implementation
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    defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes --
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    fourteen in total -- are all specializations of the template class
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    <code class="classname">numeric_limits</code>, documented <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/a00593.html">here</a>
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    and defined as follows:
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    </p><pre class="programlisting">
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   template&lt;typename T&gt;
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     struct class
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     {
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       static const bool is_specialized;
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       static T max() throw();
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       static T min() throw();
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       static const int digits;
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       static const int digits10;
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       static const bool is_signed;
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       static const bool is_integer;
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       static const bool is_exact;
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       static const int radix;
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       static T epsilon() throw();
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       static T round_error() throw();
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       static const int min_exponent;
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       static const int min_exponent10;
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       static const int max_exponent;
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       static const int max_exponent10;
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       static const bool has_infinity;
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       static const bool has_quiet_NaN;
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       static const bool has_signaling_NaN;
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       static const float_denorm_style has_denorm;
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       static const bool has_denorm_loss;
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       static T infinity() throw();
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       static T quiet_NaN() throw();
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       static T denorm_min() throw();
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       static const bool is_iec559;
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       static const bool is_bounded;
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       static const bool is_modulo;
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       static const bool traps;
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       static const bool tinyness_before;
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       static const float_round_style round_style;
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     };
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   </pre></div><div class="section" title="NULL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.null"/>NULL</h3></div></div></div><p>
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     The only change that might affect people is the type of
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     <code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro,
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     the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed
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     to be <code class="constant">(void*)0</code>, which is often used in C.
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    </p><p>
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     For <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span>, <code class="constant">NULL</code> is
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     <code class="code">#define</code>'d to be
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     <code class="constant">__null</code>, a magic keyword extension of
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     <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span>.
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    </p><p>
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     The biggest problem of #defining <code class="constant">NULL</code> to be
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     something like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">0L</span>”</span> is that the compiler will view
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     that as a long integer before it views it as a pointer, so
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     overloading won't do what you expect. (This is why
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     <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span> has a magic extension, so that
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     <code class="constant">NULL</code> is always a pointer.)
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    </p><p>In his book <a class="link" href="http://www.awprofessional.com/titles/0-201-92488-9/"><span class="emphasis"><em>Effective
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    C++</em></span></a>, Scott Meyers points out that the best way
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    to solve this problem is to not overload on pointer-vs-integer
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    types to begin with.  He also offers a way to make your own magic
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    <code class="constant">NULL</code> that will match pointers before it
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    matches integers.
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    </p><p>See
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      <a class="link" href="http://www.awprofessional.com/titles/0-201-31015-5/">the
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      Effective C++ CD example</a>
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    </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02.html">Prev</a> </td><td align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt02.html">Up</a></td><td align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="dynamic_memory.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">Part II. 
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    Standard Contents
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   </td><td align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td align="right" valign="top"> Dynamic Memory</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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