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         xml:id="appendix.porting.doc" xreflabel="Documentation Hacking">

 
Writing and Generating Documentation
  
    ISO C++
    documentation
    style
    docbook
    doxygen
  

 
  
    
    Introduction
    
    
      Documentation for the GNU C++ Library is created from three
      independent sources: a manual, a FAQ, and an API reference.
    
    
      The sub-directory doc
      within the main source directory contains
      Makefile.am and
      Makefile.in, which provide rules for
      generating documentation, described in excruciating detail
      below. The doc
      sub-directory also contains three directories: 
      class="directory">doxygen, which contains scripts and
      fragments for doxygen, 
      class="directory">html, which contains an html
      version of the manual, and 
      class="directory">xml, which contains an xml version
      of the manual.
    
    
      Diverging from established documentation conventions in the rest
      of the GCC project, libstdc++ does not use Texinfo as a markup
      language. Instead, Docbook is used to create the manual and the
      FAQ, and Doxygen is used to construct the API
      reference. Although divergent, this conforms to the GNU Project
      recommendations as long as the output is of sufficient quality,
      as per
      
      xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Documentation">
      GNU Manuals.
    
  
 
  
    
    Generating Documentation
    
 
    
      Certain Makefile rules are required by the GNU Coding
      Standards. These standard rules generate HTML, PDF, XML, or man
      files. For each of the generative rules, there is an additional
      install rule that is used to install any generated documentation
      files into the prescribed installation directory. Files are
      installed into share/doc
      or share/man directories.
    
 
    
      The standard Makefile rules are conditionally supported, based
      on the results of examining the host environment for
      prerequisites at configuration time. If requirements are not
      found, the rule is aliased to a dummy rule that does nothing,
      and produces no documentation. If the requirements are found,
      the rule forwards to a private rule that produces the requested
      documentation.
    
 
    
      For more details on what prerequisites were found and where,
      please consult the file config.log in the
      libstdc++ build directory. Compare this log to what is expected
      for the relevant Makefile conditionals:
      BUILD_INFO, BUILD_XML,
      BUILD_HTML, BUILD_MAN,
      BUILD_PDF, and BUILD_EPUB.
    
 
    
      Supported Makefile rules:
    
 
    
      
        
          make html
        
        
          make install-html
        
        
          
            Generates multi-page HTML documentation, and installs it
            in the following directories:
          
          
            
              doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-api.html
            
          
          
            
              doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-manual.html
            
          
        
      
 
      
        
          make pdf
        
        
          make install-pdf
        
        
          
            Generates indexed PDF documentation, and installs it as
            the following files:
          
          
            doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-api.pdf
          
          
            doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-manual.pdf
          
        
      
 
      
        
          make man
        
        
          make install-man
        
        
          
            Generates man pages, and installs it in the following directory:
          
          
            man/man3/
          
          
            The generated man pages are namespace-qualified, so to look at
            the man page for vector, one would use
            man std::vector.
          
        
      
 
      
        
          make epub
        
        
          make install-epub
        
        
          
            Generates documentation in the ebook/portable electronic
            reader format called Epub, and installs it as the
            following file.
          
          
            doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-manual.epub
          
        
      
 
      
        
          make xml
        
        
          make install-xml
        
        
          
            Generates single-file XML documentation, and installs it
            as the following files:
          
          
            doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-api-single.xml
          
          
            doc/libstdc++/libstdc++-manual-single.xml
          
        
      
    
 
    
      Makefile rules for several other formats are explicitly not
      supported, and are always aliased to dummy rules. These
      unsupported formats are: info,
      ps, and dvi.
    
  
 
  Doxygen
 
    Prerequisites
 

 
 
      
        Prerequisite tools are Bash 2.0 or later,
        Doxygen, and
        the GNU
        coreutils. (GNU versions of find, xargs, and possibly
        sed and grep are used, just because the GNU versions make
        things very easy.)
      
 
      
        To generate the pretty pictures and hierarchy
        graphs, the
        Graphviz package
        will need to be installed. For PDF
        output, 
        pdflatex is required.
      
 
      
        Be warned the PDF file generated via doxygen is extremely
        large. At last count, the PDF file is over three thousand
        pages. Generating this document taxes the underlying TeX
        formatting system, and will require the expansion of TeX's memory
        capacity. Specifically, the pool_size
        variable in the configuration file texmf.cnf may
        need to be increased by a minimum factor of two.
      
    
 
    Generating the Doxygen Files
 
      
        The following Makefile rules run Doxygen to generate HTML
        docs, XML docs, XML docs as a single file, PDF docs, and the
        man pages. These rules are not conditional! If the required
        tools are not found, or are the wrong versions, the rule may
        end in an error.
      
 
      
      make doc-html-doxygen
      
 
      
      make doc-xml-doxygen
      
 
      
      make doc-xml-single-doxygen
      
 
      
      make doc-pdf-doxygen
      
 
      
      make doc-man-doxygen
      
 
      
        Generated files are output into separate sub directories of
        doc/doxygen/ in the
        build directory, based on the output format. For instance, the
        HTML docs will be in doc/doxygen/html.
      
 
      
        Careful observers will see that the Makefile rules simply call
        a script from the source tree, run_doxygen, which
        does the actual work of running Doxygen and then (most
        importantly) massaging the output files. If for some reason
        you prefer to not go through the Makefile, you can call this
        script directly. (Start by passing --help.)
      
 
      
        If you wish to tweak the Doxygen settings, do so by editing
        doc/doxygen/user.cfg.in. Notes to fellow
        library hackers are written in triple-# comments.
      
 
    
 
    Markup
 
 
      
        In general, libstdc++ files should be formatted according to
        the rules found in the
        Coding Standard. Before
        any doxygen-specific formatting tweaks are made, please try to
        make sure that the initial formatting is sound.
      
 
      
        Adding Doxygen markup to a file (informally called
        doxygenating) is very simple. The Doxygen manual can be
        found
        here.
        We try to use a very-recent version of Doxygen.
      
 
      
        For classes, use
        deque/vector/list
        and std::pair as examples.  For
        functions, see their member functions, and the free functions
        in stl_algobase.h. Member functions of
        other container-like types should read similarly to these
        member functions.
      
 
      
        Some commentary to accompany
        the first list in the Special
        Documentation Blocks section of
        the Doxygen manual:
      
 
      
        
          For longer comments, use the Javadoc style...
        
 
        
          
            ...not the Qt style. The intermediate *'s are preferred.
          
        
 
        
          
            Use the triple-slash style only for one-line comments (the
            brief mode).
          
        
 
        
          
            This is disgusting. Don't do this.
          
        
      
 
      
        Some specific guidelines:
      
 
      
        Use the @-style of commands, not the !-style. Please be
        careful about whitespace in your markup comments. Most of the
        time it doesn't matter; doxygen absorbs most whitespace, and
        both HTML and *roff are agnostic about whitespace. However,
        in <pre> blocks and @code/@endcode sections, spacing can
        have interesting effects.
      
 
      
        Use either kind of grouping, as
        appropriate. doxygroups.cc exists for this
        purpose. See stl_iterator.h for a good example
        of the other kind of grouping.
      
 
      
        Please use markup tags like @p and @a when referring to things
        such as the names of function parameters. Use @e for emphasis
        when necessary. Use @c to refer to other standard names.
        (Examples of all these abound in the present code.)
      
 
      
        Complicated math functions should use the multi-line
        format. An example from random.h:
      
 
      

/**
 * @brief A model of a linear congruential random number generator.
 *
 * @f[
 *     x_{i+1}\leftarrow(ax_{i} + c) \bmod m
 * @f]
 */

      
 
      
        One area of note is the markup required for
        @file markup in header files. Two details
        are important: for filenames that have the same name in
        multiple directories, include part of the installed path to
        disambiguate. For example:
      
 
      

/** @file debug/vector
 *  This file is a GNU debug extension to the Standard C++ Library.
 */

      
 
      
        The other relevant detail for header files is the use of a
        libstdc++-specific doxygen alias that helps distinguish
        between public header files (like random)
        from implementation or private header files (like
        bits/c++config.h.) This alias is spelled
        @headername and can take one or two
        arguments that detail the public header file or files that
        should be included to use the contents of the file. All header
        files that are not intended for direct inclusion must use
        headername in the file
        block. An example:
      
 
      

/** @file bits/basic_string.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{string}
 */

      
 
      
        Be careful about using certain, special characters when
        writing Doxygen comments. Single and double quotes, and
        separators in filenames are two common trouble spots. When in
        doubt, consult the following table.
      
 

 
 
    
 
  
 
  Docbook
 
 
    Prerequisites
 
 

 
      
        Editing the DocBook sources requires an XML editor. Many
        exist: some notable options
        include emacs, Kate,
        or Conglomerate.
      
 
      
        Some editors support special XML Validation
        modes that can validate the file as it is
        produced. Recommended is the nXML Mode
        for emacs.
      
 
      
        Besides an editor, additional DocBook files and XML tools are
        also required.
      
 
      
        Access to the DocBook 5.0 stylesheets and schema is required. The
        stylesheets are usually packaged by vendor, in something
        like docbook5-style-xsl. To exactly match
        generated output, please use a version of the stylesheets
        equivalent
        to docbook5-style-xsl-1.75.2-3. The
        installation directory for this package corresponds to
        the XSL_STYLE_DIR
        in doc/Makefile.am and defaults
        to /usr/share/sgml/docbook/xsl-ns-stylesheets.
      
 
      
        For processing XML, an XSLT processor and some style
        sheets are necessary. Defaults are xsltproc
        provided by libxslt.
      
 
      
        For validating the XML document, you'll need
        something like xmllint and access to the
        relevant DocBook schema. These are provided
        by a vendor package like libxml2 and docbook5-schemas-5.0-4
      
 
      
        For PDF output, something that transforms valid Docbook XML to PDF is
        required. Possible solutions include dblatex,
        xmlto, or prince. Of
        these, dblatex is the default. Other
        options are listed on the DocBook web pages. Please
        consult the libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org list when
        preparing printed manuals for current best practice and
        suggestions.
      
 
      
        For Texinfo output, something that transforms valid Docbook
        XML to Texinfo is required. The default choice is docbook2X.
      
 
      
        For epub output, the stylesheets for EPUB3 are required. These stylesheets are still in development. To validate the created file, epubcheck is necessary.
      
    
 
    Generating the DocBook Files
 
 
      
        The following Makefile rules generate (in order): an HTML
        version of all the DocBook documentation, a PDF version of the
        same, and a single XML document.  These rules are not
        conditional! If the required tools are not found, or are the
        wrong versions, the rule may end in an error.
      
 
      
      make doc-html-docbook
      
 
      
      make doc-pdf-docbook
      
 
      
      make doc-xml-single-docbook
      
 
      
        Generated files are output into separate sub directores of
        doc/docbook/ in the
        build directory, based on the output format. For instance, the
        HTML docs will be in 
        class="directory">doc/docbook/html.
      
 
      
        If the Docbook stylesheets are installed in a custom location,
        one can use the variable XSL_STYLE_DIR to
        override the Makefile defaults. For example:
      
 
      
        
make XSL_STYLE_DIR="/usr/share/xml/docbook/stylesheet/nwalsh" doc-html-docbook
        
      
 
      
 
    Editing and Validation
 
      
        After editing the xml sources, please make sure that the XML
        documentation and markup is still valid. This can be
        done easily, with the following validation rule:
      
 
      
        make doc-xml-validate-docbook
      
 
      
        This is equivalent to doing:
      
 
      
        
          xmllint --noout --valid xml/index.xml
        
      
 
      
        Please note that individual sections and chapters of the
        manual can be validated by substituting the file desired for
        xml/index.xml in the command
        above. Reducing scope in this manner can be helpful when
        validation on the entire manual fails.
      
 
      
        All Docbook xml sources should always validate. No excuses!
      
 
    
 
    File Organization and Basics
 
 
    
      Which files are important
 
      All Docbook files are in the directory
      libstdc++-v3/doc/xml
 
      Inside this directory, the files of importance:
      spine.xml         - index to documentation set
      manual/spine.xml  - index to manual
      manual/*.xml      - individual chapters and sections of the manual
      faq.xml           - index to FAQ
      api.xml           - index to source level / API
 
      All *.txml files are template xml files, i.e., otherwise empty files with
      the correct structure, suitable for filling in with new information.
 
      Canonical Writing Style
 
      class template
      function template
      member function template
      (via C++ Templates, Vandevoorde)
 
      class in namespace std: allocator, not std::allocator
 
      header file: iostream, not <iostream>
 
 
      General structure
 
      <set>
      <book>
      </book>
 
      <book>
      <chapter>
      </chapter>
      </book>
 
      <book>
      <part>
      <chapter>
      <section>
      </section>
 
      <sect1>
      </sect1>
 
      <sect1>
      <sect2>
      </sect2>
      </sect1>
      </chapter>
 
      <chapter>
      </chapter>
      </part>
      </book>
 
      </set>
    
    
 
    Markup By Example
 
 
      
        Complete details on Docbook markup can be found in the DocBook
        Element Reference,
        online.
        An incomplete reference for HTML to Docbook conversion is
        detailed in the table below.
      
 

 

  And examples of detailed markup for which there are no real HTML
  equivalents are listed in the table below.

 

 



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