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         xml:id="std.localization.locales.locale" xreflabel="Locale">

      ISO C++

      locale

Describes the basic locale object, including nested

classes id, facet, and the reference-counted implementation object,

class _Impl.

Class locale is non-templatized and has two distinct types nested

inside of it:

class facet

22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet

Facets actually implement locale functionality. For instance, a facet

called numpunct is the data object that can be used to query for the

thousands separator in the locale.

Literally, a facet is strictly defined:

      Containing the following public data member:

      static locale::id id;

      Derived from another facet:

      class gnu_codecvt: public std::ctype<user-defined-type>

Of interest in this class are the memory management options explicitly

specified as an argument to facet's constructor. Each constructor of a

facet class takes a std::size_t __refs argument: if __refs == 0, the

facet is deleted when the locale containing it is destroyed. If __refs

== 1, the facet is not destroyed, even when it is no longer

referenced.

class id

22.1.1.1.3 - Class locale::id

Provides an index for looking up specific facets.

The major design challenge is fitting an object-orientated and

non-global locale design on top of POSIX and other relevant standards,

which include the Single Unix (nee X/Open.)

Because C and earlier versions of POSIX fall down so completely,

portability is an issue.

       `locale -a` displays available locales.

af_ZA

ar_AE

ar_AE.utf8

ar_BH

ar_BH.utf8

ar_DZ

ar_DZ.utf8

ar_EG

ar_EG.utf8

ar_IN

ar_IQ

ar_IQ.utf8

ar_JO

ar_JO.utf8

ar_KW

ar_KW.utf8

ar_LB

ar_LB.utf8

ar_LY

ar_LY.utf8

ar_MA

ar_MA.utf8

ar_OM

ar_OM.utf8

ar_QA

ar_QA.utf8

ar_SA

ar_SA.utf8

ar_SD

ar_SD.utf8

ar_SY

ar_SY.utf8

ar_TN

ar_TN.utf8

ar_YE

ar_YE.utf8

be_BY

be_BY.utf8

bg_BG

bg_BG.utf8

br_FR

bs_BA

C

ca_ES

ca_ES@euro

ca_ES.utf8

ca_ES.utf8@euro

cs_CZ

cs_CZ.utf8

cy_GB

da_DK

da_DK.iso885915

da_DK.utf8

de_AT

de_AT@euro

de_AT.utf8

de_AT.utf8@euro

de_BE

de_BE@euro

de_BE.utf8

de_BE.utf8@euro

de_CH

de_CH.utf8

de_DE

de_DE@euro

de_DE.utf8

de_DE.utf8@euro

de_LU

de_LU@euro

de_LU.utf8

de_LU.utf8@euro

el_GR

el_GR.utf8

en_AU

en_AU.utf8

en_BW

en_BW.utf8

en_CA

en_CA.utf8

en_DK

en_DK.utf8

en_GB

en_GB.iso885915

en_GB.utf8

en_HK

en_HK.utf8

en_IE

en_IE@euro

en_IE.utf8

en_IE.utf8@euro

en_IN

en_NZ

en_NZ.utf8

en_PH

en_PH.utf8

en_SG

en_SG.utf8

en_US

en_US.iso885915

en_US.utf8

en_ZA

en_ZA.utf8

en_ZW

en_ZW.utf8

es_AR

es_AR.utf8

es_BO

es_BO.utf8

es_CL

es_CL.utf8

es_CO

es_CO.utf8

es_CR

es_CR.utf8

es_DO

es_DO.utf8

es_EC

es_EC.utf8

es_ES

es_ES@euro

es_ES.utf8

es_ES.utf8@euro

es_GT

es_GT.utf8

es_HN

es_HN.utf8

es_MX

es_MX.utf8

es_NI

es_NI.utf8

es_PA

es_PA.utf8

es_PE

es_PE.utf8

es_PR

es_PR.utf8

es_PY

es_PY.utf8

es_SV

es_SV.utf8

es_US

es_US.utf8

es_UY

es_UY.utf8

es_VE

es_VE.utf8

et_EE

et_EE.utf8

eu_ES

eu_ES@euro

eu_ES.utf8

eu_ES.utf8@euro

fa_IR

fi_FI

fi_FI@euro

fi_FI.utf8

fi_FI.utf8@euro

fo_FO

fo_FO.utf8

fr_BE

fr_BE@euro

fr_BE.utf8

fr_BE.utf8@euro

fr_CA

fr_CA.utf8

fr_CH

fr_CH.utf8

fr_FR

fr_FR@euro

fr_FR.utf8

fr_FR.utf8@euro

fr_LU

fr_LU@euro

fr_LU.utf8

fr_LU.utf8@euro

ga_IE

ga_IE@euro

ga_IE.utf8

ga_IE.utf8@euro

gl_ES

gl_ES@euro

gl_ES.utf8

gl_ES.utf8@euro

gv_GB

gv_GB.utf8

he_IL

he_IL.utf8

hi_IN

hr_HR

hr_HR.utf8

hu_HU

hu_HU.utf8

id_ID

id_ID.utf8

is_IS

is_IS.utf8

it_CH

it_CH.utf8

it_IT

it_IT@euro

it_IT.utf8

it_IT.utf8@euro

iw_IL

iw_IL.utf8

ja_JP.eucjp

ja_JP.utf8

ka_GE

kl_GL

kl_GL.utf8

ko_KR.euckr

ko_KR.utf8

kw_GB

kw_GB.utf8

lt_LT

lt_LT.utf8

lv_LV

lv_LV.utf8

mi_NZ

mk_MK

mk_MK.utf8

mr_IN

ms_MY

ms_MY.utf8

mt_MT

mt_MT.utf8

nl_BE

nl_BE@euro

nl_BE.utf8

nl_BE.utf8@euro

nl_NL

nl_NL@euro

nl_NL.utf8

nl_NL.utf8@euro

nn_NO

nn_NO.utf8

no_NO

no_NO.utf8

oc_FR

pl_PL

pl_PL.utf8

POSIX

pt_BR

pt_BR.utf8

pt_PT

pt_PT@euro

pt_PT.utf8

pt_PT.utf8@euro

ro_RO

ro_RO.utf8

ru_RU

ru_RU.koi8r

ru_RU.utf8

ru_UA

ru_UA.utf8

se_NO

sk_SK

sk_SK.utf8

sl_SI

sl_SI.utf8

sq_AL

sq_AL.utf8

sr_YU

sr_YU@cyrillic

sr_YU.utf8

sr_YU.utf8@cyrillic

sv_FI

sv_FI@euro

sv_FI.utf8

sv_FI.utf8@euro

sv_SE

sv_SE.iso885915

sv_SE.utf8

ta_IN

te_IN

tg_TJ

th_TH

th_TH.utf8

tl_PH

tr_TR

tr_TR.utf8

uk_UA

uk_UA.utf8

ur_PK

uz_UZ

vi_VN

vi_VN.tcvn

wa_BE

wa_BE@euro

yi_US

zh_CN

zh_CN.gb18030

zh_CN.gbk

zh_CN.utf8

zh_HK

zh_HK.utf8

zh_TW

zh_TW.euctw

zh_TW.utf8

       `locale` displays environmental variables that

       impact how locale("") will be deduced.

LANG=en_US

LC_CTYPE="en_US"

LC_NUMERIC="en_US"

LC_TIME="en_US"

LC_COLLATE="en_US"

LC_MONETARY="en_US"

LC_MESSAGES="en_US"

LC_PAPER="en_US"

LC_NAME="en_US"

LC_ADDRESS="en_US"

LC_TELEPHONE="en_US"

LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US"

LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US"

LC_ALL=

From Josuttis, p. 697-698, which says, that "there is only *one*

relation (of the C++ locale mechanism) to the C locale mechanism: the

global C locale is modified if a named C++ locale object is set as the

global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:

std::locale::global(std::locale(""));

affects the C functions as if the following call was made:

std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "");

  On the other hand, there is *no* vice versa, that is, calling

  setlocale has *no* whatsoever on the C++ locale mechanism, in

  particular on the working of locale(""), which constructs the locale

  object from the environment of the running program, that is, in

  practice, the set of LC_ALL, LANG, etc. variable of the shell.

       Locale initialization: at what point does _S_classic, _S_global

       get initialized? Can named locales assume this initialization

       has already taken place?

       Document how named locales error check when filling data

       members. I.e., a fr_FR locale that doesn't have

       numpunct::truename(): does it use "true"? Or is it a blank

       string? What's the convention?

       Explain how locale aliasing happens. When does "de_DE" use "de"

       information? What is the rule for locales composed of just an

       ISO language code (say, "de") and locales with both an ISO

       language code and ISO country code (say, "de_DE").

       What should non-required facet instantiations do?  If the

       generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users

       provide specializations?

      The GNU C Library

    McGrathRoland

    DrepperUlrich

      2007

      FSF

      Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and

      Internationalization

      Correspondence

    DrepperUlrich

      2002

      ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++

      1998

      ISO

      ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C

      1999

      ISO

      2008

        The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

        Engineers, Inc.

      The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition

    StroustrupBjarne

      2000

      Addison Wesley, Inc.

    Appendix D

        Addison Wesley

      Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales

      Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference

    LangerAngelika

    KreftKlaus

      2000

      Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

        Addison Wesley Longman