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;; ARM 1026EJ-S Pipeline Description

;; Copyright (C) 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Written by CodeSourcery, LLC.

;;

;; This file is part of GCC.

;;

;; GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

;; under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)

;; any later version.

;;

;; GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

;; WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU

;; General Public License for more details.

;;

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

;; along with GCC; see the file COPYING3.  If not see

;; .  */

;; These descriptions are based on the information contained in the

;; ARM1026EJ-S Technical Reference Manual, Copyright (c) 2003 ARM

;; Limited.

;;

;; This automaton provides a pipeline description for the ARM

;; 1026EJ-S core.

;;

;; The model given here assumes that the condition for all conditional

;; instructions is "true", i.e., that all of the instructions are

;; actually executed.

(define_automaton "arm1026ejs")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Pipelines

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; There are two pipelines:

;;

;; - An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) pipeline.

;;

;;   The ALU pipeline has fetch, issue, decode, execute, memory, and

;;   write stages. We only need to model the execute, memory and write

;;   stages.

;;

;; - A Load-Store Unit (LSU) pipeline.

;;

;;   The LSU pipeline has decode, execute, memory, and write stages.

;;   We only model the execute, memory and write stages.

(define_cpu_unit "a_e,a_m,a_w" "arm1026ejs")

(define_cpu_unit "l_e,l_m,l_w" "arm1026ejs")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; ALU Instructions

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; ALU instructions require three cycles to execute, and use the ALU

;; pipeline in each of the three stages.  The results are available

;; after the execute stage stage has finished.

;;

;; If the destination register is the PC, the pipelines are stalled

;; for several cycles.  That case is not modeled here.

;; ALU operations with no shifted operand

(define_insn_reservation "alu_op" 1

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "alu"))

 "a_e,a_m,a_w")

;; ALU operations with a shift-by-constant operand

(define_insn_reservation "alu_shift_op" 1

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "alu_shift"))

 "a_e,a_m,a_w")

;; ALU operations with a shift-by-register operand

;; These really stall in the decoder, in order to read

;; the shift value in a second cycle. Pretend we take two cycles in

;; the execute stage.

(define_insn_reservation "alu_shift_reg_op" 2

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "alu_shift_reg"))

 "a_e*2,a_m,a_w")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Multiplication Instructions

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Multiplication instructions loop in the execute stage until the

;; instruction has been passed through the multiplier array enough

;; times.

;; The result of the "smul" and "smulw" instructions is not available

;; until after the memory stage.

(define_insn_reservation "mult1" 2

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "smulxy,smulwy"))

 "a_e,a_m,a_w")

;; The "smlaxy" and "smlawx" instructions require two iterations through

;; the execute stage; the result is available immediately following

;; the execute stage.

(define_insn_reservation "mult2" 2

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "smlaxy,smlalxy,smlawx"))

 "a_e*2,a_m,a_w")

;; The "smlalxy", "mul", and "mla" instructions require two iterations

;; through the execute stage; the result is not available until after

;; the memory stage.

(define_insn_reservation "mult3" 3

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "smlalxy,mul,mla"))

 "a_e*2,a_m,a_w")

;; The "muls" and "mlas" instructions loop in the execute stage for

;; four iterations in order to set the flags.  The value result is

;; available after three iterations.

(define_insn_reservation "mult4" 3

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "muls,mlas"))

 "a_e*4,a_m,a_w")

;; Long multiply instructions that produce two registers of

;; output (such as umull) make their results available in two cycles;

;; the least significant word is available before the most significant

;; word.  That fact is not modeled; instead, the instructions are

;; described.as if the entire result was available at the end of the

;; cycle in which both words are available.

;; The "umull", "umlal", "smull", and "smlal" instructions all take

;; three iterations through the execute cycle, and make their results

;; available after the memory cycle.

(define_insn_reservation "mult5" 4

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "umull,umlal,smull,smlal"))

 "a_e*3,a_m,a_w")

;; The "umulls", "umlals", "smulls", and "smlals" instructions loop in

;; the execute stage for five iterations in order to set the flags.

;; The value result is available after four iterations.

(define_insn_reservation "mult6" 4

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "insn" "umulls,umlals,smulls,smlals"))

 "a_e*5,a_m,a_w")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Load/Store Instructions

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; The models for load/store instructions do not accurately describe

;; the difference between operations with a base register writeback

;; (such as "ldm!").  These models assume that all memory references

;; hit in dcache.

;; LSU instructions require six cycles to execute.  They use the ALU

;; pipeline in all but the 5th cycle, and the LSU pipeline in cycles

;; three through six.

;; Loads and stores which use a scaled register offset or scaled

;; register pre-indexed addressing mode take three cycles EXCEPT for

;; those that are base + offset with LSL of 0 or 2, or base - offset

;; with LSL of zero.  The remainder take 1 cycle to execute.

;; For 4byte loads there is a bypass from the load stage

(define_insn_reservation "load1_op" 2

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "load_byte,load1"))

 "a_e+l_e,l_m,a_w+l_w")

(define_insn_reservation "store1_op" 0

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "store1"))

 "a_e+l_e,l_m,a_w+l_w")

;; A load's result can be stored by an immediately following store

(define_bypass 1 "load1_op" "store1_op" "arm_no_early_store_addr_dep")

;; On a LDM/STM operation, the LSU pipeline iterates until all of the

;; registers have been processed.

;;

;; The time it takes to load the data depends on whether or not the

;; base address is 64-bit aligned; if it is not, an additional cycle

;; is required.  This model assumes that the address is always 64-bit

;; aligned.  Because the processor can load two registers per cycle,

;; that assumption means that we use the same instruction reservations

;; for loading 2k and 2k - 1 registers.

;;

;; The ALU pipeline is stalled until the completion of the last memory

;; stage in the LSU pipeline.  That is modeled by keeping the ALU

;; execute stage busy until that point.

;;

;; As with ALU operations, if one of the destination registers is the

;; PC, there are additional stalls; that is not modeled.

(define_insn_reservation "load2_op" 2

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "load2"))

 "a_e+l_e,l_m,a_w+l_w")

(define_insn_reservation "store2_op" 0

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "store2"))

 "a_e+l_e,l_m,a_w+l_w")

(define_insn_reservation "load34_op" 3

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "load3,load4"))

 "a_e+l_e,a_e+l_e+l_m,a_e+l_m,a_w+l_w")

(define_insn_reservation "store34_op" 0

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "store3,store4"))

 "a_e+l_e,a_e+l_e+l_m,a_e+l_m,a_w+l_w")

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Branch and Call Instructions

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; Branch instructions are difficult to model accurately.  The ARM

;; core can predict most branches.  If the branch is predicted

;; correctly, and predicted early enough, the branch can be completely

;; eliminated from the instruction stream.  Some branches can

;; therefore appear to require zero cycles to execute.  We assume that

;; all branches are predicted correctly, and that the latency is

;; therefore the minimum value.

(define_insn_reservation "branch_op" 0

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "branch"))

 "nothing")

;; The latency for a call is not predictable.  Therefore, we use 32 as

;; roughly equivalent to positive infinity.

(define_insn_reservation "call_op" 32

 (and (eq_attr "tune" "arm1026ejs")

      (eq_attr "type" "call"))

 "nothing")