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SIS - Sparc Instruction Simulator README file  (v2.0, 05-02-1996)

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1. Introduction

The SIS is a SPARC V7 architecture simulator. It consist of two parts,

the simulator core and a user defined memory module. The simulator

core executes the instructions while the memory module emulates memory

and peripherals.

2. Usage

The simulator is started as follows:

sis [-uart1 uart_device1] [-uart2 uart_device2]

    [-nfp] [-freq frequency] [-c batch_file] [files]

The default uart devices for SIS are /dev/ptypc and /dev/ptypd. The

-uart[1,2] switch can be used to connect the uarts to other devices.

Use 'tip /dev/ttypc'  to connect a terminal emulator to the uarts.

The '-nfp' will disable the simulated FPU, so each FPU instruction will

generate a FPU disabled trap. The '-freq' switch can be used to define

which "frequency" the simulator runs at. This is used by the 'perf'

command to calculated the MIPS figure for a particular configuration.

The give frequency must be an integer indicating the frequency in MHz.

The -c option indicates that sis commands should be read from 'batch_file'

at startup.

Files to be loaded must be in one of the supported formats (see INSTALLATION),

and will be loaded into the simulated memory. The file formats are

automatically recognised.

The script 'startsim' will start the simulator in one xterm window and

open a terminal emulator (tip) connected to the UART A in a second

xterm window. Below is description of commands  that are recognized by

the simulator. The command-line is parsed using GNU readline. A command

history of 64 commands is maintained. Use the up/down arrows to recall

previous commands. For more details, see the readline documentation.

batch 

Execute a batch file of SIS commands.

+bp 

Adds an breakpoint at address 
.

bp

Prints all breakpoints

-bp 

Deletes breakpoint . Use 'bp' to see which number is assigned to the

breakpoints.

cont [inst_count]

Continue execution at present position, optionally for [inst_count]

instructions.

dis [addr] [count]

Disassemble [count] instructions at address [addr]. Default values for

count is 16 and addr is the present address.

echo 

Print  to the simulator window.

float

Prints the FPU registers

go 
 [inst_count]

The go command will set pc to 
 and npc to 
 + 4, and start

execution. No other initialisation will be done. If inst_count is given,

execution will stop after the specified number of instructions.

help

Print a small help menu for the SIS commands.

hist [trace_length]

Enable the instruction trace buffer. The 'trace_length' last executed

instructions will be placed in the trace buffer. A 'hist' command without

a trace_length will display the trace buffer. Specifying a zero trace

length will disable the trace buffer.

load  

Loads a file into simulator memory.

mem [addr] [count]

Display memory at [addr] for [count] bytes. Same default values as above.

quit

Exits the simulator.

perf [reset]

The 'perf' command will display various execution statistics. A 'perf reset'

command will reset the statistics. This can be used if statistics shall

be calculated only over a part of the program. The 'run' and 'reset'

command also resets the statistic information.

reg [reg_name] [value]

Prints and sets the IU regiters. 'reg' without parameters prints the IU

registers. 'reg [reg_name] [value]' sets the corresponding register to

[value]. Valid register names are psr, tbr, wim, y, g1-g7, o0-o7 and

l0-l7.

reset

Performs a power-on reset. This command is equal to 'run 0'.

run [inst_count]

Resets the simulator and starts execution from address 0. If an instruction

count is given (inst_count), the simulator will stop after the specified

number of instructions. The event queue is emptied but any set breakpoints

remain.

step

Equal to 'trace 1'

tra [inst_count]

Starts the simulator at the present position and prints each instruction

it executes. If an instruction count is given (inst_count), the simulator

will stop after the specified number of instructions.

Typing a 'Ctrl-C' will interrupt a running simulator.

Short forms of the commands are allowed, e.g 'c' 'co' or 'con' are all

interpreted as 'cont'.

3. Simulator core

The SIS emulates the behavior of the 90C601E and 90C602E sparc IU and

FPU from Matra MHS. These are roughly equivalent to the Cypress C601

and C602.  The simulator is cycle true, i.e a simulator time is

maintained and inremented according the IU and FPU instruction timing.

The parallel execution between the IU and FPU is modelled, as well as

stalls due to operand dependencies (FPU). The core interacts with the

user-defined memory modules through a number of functions. The memory

module must provide the following functions:

int memory_read(asi,addr,data,ws)

int asi;

unsigned int addr;

unsigned int *data;

int *ws;

int memory_write(asi,addr,data,sz,ws)

int asi;

unsigned int addr;

unsigned int *data;

int sz;

int *ws;

int sis_memory_read(addr, data, length)

unsigned int addr;

char   *data;

unsigned int length;

int sis_memory_write(addr, data, length)

unsigned int addr;

char    *data;

unsigned int length;

int init_sim()

int reset()

int error_mode(pc)

unsigned int pc;

memory_read() is used by the simulator to fetch instructions and

operands.  The address space identifier (asi) and address is passed as

parameters. The read data should be assigned to the data pointer

(*data) and the number of waitstate to *ws. 'memory_read' should return

instruction fetch trap. memory_read() always reads one 32-bit word.

sis_memory_read() is used by the simulator to display and disassemble

memory contants. The function should copy 'length' bytes of the simulated

memory starting at 'addr' to '*data'.

The sis_memory_read() should return 1 on success and 0 on failure.

Failure should only be indicated if access to unimplemented memory is attempted.

memory_write() is used to write to memory. In addition to the asi

and address parameters, the size of the written data is given by 'sz'.

The pointer *data points to the data to be written. The 'sz' is coded

as follows:

  sz    access type

  1       halfword

  2       word

  3       double-word

If a double word is written, the most significant word is in data[0] and

the least significant in data[1].

sis_memory_write() is used by the simulator during loading of programs.

The function should copy 'length' bytes from *data to the simulated

memory starting at 'addr'. sis_memory_write() should return 1 on

success and 0 on failure. Failure should only be indicated if access

to unimplemented memory is attempted. See erc32.c for more details

on how to define the memory emulation functions.

The 'init_sim' is called once when the simulator is started. This function

should be used to perform initialisations of user defined memory or

peripherals that only have to be done once, such as opening files etc.

The 'reset' is called every time the simulator is reset, i.e. when a

'run' command is given. This function should be used to simulate a power

on reset of memory and peripherals.

error_mode() is called by the simulator when the IU goes into error mode,

typically if a trap is caused when traps are disabled. The memory module

can then take actions, such as issue a reset.

sys_reset() can be called by the memory module to reset the simulator. A

reset will empty the event queue and perform a power-on reset.

4. Events and interrupts

The simulator supports an event queue and the generation of processor

interrupts. The following functions are available to the user-defined

memory module:

event(cfunc,arg,delta)

void (*cfunc)();

int arg;

unsigned int delta;

set_int(level,callback,arg)

int level;

void (*callback)();

int arg;

clear_int(level)

int level;

sim_stop()

The 'event' functions will schedule the execution of the function 'cfunc'

at time 'now + delta' clock cycles. The parameter 'arg' is passed as a

parameter to 'cfunc'.

The 'set_int' function set the processor interrupt 'level'. When the interrupt

is taken, the function 'callback' is called with the argument 'arg'. This

will also clear the interrupt. An interrupt can be cleared before it is

taken by calling 'clear_int' with the appropriate interrupt level.

The sim_stop function is called each time the simulator stops execution.

It can be used to flush buffered devices to get a clean state during

single stepping etc.

See 'erc32.c' for examples on how to use events and interrupts.

5. Memory module

The supplied memory module (erc32.c) emulates the functions of memory and

the MEC asic developed for the 90C601/2. It includes the following functions:

* UART A & B

* Real-time clock

* General purpose timer

* Interrupt controller

* Breakpoint register

* Watchpoint register

* 512 Kbyte ROM

* 4 Mbyte RAM

See README.erc32 on how the MEC functions are emulated.  For a detailed MEC

specification, look at the ERC32 home page at URL:

http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/erc32

6. Compile and linking programs

The directory 'examples' contain some code fragments for SIS.

The script gccx indicates how the native sunos gcc and linker can be used

to produce executables for the simulator. To compile and link the provided

'hello.c', type 'gccx hello.c'. This will build the executable 'hello'.

Start the simulator by running 'startsim hello', and issue the command 'run.

After the program is terminated, the IU will be force to error mode through

a software trap and halt.

The programs are linked with a start-up file, srt0.S. This file includes

the traptable and window underflow/overflow trap routines.

7. IU and FPU instruction timing.

The simulator provides cycle true simulation. The following table shows

the emulated instruction timing for 90C601E & 90C602E:

Instructions          Cycles

jmpl, rett              2

load                    2

store                   3

load double             3

store double            4

other integer ops       1

fabs                    2

fadds                   4

faddd                   4

fcmps                   4

fcmpd                   4

fdivs                   20

fdivd                   35

fmovs                   2

fmuls                   5

fmuld                   9

fnegs                   2

fsqrts                  37

fsqrtd                  65

fsubs                   4

fsubd                   4

fdtoi                   7

fdots                   3

fitos                   6

fitod                   6

fstoi                   6

fstod                   2

The parallel operation between the IU and FPU is modelled. This means

that a FPU instruction will execute in parallel with other instructions as

long as no data or resource dependency is detected. See the 90C602E data

sheet for the various types of dependencies. Tracing using the 'trace'

command will display the current simulator time in the left column. This

time indicates when the instruction is fetched. If a dependency is detetected,

the following fetch will be delayed until the conflict is resolved.

The load dependency in the 90C601E is also modelled - if the destination

register of a load instruction is used by the following instruction, an

idle cycle is inserted.

8. FPU implementation

The simulator maps floating-point operations on the hosts floating point

capabilities. This means that accuracy and generation of IEEE exceptions is

host dependent.