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@c Copyright 2002, 2003, 2005

@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@c   Contributed by David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>

@c This is part of the GAS manual.

@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.

@ifset GENERIC

@page

@node IA-64-Dependent

@chapter IA-64 Dependent Features

@end ifset

@ifclear GENERIC

@node Machine Dependencies

@chapter IA-64 Dependent Features

@end ifclear

@cindex IA-64 support

@menu

* IA-64 Options::              Options

* IA-64 Syntax::               Syntax

@c * IA-64 Floating Point::       Floating Point                // to be written

@c * IA-64 Directives::           IA-64 Machine Directives      // to be written

* IA-64 Opcodes::              Opcodes

@end menu

@node IA-64 Options

@section Options

@cindex IA-64 options

@cindex options for IA-64

@table @option

@cindex @code{-mconstant-gp} command line option, IA-64

@item -mconstant-gp

This option instructs the assembler to mark the resulting object file

as using the ``constant GP'' model.  With this model, it is assumed

that the entire program uses a single global pointer (GP) value.  Note

that this option does not in any fashion affect the machine code

emitted by the assembler.  All it does is turn on the EF_IA_64_CONS_GP

flag in the ELF file header.

@item -mauto-pic

This option instructs the assembler to mark the resulting object file

as using the ``constant GP without function descriptor'' data model.

This model is like the ``constant GP'' model, except that it

additionally does away with function descriptors.  What this means is

that the address of a function refers directly to the function's code

entry-point.  Normally, such an address would refer to a function

descriptor, which contains both the code entry-point and the GP-value

needed by the function.  Note that this option does not in any fashion

affect the machine code emitted by the assembler.  All it does is

turn on the EF_IA_64_NOFUNCDESC_CONS_GP flag in the ELF file header.

@item -milp32

@item -milp64

@item -mlp64

@item -mp64

These options select the data model.  The assembler defaults to @code{-mlp64}

(LP64 data model).

@item -mle

@item -mbe

These options select the byte order.  The @code{-mle} option selects little-endian

byte order (default) and @code{-mbe} selects big-endian byte order.  Note that

IA-64 machine code always uses little-endian byte order.

@item -mtune=itanium1

@item -mtune=itanium2

Tune for a particular IA-64 CPU, @var{itanium1} or @var{itanium2}. The

default is @var{itanium2}.

@item -munwind-check=warning

@item -munwind-check=error

These options control what the assembler will do when performing

consistency checks on unwind directives.  @code{-munwind-check=warning}

will make the assembler issue a warning when an unwind directive check

fails.  This is the default.  @code{-munwind-check=error} will make the

assembler issue an error when an unwind directive check fails.

@item -mhint.b=ok

@item -mhint.b=warning

@item -mhint.b=error

These options control what the assembler will do when the @samp{hint.b}

instruction is used.  @code{-mhint.b=ok} will make the assembler accept

@samp{hint.b}.  @code{-mint.b=warning} will make the assembler issue a

warning when @samp{hint.b} is used.  @code{-mhint.b=error} will make

the assembler treat @samp{hint.b} as an error, which is the default.

@item -x

@item -xexplicit

These options turn on dependency violation checking.

@item -xauto

This option instructs the assembler to automatically insert stop bits where necessary

to remove dependency violations.  This is the default mode.

@item -xnone

This option turns off dependency violation checking.

@item -xdebug

This turns on debug output intended to help tracking down bugs in the dependency

violation checker.

@item -xdebugn

This is a shortcut for -xnone -xdebug.

@item -xdebugx

This is a shortcut for -xexplicit -xdebug.

@end table

@cindex IA-64 Syntax

@node IA-64 Syntax

@section Syntax

The assembler syntax closely follows the IA-64 Assembly Language

Reference Guide.

@menu

* IA-64-Chars::                Special Characters

* IA-64-Regs::                 Register Names

* IA-64-Bits::                 Bit Names

@c * IA-64-Relocs::               Relocations           // to be written

@end menu

@node IA-64-Chars

@subsection Special Characters

@cindex line comment character, IA-64

@cindex IA-64 line comment character

@samp{//} is the line comment token.

@cindex line separator, IA-64

@cindex statement separator, IA-64

@cindex IA-64 line separator

@samp{;} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.

@node IA-64-Regs

@subsection Register Names

@cindex IA-64 registers

@cindex register names, IA-64

The 128 integer registers are referred to as @samp{r@var{n}}.

The 128 floating-point registers are referred to as @samp{f@var{n}}.

The 128 application registers are referred to as @samp{ar@var{n}}.

The 128 control registers are referred to as @samp{cr@var{n}}.

The 64 one-bit predicate registers are referred to as @samp{p@var{n}}.

The 8 branch registers are referred to as @samp{b@var{n}}.

In addition, the assembler defines a number of aliases:

@samp{gp} (@samp{r1}), @samp{sp} (@samp{r12}), @samp{rp} (@samp{b0}),

@samp{ret0} (@samp{r8}), @samp{ret1} (@samp{r9}), @samp{ret2} (@samp{r10}),

@samp{ret3} (@samp{r9}), @samp{farg@var{n}} (@samp{f8+@var{n}}), and

@samp{fret@var{n}} (@samp{f8+@var{n}}).

For convenience, the assembler also defines aliases for all named application

and control registers.  For example, @samp{ar.bsp} refers to the register

backing store pointer (@samp{ar17}).  Similarly, @samp{cr.eoi} refers to

the end-of-interrupt register (@samp{cr67}).

@node IA-64-Bits

@subsection IA-64 Processor-Status-Register (PSR) Bit Names

@cindex IA-64 Processor-status-Register bit names

@cindex PSR bits

@cindex bit names, IA-64

The assembler defines bit masks for each of the bits in the IA-64

processor status register.  For example, @samp{psr.ic} corresponds to

a value of 0x2000.  These masks are primarily intended for use with

the @samp{ssm}/@samp{sum} and @samp{rsm}/@samp{rum}

instructions, but they can be used anywhere else where an integer

constant is expected.

@node IA-64 Opcodes

@section Opcodes

For detailed information on the IA-64 machine instruction set, see the

@c Attempt to work around a very overfull hbox.

@iftex

IA-64 Assembly Language Reference Guide available at

@smallfonts

@example

http://developer.intel.com/design/itanium/arch_spec.htm

@end example

@textfonts

@end iftex

@ifnottex

@uref{http://developer.intel.com/design/itanium/arch_spec.htm,IA-64 Architecture Handbook}.

@end ifnottex