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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

* Binutils: (binutils).         The GNU binary utilities.

END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line.

* ar: (binutils)ar.               Create, modify, and extract from archives.

* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt.     Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.

* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt.     MS-DOS name for c++filt.

* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool.     Create files needed to build and use DLLs.

* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv.     Converts object code into an NLM.

* nm: (binutils)nm.               List symbols from object files.

* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy.     Copy and translate object files.

* objdump: (binutils)objdump.     Display information from object files.

* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib.       Generate index to archive contents.

* readelf: (binutils)readelf.     Display the contents of ELF format files.

* size: (binutils)size.           List section sizes and total size.

* strings: (binutils)strings.     List printable strings from files.

* strip: (binutils)strip.         Discard symbols.

* windmc: (binutils)windmc.       Generator for Windows message resources.

* windres: (binutils)windres.     Manipulate Windows resources.

END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

File: binutils.info,  Node: Top,  Next: ar,  Up: (dir)

Introduction

************

This brief manual contains documentation for the GNU binary utilities

(GNU Binutils) version 2.20:

   This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free

Documentation License version 1.3.  A copy of the license is included

in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

* Menu:

* ar::                          Create, modify, and extract from archives

* nm::                          List symbols from object files

* objcopy::                     Copy and translate object files

* objdump::                     Display information from object files

* ranlib::                      Generate index to archive contents

* readelf::                     Display the contents of ELF format files

* size::                        List section sizes and total size

* strings::                     List printable strings from files

* strip::                       Discard symbols

* c++filt::                     Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols

* cxxfilt: c++filt.             MS-DOS name for c++filt

* addr2line::                   Convert addresses to file and line

* nlmconv::                     Converts object code into an NLM

* windres::                     Manipulate Windows resources

* windmc::                      Generator for Windows message resources

* dlltool::                     Create files needed to build and use DLLs

* Common Options::              Command-line options for all utilities

* Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target

* Reporting Bugs::              Reporting Bugs

* GNU Free Documentation License::  GNU Free Documentation License

* Binutils Index::              Binutils Index

File: binutils.info,  Node: ar,  Next: nm,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 ar

****

     ar [`--plugin' NAME] [-]P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]

     ar -M [ 

   The GNU `ar' program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives.

An "archive" is a single file holding a collection of other files in a

structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual

files (called "members" of the archive).

   The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner,

and group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on

extraction.

   GNU `ar' can maintain archives whose members have names of any

length; however, depending on how `ar' is configured on your system, a

limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility with

archive formats maintained with other tools.  If it exists, the limit

is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16

characters (typical of formats related to coff).

   `ar' is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort

are most often used as "libraries" holding commonly needed subroutines.

   `ar' creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object

modules in the archive when you specify the modifier `s'.  Once

created, this index is updated in the archive whenever `ar' makes a

change to its contents (save for the `q' update operation).  An archive

with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows

routines in the library to call each other without regard to their

placement in the archive.

   You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table.

If an archive lacks the table, another form of `ar' called `ranlib' can

be used to add just the table.

   GNU `ar' can optionally create a _thin_ archive, which contains a

symbol index and references to the original copies of the member files

of the archives.  Such an archive is useful for building libraries for

use within a local build, where the relocatable objects are expected to

remain available, and copying the contents of each object would only

waste time and space.  Thin archives are also _flattened_, so that

adding one or more archives to a thin archive will add the elements of

the nested archive individually.  The paths to the elements of the

archive are stored relative to the archive itself.

   GNU `ar' is designed to be compatible with two different facilities.

You can control its activity using command-line options, like the

different varieties of `ar' on Unix systems; or, if you specify the

single command-line option `-M', you can control it with a script

supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian" program.

* Menu:

* ar cmdline::                  Controlling `ar' on the command line

* ar scripts::                  Controlling `ar' with a script

File: binutils.info,  Node: ar cmdline,  Next: ar scripts,  Up: ar

1.1 Controlling `ar' on the Command Line

========================================

     ar [`--plugin' NAME] [`-X32_64'] [`-']P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]

   When you use `ar' in the Unix style, `ar' insists on at least two

arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the _operation_

(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying _modifiers_),

and the archive name to act on.

   Most operations can also accept further MEMBER arguments, specifying

particular files to operate on.

   GNU `ar' allows you to mix the operation code P and modifier flags

MOD in any order, within the first command-line argument.

   If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a

dash.

   The P keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any

of the following, but you must specify only one of them:

`d'

     _Delete_ modules from the archive.  Specify the names of modules to

     be deleted as MEMBER...; the archive is untouched if you specify

     no files to delete.

     If you specify the `v' modifier, `ar' lists each module as it is

     deleted.

`m'

     Use this operation to _move_ members in an archive.

     The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how

     programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in

     more than one member.

     If no modifiers are used with `m', any members you name in the

     MEMBER arguments are moved to the _end_ of the archive; you can

     use the `a', `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified

     place instead.

`p'

     _Print_ the specified members of the archive, to the standard

     output file.  If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member

     name before copying its contents to standard output.

     If you specify no MEMBER arguments, all the files in the archive

     are printed.

`q'

     _Quick append_; Historically, add the files MEMBER... to the end of

     ARCHIVE, without checking for replacement.

     The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do _not_ affect this operation;

     new members are always placed at the end of the archive.

     The modifier `v' makes `ar' list each file as it is appended.

     Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol

     table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can

     use `ar s' or `ranlib' explicitly to update the symbol table index.

     However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds

     the index, so GNU `ar' implements `q' as a synonym for `r'.

`r'

     Insert the files MEMBER... into ARCHIVE (with _replacement_). This

     operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members

     are deleted if their names match those being added.

     If one of the files named in MEMBER... does not exist, `ar'

     displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing

     members of the archive matching that name.

     By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you

     may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement

     relative to some existing member.

     The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output

     for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r'

     to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted)

     or replaced.

`t'

     Display a _table_ listing the contents of ARCHIVE, or those of the

     files listed in MEMBER... that are present in the archive.

     Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see

     the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can

     request that by also specifying the `v' modifier.

     If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are

     listed.

     If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in

     an archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first

     instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing--in

     our example, `ar t b.a'.

`x'

     _Extract_ members (named MEMBER) from the archive.  You can use

     the `v' modifier with this operation, to request that `ar' list

     each name as it extracts it.

     If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are

     extracted.

     Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive.

   A number of modifiers (MOD) may immediately follow the P keyletter,

to specify variations on an operation's behavior:

`a'

     Add new files _after_ an existing member of the archive.  If you

     use the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must

     be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE

     specification.

`b'

     Add new files _before_ an existing member of the archive.  If you

     use the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must

     be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE

     specification.  (same as `i').

`c'

     _Create_ the archive.  The specified ARCHIVE is always created if

     it did not exist, when you request an update.  But a warning is

     issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it,

     by using this modifier.

`D'

     Operate in _deterministic_ mode.  When adding files and the archive

     index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file

     modes for all files.  When this option is used, if `ar' is used

     with identical options and identical input files, multiple runs

     will create identical output files regardless of the input files'

     owners, groups, file modes, or modification times.

`f'

     Truncate names in the archive.  GNU `ar' will normally permit file

     names of any length.  This will cause it to create archives which

     are not compatible with the native `ar' program on some systems.

     If this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file

     names when putting them in the archive.

`i'

     Insert new files _before_ an existing member of the archive.  If

     you use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member

     must be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE

     specification.  (same as `b').

`l'

     This modifier is accepted but not used.

`N'

     Uses the COUNT parameter.  This is used if there are multiple

     entries in the archive with the same name.  Extract or delete

     instance COUNT of the given name from the archive.

`o'

     Preserve the _original_ dates of members when extracting them.  If

     you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive

     are stamped with the time of extraction.

`P'

     Use the full path name when matching names in the archive.  GNU

     `ar' can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives

     are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can.  This

     option will cause GNU `ar' to match file names using a complete

     path name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file

     from an archive created by another tool.

`s'

     Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing

     one, even if no other change is made to the archive.  You may use

     this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone.  Running

     `ar s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it.

`S'

     Do not generate an archive symbol table.  This can speed up

     building a large library in several steps.  The resulting archive

     can not be used with the linker.  In order to build a symbol

     table, you must omit the `S' modifier on the last execution of

     `ar', or you must run `ranlib' on the archive.

`T'

     Make the specified ARCHIVE a _thin_ archive.  If it already exists

     and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present in

     the same directory as ARCHIVE.

`u'

     Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive.  If

     you would like to insert _only_ those of the files you list that

     are newer than existing members of the same names, use this

     modifier.  The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r'

     (replace).  In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed,

     since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from

     the operation `q'.

`v'

     This modifier requests the _verbose_ version of an operation.  Many

     operations display additional information, such as filenames

     processed, when the modifier `v' is appended.

`V'

     This modifier shows the version number of `ar'.

   `ar' ignores an initial option spelt `-X32_64', for compatibility

with AIX.  The behaviour produced by this option is the default for GNU

`ar'.  `ar' does not support any of the other `-X' options; in

particular, it does not support `-X32' which is the default for AIX

`ar'.

   The optional command line switch `--plugin' NAME causes `ar' to load

the plugin called NAME which adds support for more file formats.  This

option is only available if the toolchain has been built with plugin

support enabled.

File: binutils.info,  Node: ar scripts,  Prev: ar cmdline,  Up: ar

1.2 Controlling `ar' with a Script

==================================

     ar -M [ 




    
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