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.\" ========================================================================

.\"

.IX Title "GPROF 1"

.TH GPROF 1 "2009-10-16" "binutils-2.20" "GNU"

.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes

.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.

.if n .ad l

.nh

.SH "NAME"

gprof \- display call graph profile data

.SH "SYNOPSIS"

.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

gprof [ \-[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]

 [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-R \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]annotated\-source[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]exec\-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]flat\-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no\-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all\-lines ] [ \-\-brief ]

 [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function\-ordering ]

 [ \-\-file\-ordering \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-\-directory\-path=\fIdirs\fR ]

 [ \-\-display\-unused\-functions ] [ \-\-file\-format=\fIname\fR ]

 [ \-\-file\-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min\-count=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-no\-static ] [ \-\-print\-path ] [ \-\-separate\-files ]

 [ \-\-static\-call\-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table\-length=\fIlen\fR ]

 [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-ignore\-non\-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]

 [ \-\-no\-demangle ] [\-\-external\-symbol\-table=name]

 [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]

.SH "DESCRIPTION"

.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77

programs.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile

of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file

(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs

that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of

\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.

The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines

that are compiled for profiling.  \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object

file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between

its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.

If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.

.PP

\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.

Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.

Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time

of the cycle.

.PP

Several forms of output are available from the analysis.

.PP

The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,

and how many times that function was called.  If you simply want to know

which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.

.PP

The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which

other functions it called, and how many times.  There is also an estimate

of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function.  This can

suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a

lot of time.

.PP

The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's

source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the

program was executed.

.SH "OPTIONS"

.IX Header "OPTIONS"

These options specify which of several output formats

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.

.PP

Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify

functions to be included or excluded.  These options can be

specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include

or exclude sets of symbols.

.PP

Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),

which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis

for all functions.

.ie n .IP """\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-A[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-b""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-b\fR" 4

.IX Item "-b"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-brief""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-brief\fR" 4

.IX Item "--brief"

.PD

If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the

verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in

the tables.  This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or

are tired of seeing the blurbs.

.ie n .IP """\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-C[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.

.Sp

If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying

the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block

execution counts to be tallied and displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-i""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-i\fR" 4

.IX Item "-i"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-info""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-info\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-info"

.PD

The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information

about the profile data file(s) and then exit.  The number of histogram,

call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-I dirs"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"

.PD

The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in

which to find source files.  Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR

can also be used to convey this information.

Used mostly for annotated source output.

.ie n .IP """\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-J[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-L""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-L\fR" 4

.IX Item "-L"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-print\-path""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-print\-path\fR" 4

.IX Item "--print-path"

.PD

Normally, source filenames are printed with the path

component suppressed.  The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

to print the full pathname of

source filenames, which is determined

from symbolic debugging information in the image file

and is relative to the directory in which the compiler

was invoked.

.ie n .IP """\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-p[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-P[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols

and their children.

.ie n .IP """\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the

call graph.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-t""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-t\fR" 4

.IX Item "-t"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--table-length=num"

.PD

The \fB\-t\fR option causes the \fInum\fR most active source lines in

each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled.  The

default is 10.

.ie n .IP """\-y""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-y\fR" 4

.IX Item "-y"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-separate\-files""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-separate\-files\fR" 4

.IX Item "--separate-files"

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files

to standard-output.  If this option is specified,

annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR

is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR.  If the underlying

file system would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it

overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates

annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the

original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR

with \fI.ann\fR).

.ie n .IP """\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-r""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-r\fR" 4

.IX Item "-r"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-function\-ordering""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-function\-ordering\fR" 4

.IX Item "--function-ordering"

.PD

The \fB\-\-function\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions

in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this

manual.

.ie n .IP """\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-R map_file"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file"

.PD

The \fB\-\-file\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option.

.Sp

The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides

function name to object file mappings.  The format of the file is similar to

the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR.

.Sp

.Vb 8

\&        c\-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse

\&        c\-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag

\&        c\-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name

\&        c\-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics

\&        c\-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword

\&        c\-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier

\&        c\-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type

\&        ...

.Ve

.Sp

To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like

\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-T""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-T\fR" 4

.IX Item "-T"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-traditional""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-traditional\fR" 4

.IX Item "--traditional"

.PD

The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in

\&\*(L"traditional\*(R" \s-1BSD\s0 style.

.ie n .IP """\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-w width"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--width=width"

.PD

Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR.

Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom

of the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-x""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-x\fR" 4

.IX Item "-x"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-all\-lines""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-all\-lines\fR" 4

.IX Item "--all-lines"

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block

are annotated.  If this option is specified, every line in

a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the

first line.  This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-demangle""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-demangle"

.PD

These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when

printing output.  The default is to demangle symbols.  The

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different

compilers have different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style

argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your

compiler.

.Sh "Analysis Options"

.IX Subsection "Analysis Options"

.ie n .IP """\-a""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-a\fR" 4

.IX Item "-a"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-static""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-static\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-static"

.PD

The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of

statically declared (private) functions.  (These are functions whose

names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the

file/function/block where they were defined.)  Time spent in these

functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the

function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.

This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-c""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-c\fR" 4

.IX Item "-c"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-static\-call\-graph""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-static\-call\-graph\fR" 4

.IX Item "--static-call-graph"

.PD

The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be

augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object

file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.

Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are

entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,

but never were.  Calls to functions that were not compiled with

profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table

entries are present for them.

Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found

by this option.

Parents or children identified via this heuristic

are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-D""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-D\fR" 4

.IX Item "-D"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-ignore\-non\-functions""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\fR" 4

.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions"

.PD

The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which

are not known to be functions.  This option will give more accurate

profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for

example).

.ie n .IP """\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-k from/to"

The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from

symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-l""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-l\fR" 4

.IX Item "-l"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-line""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-line\fR" 4

.IX Item "--line"

.PD

The \fB\-l\fR option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes

histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,

instead of functions.  This feature only works with programs compiled

by older versions of the \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR compiler.  Newer versions of

\&\f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR are designed to work with the \f(CW\*(C`gcov\*(C'\fR tool instead.

.Sp

If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,

this option will also identify how many times each line of

code was executed.

While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function

a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases

the running time of \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, and magnifies statistical

inaccuracies.

.ie n .IP """\-m \f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-m \f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-m num"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--min-count=num"

.PD

This option affects execution count output only.

Symbols that are executed less than \fInum\fR times are suppressed.

.ie n .IP """\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-nsymspec"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--time=symspec"

.PD

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

to only propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Nsymspec"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-time=symspec"

.PD

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

not to propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-S\f(CIfilename\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-S\f(CIfilename\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Sfilename"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-external\-symbol\-table=\f(CIfilename\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-external\-symbol\-table=\f(CIfilename\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--external-symbol-table=filename"

.PD

The \fB\-S\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to read an external symbol table

file, such as \fI/proc/kallsyms\fR, rather than read the symbol table

from the given object file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR). This is useful

for profiling kernel modules.

.ie n .IP """\-z""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-z\fR" 4

.IX Item "-z"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-display\-unused\-functions""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-display\-unused\-functions\fR" 4

.IX Item "--display-unused-functions"

.PD

If you give the \fB\-z\fR option, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR will mention all

functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and

that had no time spent in them.  This is useful in conjunction with the

\&\fB\-c\fR option for discovering which routines were never called.

.Sh "Miscellaneous Options"

.IX Subsection "Miscellaneous Options"

.ie n .IP """\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-d[num]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--debug[=num]"

.PD

The \fB\-d\fR \fInum\fR option specifies debugging options.

If \fInum\fR is not specified, enable all debugging.

.ie n .IP """\-h""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-h\fR" 4

.IX Item "-h"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-help""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-help\fR" 4

.IX Item "--help"

.PD

The \fB\-h\fR option prints command line usage.

.ie n .IP """\-O\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-O\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Oname"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-format=name"

.PD

Selects the format of the profile data files.  Recognized formats are

\&\fBauto\fR (the default), \fBbsd\fR, \fB4.4bsd\fR, \fBmagic\fR, and

\&\fBprof\fR (not yet supported).

.ie n .IP """\-s""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-s\fR" 4

.IX Item "-s"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-sum""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-sum\fR" 4

.IX Item "--sum"

.PD

The \fB\-s\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to summarize the information

in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data

file called \fIgmon.sum\fR, which contains all the information from

the profile data files that \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR read in.  The file \fIgmon.sum\fR

may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to

merge the data in the other input files into \fIgmon.sum\fR.

.Sp

Eventually you can run \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR again without \fB\-s\fR to analyze the

cumulative data in the file \fIgmon.sum\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-v""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-v\fR" 4

.IX Item "-v"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-version""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-version\fR" 4

.IX Item "--version"

.PD

The \fB\-v\fR flag causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the current version

number, and then exit.

.Sh "Deprecated Options"

.IX Subsection "Deprecated Options"

.RS 4

These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.

.Sp

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR

.Sp

The \fB\-e\fR \fIfunction\fR option tells \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to not print

information about the function \fIfunction_name\fR (and its

children...) in the call graph.  The function will still be listed

as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be

shown as \fB[not printed]\fR.  More than one \fB\-e\fR option may be

given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-e\fR

option.

.Sp

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR

.Sp

The \f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction\f(CW\*(C'\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-e\*(C'\fR option, but

time spent in the function (and children who were not called from

anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for

the call graph.  More than one \fB\-E\fR option may be given; only one

\&\fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-E\fR option.

.Sp

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR

.Sp

The \fB\-f\fR \fIfunction\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to limit the

call graph to the function \fIfunction_name\fR and its children (and

their children...).  More than one \fB\-f\fR option may be given;

only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-f\fR

option.

.Sp

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR

.Sp

The \fB\-F\fR \fIfunction\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR option, but

only time spent in the function and its children (and their

children...) will be used to determine total-time and

percentages-of-time for the call graph.  More than one \fB\-F\fR option

may be given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each

\&\fB\-F\fR option.  The \fB\-F\fR option overrides the \fB\-E\fR option.

.RE

.SH "FILES"

.IX Header "FILES"

.ie n .IP """\f(CIa.out\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIa.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "a.out"

the namelist and text space.

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "gmon.out"

dynamic call graph and profile.

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "gmon.sum"

summarized dynamic call graph and profile.

.SH "BUGS"

.IX Header "BUGS"

The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains

statistical at best.

We assume that the time for each execution of a function

can be expressed by the total time for the function divided

by the number of times the function is called.

Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's

parents is directly proportional to the number of times that

arc is traversed.

.PP

Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of

their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear

to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will

not have their time propagated further.

Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear

to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons).

Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times

propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during

the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost.

.PP

The profiled program must call \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR(2)

or return normally for the profiling information to be saved

in the \fIgmon.out\fR file.

.SH "SEE ALSO"

.IX Header "SEE ALSO"

\&\fImonitor\fR\|(3), \fIprofil\fR\|(2), \fIcc\fR\|(1), \fIprof\fR\|(1), and the Info entry for \fIgprof\fR.

.PP

\&\*(L"An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs\*(R",

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

Software \- Practice and Experience,

Vol. 13, pp. 671\-685, 1983.

.PP

\&\*(L"gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler\*(R",

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

Proceedings of the \s-1SIGPLAN\s0 '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction,

\&\s-1SIGPLAN\s0 Notices, Vol. 17, No  6, pp. 120\-126, June 1982.

.SH "COPYRIGHT"

.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"

Copyright (c) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

.PP

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no

Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the

section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".

.SH "POD ERRORS"

.IX Header "POD ERRORS"

Hey! \fBThe above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:\fR

.IP "Around line 539:" 4

.IX Item "Around line 539:"

You can't have =items (as at line 545) unless the first thing after the =over is an =item