OpenCores
URL https://opencores.org/ocsvn/openrisc_me/openrisc_me/trunk

Subversion Repositories openrisc_me

[/] [openrisc/] [trunk/] [gnu-src/] [gdb-7.1/] [include/] [coff/] [xcoff.h] - Blame information for rev 252

Go to most recent revision | Details | Compare with Previous | View Log

Line No. Rev Author Line
1 227 jeremybenn
/* Internal format of XCOFF object file data structures for BFD.
2
 
3
   Copyright 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005,
4
   2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
5
   Written by Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com>, Cygnus Support.
6
 
7
   This file is part of BFD, the Binary File Descriptor library.
8
 
9
   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
10
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
11
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
12
   (at your option) any later version.
13
 
14
   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
16
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
17
   GNU General Public License for more details.
18
 
19
   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
20
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
21
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.  */
22
 
23
#ifndef _INTERNAL_XCOFF_H
24
#define _INTERNAL_XCOFF_H
25
 
26
/* Linker */
27
 
28
/* Names of "special" sections.  */
29
#define _TEXT   ".text"
30
#define _DATA   ".data"
31
#define _BSS    ".bss"
32
#define _PAD    ".pad"
33
#define _LOADER ".loader"
34
#define _EXCEPT ".except"
35
#define _TYPCHK ".typchk"
36
 
37
/* XCOFF uses a special .loader section with type STYP_LOADER.  */
38
#define STYP_LOADER 0x1000
39
 
40
/* XCOFF uses a special .debug section with type STYP_DEBUG.  */
41
#define STYP_DEBUG 0x2000
42
 
43
/* XCOFF handles line number or relocation overflow by creating
44
   another section header with STYP_OVRFLO set.  */
45
#define STYP_OVRFLO 0x8000
46
 
47
/* Specifies an exception section.  A section of this type provides
48
   information to identify the reason that a trap or ececptin occured within
49
   and executable object program */
50
#define STYP_EXCEPT 0x0100
51
 
52
/* Specifies a type check section.  A section of this type contains parameter
53
   argument type check strings used by the AIX binder.  */
54
#define STYP_TYPCHK 0x4000
55
 
56
#define RS6K_AOUTHDR_OMAGIC 0x0107 /* old: text & data writeable */
57
#define RS6K_AOUTHDR_NMAGIC 0x0108 /* new: text r/o, data r/w */
58
#define RS6K_AOUTHDR_ZMAGIC 0x010B /* paged: text r/o, both page-aligned */
59
 
60
/* XCOFF relocation types.
61
   The relocations are described in the function
62
   xcoff[64]_ppc_relocate_section in coff64-rs6000.c and coff-rs6000.c  */
63
 
64
#define R_POS   (0x00)
65
#define R_NEG   (0x01)
66
#define R_REL   (0x02)
67
#define R_TOC   (0x03)
68
#define R_RTB   (0x04)
69
#define R_GL    (0x05)
70
#define R_TCL   (0x06)
71
#define R_BA    (0x08)
72
#define R_BR    (0x0a)
73
#define R_RL    (0x0c)
74
#define R_RLA   (0x0d)
75
#define R_REF   (0x0f)
76
#define R_TRL   (0x12)
77
#define R_TRLA  (0x13)
78
#define R_RRTBI (0x14)
79
#define R_RRTBA (0x15)
80
#define R_CAI   (0x16)
81
#define R_CREL  (0x17)
82
#define R_RBA   (0x18)
83
#define R_RBAC  (0x19)
84
#define R_RBR   (0x1a)
85
#define R_RBRC  (0x1b)
86
 
87
/* Storage class #defines, from /usr/include/storclass.h that are not already
88
   defined in internal.h */
89
 
90
/* Comment string in .info section */
91
#define C_INFO          110     
92
 
93
/* Auxillary Symbol Entries  */
94
 
95
/* x_smtyp values:  */
96
#define SMTYP_ALIGN(x)  ((x) >> 3)      /* log2 of alignment */
97
#define SMTYP_SMTYP(x)  ((x) & 0x7)     /* symbol type */
98
/* Symbol type values:  */
99
#define XTY_ER  0                /* External reference */
100
#define XTY_SD  1               /* Csect definition */
101
#define XTY_LD  2               /* Label definition */
102
#define XTY_CM  3               /* .BSS */
103
#define XTY_EM  4               /* Error message */
104
#define XTY_US  5               /* "Reserved for internal use" */
105
 
106
/* x_smclas values:  */
107
#define XMC_PR  0                /* Read-only program code */
108
#define XMC_RO  1               /* Read-only constant */
109
#define XMC_DB  2               /* Read-only debug dictionary table */
110
#define XMC_TC  3               /* Read-write general TOC entry */
111
#define XMC_UA  4               /* Read-write unclassified */
112
#define XMC_RW  5               /* Read-write data */
113
#define XMC_GL  6               /* Read-only global linkage */
114
#define XMC_XO  7               /* Read-only extended operation */
115
#define XMC_SV  8               /* Read-only supervisor call */
116
#define XMC_BS  9               /* Read-write BSS */
117
#define XMC_DS  10              /* Read-write descriptor csect */
118
#define XMC_UC  11              /* Read-write unnamed Fortran common */
119
#define XMC_TI  12              /* Read-only traceback index csect */
120
#define XMC_TB  13              /* Read-only traceback table csect */
121
/*              14      ??? */
122
#define XMC_TC0 15              /* Read-write TOC anchor */
123
#define XMC_TD  16              /* Read-write data in TOC */
124
#define XMC_SV64   17           /* Read-only 64 bit supervisor call */
125
#define XMC_SV3264 18           /* Read-only 32 or 64 bit supervisor call */
126
 
127
/* The ldhdr structure.  This appears at the start of the .loader
128
   section.  */
129
 
130
struct internal_ldhdr
131
{
132
  /* The version number:
133
     1 : 32 bit
134
     2 : 64 bit */
135
  unsigned long l_version;
136
 
137
  /* The number of symbol table entries.  */
138
  bfd_size_type l_nsyms;
139
 
140
  /* The number of relocation table entries.  */
141
  bfd_size_type l_nreloc;
142
 
143
  /* The length of the import file string table.  */
144
  bfd_size_type l_istlen;
145
 
146
  /* The number of import files.  */
147
  bfd_size_type l_nimpid;
148
 
149
  /* The offset from the start of the .loader section to the first
150
     entry in the import file table.  */
151
  bfd_size_type l_impoff;
152
 
153
  /* The length of the string table.  */
154
  bfd_size_type l_stlen;
155
 
156
  /* The offset from the start of the .loader section to the first
157
     entry in the string table.  */
158
  bfd_size_type l_stoff;
159
 
160
  /* The offset to start of the symbol table, only in XCOFF64 */
161
  bfd_vma l_symoff;
162
 
163
  /* The offset to the start of the relocation table, only in XCOFF64 */
164
  bfd_vma l_rldoff;
165
};
166
 
167
/* The ldsym structure.  This is used to represent a symbol in the
168
   .loader section.  */
169
 
170
struct internal_ldsym
171
{
172
  union
173
  {
174
    /* The symbol name if <= SYMNMLEN characters.  */
175
    char _l_name[SYMNMLEN];
176
    struct
177
    {
178
      /* Zero if the symbol name is more than SYMNMLEN characters.  */
179
        long _l_zeroes;
180
 
181
      /* The offset in the string table if the symbol name is more
182
         than SYMNMLEN characters.  */
183
      long _l_offset;
184
    }
185
    _l_l;
186
  }
187
  _l;
188
 
189
  /* The symbol value.  */
190
  bfd_vma l_value;
191
 
192
  /* The symbol section number.  */
193
  short l_scnum;
194
 
195
  /* The symbol type and flags.  */
196
  char l_smtype;
197
 
198
  /* The symbol storage class.  */
199
  char l_smclas;
200
 
201
  /* The import file ID.  */
202
  bfd_size_type l_ifile;
203
 
204
  /* Offset to the parameter type check string.  */
205
  bfd_size_type l_parm;
206
};
207
 
208
/* These flags are for the l_smtype field (the lower three bits are an
209
   XTY_* value).  */
210
 
211
/* Imported symbol.  */
212
#define L_IMPORT (0x40)
213
/* Entry point.  */
214
#define L_ENTRY (0x20)
215
/* Exported symbol.  */
216
#define L_EXPORT (0x10)
217
/* Weak symbol.  */
218
#define L_WEAK (0x08)
219
 
220
/* The ldrel structure.  This is used to represent a reloc in the
221
   .loader section.  */
222
 
223
struct internal_ldrel
224
{
225
  /* The reloc address.  */
226
  bfd_vma l_vaddr;
227
 
228
  /* The symbol table index in the .loader section symbol table.  */
229
  bfd_size_type l_symndx;
230
 
231
  /* The relocation type and size.  */
232
  short l_rtype;
233
 
234
  /* The section number this relocation applies to.  */
235
  short l_rsecnm;
236
};
237
 
238
/* An entry in the XCOFF linker hash table.  */
239
struct xcoff_link_hash_entry
240
{
241
  struct bfd_link_hash_entry root;
242
 
243
  /* Symbol index in output file.  Set to -1 initially.  Set to -2 if
244
     there is a reloc against this symbol.  */
245
  long indx;
246
 
247
  /* If we have created a TOC entry for this symbol, this is the .tc
248
     section which holds it.  */
249
  asection *toc_section;
250
 
251
  union
252
  {
253
    /* If we have created a TOC entry (the XCOFF_SET_TOC flag is
254
       set), this is the offset in toc_section.  */
255
    bfd_vma toc_offset;
256
 
257
    /* If the TOC entry comes from an input file, this is set to the
258
       symbol index of the C_HIDEXT XMC_TC or XMC_TD symbol.  */
259
    long toc_indx;
260
  }
261
  u;
262
 
263
  /* If this symbol is a function entry point which is called, this
264
     field holds a pointer to the function descriptor.  If this symbol
265
     is a function descriptor, this field holds a pointer to the
266
     function entry point.  */
267
  struct xcoff_link_hash_entry *descriptor;
268
 
269
  /* The .loader symbol table entry, if there is one.  */
270
  struct internal_ldsym *ldsym;
271
 
272
  /* If XCOFF_BUILT_LDSYM is set, this is the .loader symbol table
273
     index.  If XCOFF_BUILD_LDSYM is clear, and XCOFF_IMPORT is set,
274
     this is the l_ifile value.  */
275
  long ldindx;
276
 
277
  /* Some linker flags.  */
278
  unsigned long flags;
279
 
280
  /* The storage mapping class.  */
281
  unsigned char smclas;
282
};
283
 
284
/*  Flags for xcoff_link_hash_entry.  */
285
 
286
/* Symbol is referenced by a regular object. */
287
#define XCOFF_REF_REGULAR      0x00000001
288
/* Symbol is defined by a regular object. */
289
#define XCOFF_DEF_REGULAR      0x00000002
290
/* Symbol is defined by a dynamic object. */
291
#define XCOFF_DEF_DYNAMIC      0x00000004
292
/* Symbol is used in a reloc being copied into the .loader section.  */
293
#define XCOFF_LDREL            0x00000008
294
/* Symbol is the entry point.  */
295
#define XCOFF_ENTRY            0x00000010
296
/* Symbol is for a function and is the target of a relocation.
297
   The relocation may or may not be a branch-type relocation.  */
298
#define XCOFF_CALLED           0x00000020
299
/* Symbol needs the TOC entry filled in.  */
300
#define XCOFF_SET_TOC          0x00000040
301
/* Symbol is implicitly or explicitly imported.  */
302
#define XCOFF_IMPORT           0x00000080
303
/* Symbol is explicitly exported.  */
304
#define XCOFF_EXPORT           0x00000100
305
/* Symbol has been processed by xcoff_build_ldsyms.  */
306
#define XCOFF_BUILT_LDSYM      0x00000200
307
/* Symbol is mentioned by a section which was not garbage collected. */
308
#define XCOFF_MARK             0x00000400
309
/* Symbol size is recorded in size_list list from hash table.  */
310
#define XCOFF_HAS_SIZE         0x00000800
311
/* Symbol is a function descriptor.  */
312
#define XCOFF_DESCRIPTOR       0x00001000
313
/* Multiple definitions have been for the symbol. */
314
#define XCOFF_MULTIPLY_DEFINED 0x00002000
315
/* Symbol is the __rtinit symbol.  */
316
#define XCOFF_RTINIT           0x00004000
317
/* Symbol is an imported 32 bit syscall.  */
318
#define XCOFF_SYSCALL32        0x00008000
319
/* Symbol is an imported 64 bit syscall.  */
320
#define XCOFF_SYSCALL64        0x00010000 
321
/* Symbol was not explicitly defined by the time it was marked.  */
322
#define XCOFF_WAS_UNDEFINED    0x00020000
323
/* We have assigned an output XCOFF entry to this symbol.  */
324
#define XCOFF_ALLOCATED        0x00040000
325
 
326
/* The XCOFF linker hash table.  */
327
 
328
#define XCOFF_NUMBER_OF_SPECIAL_SECTIONS 6
329
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_TEXT       0
330
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_ETEXT      1 
331
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_DATA       2
332
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_EDATA      3
333
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_END        4
334
#define XCOFF_SPECIAL_SECTION_END2       5
335
 
336
/* These flags indicate which of -bexpall and -bexpfull are in effect.  */
337
#define XCOFF_EXPALL 1
338
#define XCOFF_EXPFULL 2
339
 
340
/* This structure is used to pass information through
341
   xcoff_link_hash_traverse.  */
342
 
343
struct xcoff_loader_info
344
{
345
  /* Set if a problem occurred.  */
346
  bfd_boolean failed;
347
 
348
  /* Output BFD.  */
349
  bfd *output_bfd;
350
 
351
  /* Link information structure.  */
352
  struct bfd_link_info *info;
353
 
354
  /* A mask of XCOFF_EXPALL and XCOFF_EXPFULL flags.  */
355
  unsigned int auto_export_flags;
356
 
357
  /* Number of ldsym structures.  */
358
  size_t ldsym_count;
359
 
360
  /* Size of string table.  */
361
  size_t string_size;
362
 
363
  /* String table.  */
364
  char *strings;
365
 
366
  /* Allocated size of string table.  */
367
  size_t string_alc;
368
};
369
 
370
/* In case we're on a 32-bit machine, construct a 64-bit "-1" value
371
   from smaller values.  Start with zero, widen, *then* decrement.  */
372
#define MINUS_ONE       (((bfd_vma) 0) - 1)
373
 
374
/* __rtinit, from /usr/include/rtinit.h.  */
375
struct __rtinit
376
{
377
  /* Pointer to runtime linker.
378
     XXX: Is the parameter really void?  */
379
  int   (*rtl) (void);
380
 
381
  /* Offset to array of init functions, 0 if none. */
382
  int   init_offset;
383
 
384
  /* Offset to array of fini functions, 0 if none. */
385
  int   fini_offset;
386
 
387
  /* Size of __RTINIT_DESCRIPTOR. This value should be used instead of
388
     sizeof(__RTINIT_DESCRIPTOR). */
389
  int   __rtinit_descriptor_size;
390
};
391
 
392
#define RTINIT_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE (12)
393
 
394
struct __rtinit_descriptor
395
{
396
  /* Init/fini function. */
397
  int   f;
398
 
399
  /* Offset, relative to the start of the __rtinit symbol, to name of the
400
     function. */
401
 
402
  int   name_offset;
403
 
404
  /* Flags */
405
  unsigned char flags;
406
};
407
 
408
/* Archive */
409
 
410
#define XCOFFARMAG    "<aiaff>\012"
411
#define XCOFFARMAGBIG "<bigaf>\012"
412
#define SXCOFFARMAG   8
413
 
414
/* The size of the ascii archive elements */
415
#define XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE 12
416
#define XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE 20
417
 
418
/* This terminates an XCOFF archive member name.  */
419
 
420
#define XCOFFARFMAG "`\012"
421
#define SXCOFFARFMAG 2
422
 
423
/* XCOFF archives start with this (printable) structure.  */
424
 
425
struct xcoff_ar_file_hdr
426
{
427
  /* Magic string.  */
428
  char magic[SXCOFFARMAG];
429
 
430
  /* Offset of the member table (decimal ASCII string).  */
431
  char memoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
432
 
433
  /* Offset of the global symbol table (decimal ASCII string).  */
434
  char symoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
435
 
436
  /* Offset of the first member in the archive (decimal ASCII string).  */
437
  char firstmemoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
438
 
439
  /* Offset of the last member in the archive (decimal ASCII string).  */
440
  char lastmemoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
441
 
442
  /* Offset of the first member on the free list (decimal ASCII
443
     string).  */
444
  char freeoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
445
};
446
 
447
#define SIZEOF_AR_FILE_HDR (SXCOFFARMAG + 5 * XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE)
448
 
449
/* This is the equivalent data structure for the big archive format.  */
450
 
451
struct xcoff_ar_file_hdr_big
452
{
453
  /* Magic string.  */
454
  char magic[SXCOFFARMAG];
455
 
456
  /* Offset of the member table (decimal ASCII string).  */
457
  char memoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
458
 
459
  /* Offset of the global symbol table for 32-bit objects (decimal ASCII
460
     string).  */
461
  char symoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
462
 
463
  /* Offset of the global symbol table for 64-bit objects (decimal ASCII
464
     string).  */
465
  char symoff64[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
466
 
467
  /* Offset of the first member in the archive (decimal ASCII string).  */
468
  char firstmemoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
469
 
470
  /* Offset of the last member in the archive (decimal ASCII string).  */
471
  char lastmemoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
472
 
473
  /* Offset of the first member on the free list (decimal ASCII
474
     string).  */
475
  char freeoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
476
};
477
 
478
#define SIZEOF_AR_FILE_HDR_BIG (SXCOFFARMAG + 6 * XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE)
479
 
480
/* Each XCOFF archive member starts with this (printable) structure.  */
481
 
482
struct xcoff_ar_hdr
483
{
484
  /* File size not including the header (decimal ASCII string).  */
485
  char size[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
486
 
487
  /* File offset of next archive member (decimal ASCII string).  */
488
  char nextoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
489
 
490
  /* File offset of previous archive member (decimal ASCII string).  */
491
  char prevoff[XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
492
 
493
  /* File mtime (decimal ASCII string).  */
494
  char date[12];
495
 
496
  /* File UID (decimal ASCII string).  */
497
  char uid[12];
498
 
499
  /* File GID (decimal ASCII string).  */
500
  char gid[12];
501
 
502
  /* File mode (octal ASCII string).  */
503
  char mode[12];
504
 
505
  /* Length of file name (decimal ASCII string).  */
506
  char namlen[4];
507
 
508
  /* This structure is followed by the file name.  The length of the
509
     name is given in the namlen field.  If the length of the name is
510
     odd, the name is followed by a null byte.  The name and optional
511
     null byte are followed by XCOFFARFMAG, which is not included in
512
     namlen.  The contents of the archive member follow; the number of
513
     bytes is given in the size field.  */
514
};
515
 
516
#define SIZEOF_AR_HDR (3 * XCOFFARMAG_ELEMENT_SIZE + 4 * 12 + 4)
517
 
518
/* The equivalent for the big archive format.  */
519
 
520
struct xcoff_ar_hdr_big
521
{
522
  /* File size not including the header (decimal ASCII string).  */
523
  char size[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
524
 
525
  /* File offset of next archive member (decimal ASCII string).  */
526
  char nextoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
527
 
528
  /* File offset of previous archive member (decimal ASCII string).  */
529
  char prevoff[XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE];
530
 
531
  /* File mtime (decimal ASCII string).  */
532
  char date[12];
533
 
534
  /* File UID (decimal ASCII string).  */
535
  char uid[12];
536
 
537
  /* File GID (decimal ASCII string).  */
538
  char gid[12];
539
 
540
  /* File mode (octal ASCII string).  */
541
  char mode[12];
542
 
543
  /* Length of file name (decimal ASCII string).  */
544
  char namlen[4];
545
 
546
  /* This structure is followed by the file name.  The length of the
547
     name is given in the namlen field.  If the length of the name is
548
     odd, the name is followed by a null byte.  The name and optional
549
     null byte are followed by XCOFFARFMAG, which is not included in
550
     namlen.  The contents of the archive member follow; the number of
551
     bytes is given in the size field.  */
552
};
553
 
554
#define SIZEOF_AR_HDR_BIG (3 * XCOFFARMAGBIG_ELEMENT_SIZE + 4 * 12 + 4)
555
 
556
/* We often have to distinguish between the old and big file format.
557
   Make it a bit cleaner.  We can use `xcoff_ardata' here because the
558
   `hdr' member has the same size and position in both formats.
559
   <bigaf> is the default format, return TRUE even when xcoff_ardata is
560
   NULL. */
561
#ifndef SMALL_ARCHIVE
562
/* Creates big archives by default */
563
#define xcoff_big_format_p(abfd) \
564
  ((NULL != bfd_ardata (abfd) && NULL == xcoff_ardata (abfd)) || \
565
   ((NULL != bfd_ardata (abfd)) && \
566
    (NULL != xcoff_ardata (abfd)) && \
567
    (xcoff_ardata (abfd)->magic[1] == 'b')))
568
#else
569
/* Creates small archives by default. */
570
#define xcoff_big_format_p(abfd) \
571
  (((NULL != bfd_ardata (abfd)) && \
572
    (NULL != xcoff_ardata (abfd)) && \
573
    (xcoff_ardata (abfd)->magic[1] == 'b')))
574
#endif
575
 
576
/* We store a copy of the xcoff_ar_file_hdr in the tdata field of the
577
   artdata structure.  Similar for the big archive.  */
578
#define xcoff_ardata(abfd) \
579
  ((struct xcoff_ar_file_hdr *) bfd_ardata (abfd)->tdata)
580
#define xcoff_ardata_big(abfd) \
581
  ((struct xcoff_ar_file_hdr_big *) bfd_ardata (abfd)->tdata)
582
 
583
/* We store a copy of the xcoff_ar_hdr in the arelt_data field of an
584
   archive element.  Similar for the big archive.  */
585
#define arch_eltdata(bfd) ((struct areltdata *) ((bfd)->arelt_data))
586
#define arch_xhdr(bfd) \
587
  ((struct xcoff_ar_hdr *) arch_eltdata (bfd)->arch_header)
588
#define arch_xhdr_big(bfd) \
589
  ((struct xcoff_ar_hdr_big *) arch_eltdata (bfd)->arch_header)
590
 
591
/* True if symbols of class CLASS are external.  */
592
#define EXTERN_SYM_P(CLASS) \
593
  ((CLASS) == C_EXT || (CLASS) == C_AIX_WEAKEXT)
594
 
595
#endif /* _INTERNAL_XCOFF_H */

powered by: WebSVN 2.1.0

© copyright 1999-2024 OpenCores.org, equivalent to Oliscience, all rights reserved. OpenCores®, registered trademark.