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>eCos Reference Manual</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="hal-interfaces.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
59 
>Prev</A
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></TD
61 
><TD
62 
WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
64 
VALIGN="bottom"
65 
>Chapter 9. HAL Interfaces</TD
66 
><TD
67 
WIDTH="10%"
68 
ALIGN="right"
69 
VALIGN="bottom"
70 
><A
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HREF="hal-interrupt-handling.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
81 
CLASS="SECTION"
82 
><H1
83 
CLASS="SECTION"
84 
><A
85 
NAME="HAL-ARCHITECTURE-CHARACTERIZATION">Architecture Characterization</H1
86 
><P
87 
>These are definition that are related to the basic architecture of the
88 
CPU. These include the CPU context save format, context switching, bit
89 
twiddling, breakpoints, stack sizes and address translation.</P
90 
><P
91 
>Most of these definition are found in
92 
<TT
93 
CLASS="FILENAME"
94 
>cyg/hal/hal_arch.h</TT
95 
>.  This file is supplied by the
96 
architecture HAL. If there are variant or platform specific
97 
definitions then these will be found in
98 
<TT
99 
CLASS="FILENAME"
100 
>cyg/hal/var_arch.h</TT
101 
> or
102 
<TT
103 
CLASS="FILENAME"
104 
>cyg/hal/plf_arch.h</TT
105 
>. These files are include
106 
automatically by this header, so need not be included explicitly.</P
107 
><DIV
108 
CLASS="SECTION"
109 
><H2
110 
CLASS="SECTION"
111 
><A
112 
NAME="AEN7787">Register Save Format</H2
113 
><TABLE
114 
BORDER="5"
115 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
116 
WIDTH="70%"
117 
><TR
118 
><TD
119 
><PRE
120 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
121 
>typedef struct HAL_SavedRegisters
122 
{
123 
    /* architecture-dependent list of registers to be saved */
124 
} HAL_SavedRegisters;</PRE
125 
></TD
126 
></TR
127 
></TABLE
128 
><P
129 
>This structure describes the layout of a saved machine state on the
130 
stack. Such states are saved during thread context switches,
131 
interrupts and exceptions. Different quantities of state may be saved
132 
during each of these, but usually a thread context state is a subset
133 
of the interrupt state which is itself a subset of an exception state.
134 
For debugging purposes, the same structure is used for all three
135 
purposes, but where these states are significantly different, this
136 
structure may contain a union of the three states.</P
137 
></DIV
138 
><DIV
139 
CLASS="SECTION"
140 
><H2
141 
CLASS="SECTION"
142 
><A
143 
NAME="AEN7791">Thread Context Initialization</H2
144 
><TABLE
145 
BORDER="5"
146 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
147 
WIDTH="70%"
148 
><TR
149 
><TD
150 
><PRE
151 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
152 
>HAL_THREAD_INIT_CONTEXT( sp, arg, entry, id )</PRE
153 
></TD
154 
></TR
155 
></TABLE
156 
><P
157 
>This macro initializes a thread's context so that
158 
it may be switched to by <TT
159 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
160 
>HAL_THREAD_SWITCH_CONTEXT()</TT
161 
>.
162 
The arguments are:</P
163 
><P
164 
></P
165 
><DIV
166 
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
167 
><DL
168 
><DT
169 
>sp</DT
170 
><DD
171 
><P
172 
>      A location containing the current value of the thread's stack
173 
      pointer. This should be a variable or a structure field. The SP
174 
      value will be read out of here and an adjusted value written
175 
      back.
176 
      </P
177 
></DD
178 
><DT
179 
>arg</DT
180 
><DD
181 
><P
182 
>      A value that is passed as the first argument to the entry
183 
      point function.
184 
      </P
185 
></DD
186 
><DT
187 
>entry</DT
188 
><DD
189 
><P
190 
>      The address of an entry point function. This will be called
191 
      according the C calling conventions, and the value of
192 
      <TT
193 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
194 
><I
195 
>arg</I
196 
></TT
197 
> will be passed as the first
198 
      argument. This function should have the following type signature
199 
      <TT
200 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
201 
>void entry(CYG_ADDRWORD arg)</TT
202 
>.
203 
      </P
204 
></DD
205 
><DT
206 
>id</DT
207 
><DD
208 
><P
209 
>      A thread id value. This is only used for debugging purposes,
210 
      it is ORed into the initialization pattern for unused registers
211 
      and may be used to help identify the thread from its register dump.
212 
      The least significant 16 bits of this value should be zero to allow
213 
      space for a register identifier.
214 
      </P
215 
></DD
216 
></DL
217 
></DIV
218 
></DIV
219 
><DIV
220 
CLASS="SECTION"
221 
><H2
222 
CLASS="SECTION"
223 
><A
224 
NAME="HAL-CONTEXT-SWITCH">Thread Context Switching</H2
225 
><TABLE
226 
BORDER="5"
227 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
228 
WIDTH="70%"
229 
><TR
230 
><TD
231 
><PRE
232 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
233 
>HAL_THREAD_LOAD_CONTEXT( to )
234 
HAL_THREAD_SWITCH_CONTEXT( from, to )</PRE
235 
></TD
236 
></TR
237 
></TABLE
238 
><P
239 
>These macros implement the thread switch code. The arguments are:</P
240 
><P
241 
></P
242 
><DIV
243 
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
244 
><DL
245 
><DT
246 
>from</DT
247 
><DD
248 
><P
249 
>      A pointer to a location where the stack pointer of the current
250 
      thread will be stored.
251 
      </P
252 
></DD
253 
><DT
254 
>to</DT
255 
><DD
256 
><P
257 
>      A pointer to a location from where the stack pointer of the next
258 
      thread will be read.
259 
      </P
260 
></DD
261 
></DL
262 
></DIV
263 
><P
264 
>For <TT
265 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
266 
>HAL_THREAD_LOAD_CONTEXT()</TT
267 
> the current CPU
268 
state is discarded and the state of the destination thread is
269 
loaded. This is only used once, to load the first thread when the
270 
scheduler is started.</P
271 
><P
272 
>For <TT
273 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
274 
>HAL_THREAD_SWITCH_CONTEXT()</TT
275 
> the state of the
276 
current thread is saved onto its stack, using the current value of the
277 
stack pointer, and the address of the saved state placed in
278 
<TT
279 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
280 
><I
281 
>*from</I
282 
></TT
283 
>.  The value in
284 
<TT
285 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
286 
><I
287 
>*to</I
288 
></TT
289 
> is then read and the state of the new
290 
thread is loaded from it.</P
291 
><P
292 
>While these two operations may be implemented with inline assembler,
293 
they are normally implemented as calls to assembly code functions in
294 
the HAL. There are two advantages to doing it this way. First, the
295 
return link of the call provides a convenient PC value to be used in
296 
the saved context. Second, the calling conventions mean that the
297 
compiler will have already saved the caller-saved registers before the
298 
call, so the HAL need only save the callee-saved registers.</P
299 
><P
300 
>The implementation of <TT
301 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
302 
>HAL_THREAD_SWITCH_CONTEXT()</TT
303 
>
304 
saves the current CPU state on the stack, including the current
305 
interrupt state (or at least the register that contains it). For
306 
debugging purposes it is useful to save the entire register set, but
307 
for performance only the ABI-defined callee-saved registers need be
308 
saved. If it is implemented, the option
309 
<TT
310 
CLASS="LITERAL"
311 
>CYGDBG_HAL_COMMON_CONTEXT_SAVE_MINIMUM</TT
312 
> controls
313 
how many registers are saved.</P
314 
><P
315 
>The implementation of <TT
316 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
317 
>HAL_THREAD_LOAD_CONTEXT()</TT
318 
>
319 
loads a thread context, destroying the current context. With a little
320 
care this can be implemented by sharing code with
321 
<TT
322 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
323 
>HAL_THREAD_SWITCH_CONTEXT()</TT
324 
>. To load a thread
325 
context simply requires the saved registers to be restored from the
326 
stack and a jump or return made back to the saved PC.</P
327 
><P
328 
>Note that interrupts are not disabled during this process, any
329 
interrupts that occur will be delivered onto the stack to which the
330 
current CPU stack pointer points. Hence the stack pointer
331 
should never be invalid, or loaded with a value that might cause the
332 
saved state to become corrupted by an interrupt. However, the current
333 
interrupt state is saved and restored as part of the thread
334 
context. If a thread disables interrupts and does something to cause a
335 
context switch, interrupts may be re-enabled on switching to another
336 
thread. Interrupts will be disabled again when the original thread
337 
regains control.</P
338 
></DIV
339 
><DIV
340 
CLASS="SECTION"
341 
><H2
342 
CLASS="SECTION"
343 
><A
344 
NAME="AEN7842">Bit indexing</H2
345 
><TABLE
346 
BORDER="5"
347 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
348 
WIDTH="70%"
349 
><TR
350 
><TD
351 
><PRE
352 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
353 
>HAL_LSBIT_INDEX( index, mask )
354 
HAL_MSBIT_INDEX( index, mask )</PRE
355 
></TD
356 
></TR
357 
></TABLE
358 
><P
359 
>These macros place in <TT
360 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
361 
><I
362 
>index</I
363 
></TT
364 
> the bit index of
365 
the least significant bit in <TT
366 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
367 
><I
368 
>mask</I
369 
></TT
370 
>. Some
371 
architectures have instruction level support for one or other of these
372 
operations. If no architectural support is available, then these
373 
macros may call C functions to do the job.</P
374 
></DIV
375 
><DIV
376 
CLASS="SECTION"
377 
><H2
378 
CLASS="SECTION"
379 
><A
380 
NAME="AEN7848">Idle thread activity</H2
381 
><TABLE
382 
BORDER="5"
383 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
384 
WIDTH="70%"
385 
><TR
386 
><TD
387 
><PRE
388 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
389 
>HAL_IDLE_THREAD_ACTION( count )</PRE
390 
></TD
391 
></TR
392 
></TABLE
393 
><P
394 
>It may be necessary under some circumstances for the HAL to execute
395 
code in the kernel idle thread's loop. An example might be to execute
396 
a processor halt instruction. This macro provides a portable way of
397 
doing this. The argument is a copy of the idle thread's loop counter,
398 
and may be used to trigger actions at longer intervals than every
399 
loop.</P
400 
></DIV
401 
><DIV
402 
CLASS="SECTION"
403 
><H2
404 
CLASS="SECTION"
405 
><A
406 
NAME="AEN7852">Reorder barrier</H2
407 
><TABLE
408 
BORDER="5"
409 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
410 
WIDTH="70%"
411 
><TR
412 
><TD
413 
><PRE
414 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
415 
>HAL_REORDER_BARRIER()</PRE
416 
></TD
417 
></TR
418 
></TABLE
419 
><P
420 
>When optimizing the compiler can reorder code. In some parts of
421 
multi-threaded systems, where the order of actions is vital, this can
422 
sometimes cause problems. This macro may be inserted into places where
423 
reordering should not happen and prevents code being migrated across
424 
it by the compiler optimizer. It should be placed between statements
425 
that must be executed in the order written in the code.</P
426 
></DIV
427 
><DIV
428 
CLASS="SECTION"
429 
><H2
430 
CLASS="SECTION"
431 
><A
432 
NAME="AEN7856">Breakpoint support</H2
433 
><TABLE
434 
BORDER="5"
435 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
436 
WIDTH="70%"
437 
><TR
438 
><TD
439 
><PRE
440 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
441 
>HAL_BREAKPOINT( label )
442 
HAL_BREAKINST
443 
HAL_BREAKINST_SIZE</PRE
444 
></TD
445 
></TR
446 
></TABLE
447 
><P
448 
>These macros provide support for breakpoints.</P
449 
><P
450 
><TT
451 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
452 
>HAL_BREAKPOINT()</TT
453 
> executes a breakpoint
454 
instruction. The label is defined at the breakpoint instruction so
455 
that exception code can detect which breakpoint was executed.</P
456 
><P
457 
><TT
458 
CLASS="LITERAL"
459 
>HAL_BREAKINST</TT
460 
> contains the breakpoint instruction
461 
code as an integer value. <TT
462 
CLASS="LITERAL"
463 
>HAL_BREAKINST_SIZE</TT
464 
> is
465 
the size of that breakpoint instruction in bytes. Together these
466 
may be used to place a breakpoint in any code.</P
467 
></DIV
468 
><DIV
469 
CLASS="SECTION"
470 
><H2
471 
CLASS="SECTION"
472 
><A
473 
NAME="AEN7865">GDB support</H2
474 
><TABLE
475 
BORDER="5"
476 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
477 
WIDTH="70%"
478 
><TR
479 
><TD
480 
><PRE
481 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
482 
>HAL_THREAD_GET_SAVED_REGISTERS( sp, regs )
483 
HAL_GET_GDB_REGISTERS( regval, regs )
484 
HAL_SET_GDB_REGISTERS( regs, regval )</PRE
485 
></TD
486 
></TR
487 
></TABLE
488 
><P
489 
>These macros provide support for interfacing GDB to the HAL.</P
490 
><P
491 
><TT
492 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
493 
>HAL_THREAD_GET_SAVED_REGISTERS()</TT
494 
> extracts a
495 
pointer to a <SPAN
496 
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
497 
>HAL_SavedRegisters</SPAN
498 
> structure
499 
from a stack pointer value. The stack pointer passed in should be the
500 
value saved by the thread context macros. The macro will assign a
501 
pointer to the <SPAN
502 
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
503 
>HAL_SavedRegisters</SPAN
504 
> structure
505 
to the variable passed as the second argument.</P
506 
><P
507 
><TT
508 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
509 
>HAL_GET_GDB_REGISTERS()</TT
510 
> translates a register
511 
state as saved by the HAL and into a register dump in the format
512 
expected by GDB. It takes a pointer to a
513 
<SPAN
514 
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
515 
>HAL_SavedRegisters</SPAN
516 
> structure in the
517 
<TT
518 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
519 
><I
520 
>regs</I
521 
></TT
522 
> argument and a pointer to the memory to
523 
contain the GDB register dump in the <TT
524 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
525 
><I
526 
>regval</I
527 
></TT
528 
>
529 
argument.</P
530 
><P
531 
><TT
532 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
533 
>HAL_SET_GDB_REGISTERS()</TT
534 
> translates a GDB format
535 
register dump into a the format expected by the HAL.  It takes a
536 
pointer to the memory containing the GDB register dump in the
537 
<TT
538 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
539 
><I
540 
>regval</I
541 
></TT
542 
> argument and a pointer to a
543 
<SPAN
544 
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
545 
>HAL_SavedRegisters</SPAN
546 
> structure
547 
in the <TT
548 
CLASS="PARAMETER"
549 
><I
550 
>regs</I
551 
></TT
552 
> argument.</P
553 
></DIV
554 
><DIV
555 
CLASS="SECTION"
556 
><H2
557 
CLASS="SECTION"
558 
><A
559 
NAME="AEN7883">Setjmp and longjmp support</H2
560 
><TABLE
561 
BORDER="5"
562 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
563 
WIDTH="70%"
564 
><TR
565 
><TD
566 
><PRE
567 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
568 
>CYGARC_JMP_BUF_SIZE
569 
hal_jmp_buf[CYGARC_JMP_BUF_SIZE]
570 
hal_setjmp( hal_jmp_buf env )
571 
hal_longjmp( hal_jmp_buf env, int val )</PRE
572 
></TD
573 
></TR
574 
></TABLE
575 
><P
576 
>These functions provide support for the C
577 
<TT
578 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
579 
>setjmp()</TT
580 
> and <TT
581 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
582 
>longjmp()</TT
583 
>
584 
functions.  Refer to the C library for further information.</P
585 
></DIV
586 
><DIV
587 
CLASS="SECTION"
588 
><H2
589 
CLASS="SECTION"
590 
><A
591 
NAME="AEN7889">Stack Sizes</H2
592 
><TABLE
593 
BORDER="5"
594 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
595 
WIDTH="70%"
596 
><TR
597 
><TD
598 
><PRE
599 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
600 
>CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_MINIMUM
601 
CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_TYPICAL</PRE
602 
></TD
603 
></TR
604 
></TABLE
605 
><P
606 
>The values of these macros define the minimum and typical sizes of
607 
thread stacks.</P
608 
><P
609 
><TT
610 
CLASS="LITERAL"
611 
>CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_MINIMUM</TT
612 
> defines the minimum
613 
size of a thread stack. This is enough for the thread to function
614 
correctly within eCos and allows it to take interrupts and context
615 
switches. There should also be enough space for a simple thread entry
616 
function to execute and call basic kernel operations on objects like
617 
mutexes and semaphores. However there will not be enough room for much
618 
more than this. When creating stacks for their own threads,
619 
applications should determine the stack usage needed for application
620 
purposes and then add
621 
<TT
622 
CLASS="LITERAL"
623 
>CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_MINIMUM</TT
624 
>.</P
625 
><P
626 
><TT
627 
CLASS="LITERAL"
628 
>CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_TYPICAL</TT
629 
> is a reasonable increment over
630 
<TT
631 
CLASS="LITERAL"
632 
>CYGNUM_HAL_STACK_SIZE_MINIMUM</TT
633 
>, usually about 1kB. This should be
634 
adequate for most modest thread needs. Only threads that need to
635 
define significant amounts of local data, or have very deep call trees
636 
should need to use a larger stack size.</P
637 
></DIV
638 
><DIV
639 
CLASS="SECTION"
640 
><H2
641 
CLASS="SECTION"
642 
><A
643 
NAME="AEN7899">Address Translation</H2
644 
><TABLE
645 
BORDER="5"
646 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
647 
WIDTH="70%"
648 
><TR
649 
><TD
650 
><PRE
651 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
652 
>CYGARC_CACHED_ADDRESS(addr)
653 
CYGARC_UNCACHED_ADDRESS(addr)
654 
CYGARC_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS(addr)</PRE
655 
></TD
656 
></TR
657 
></TABLE
658 
><P
659 
>These macros provide address translation between different views of
660 
memory. In many architectures a given memory location may be visible
661 
at different addresses in both cached and uncached forms. It is also
662 
possible that the MMU or some other address translation unit in the
663 
CPU presents memory to the program at a different virtual address to
664 
its physical address on the bus.</P
665 
><P
666 
><TT
667 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
668 
>CYGARC_CACHED_ADDRESS()</TT
669 
> translates the given
670 
address to its location in cached memory. This is typically where the
671 
application will access the memory.</P
672 
><P
673 
><TT
674 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
675 
>CYGARC_UNCACHED_ADDRESS()</TT
676 
> translates the given
677 
address to its location in uncached memory. This is typically where
678 
device drivers will access the memory to avoid cache problems. It may
679 
additionally be necessary for the cache to be flushed before the
680 
contents of this location is fully valid.</P
681 
><P
682 
><TT
683 
CLASS="FUNCTION"
684 
>CYGARC_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS()</TT
685 
> translates the given
686 
address to its location in the physical address space. This is
687 
typically the address that needs to be passed to device hardware such
688 
as a DMA engine, ethernet device or PCI bus bridge. The physical
689 
address may not be directly accessible to the program, it may be
690 
re-mapped by address translation.</P
691 
></DIV
692 
><DIV
693 
CLASS="SECTION"
694 
><H2
695 
CLASS="SECTION"
696 
><A
697 
NAME="AEN7909">Global Pointer</H2
698 
><TABLE
699 
BORDER="5"
700 
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
701 
WIDTH="70%"
702 
><TR
703 
><TD
704 
><PRE
705 
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
706 
>CYGARC_HAL_SAVE_GP()
707 
CYGARC_HAL_RESTORE_GP()</PRE
708 
></TD
709 
></TR
710 
></TABLE
711 
><P
712 
>These macros insert code to save and restore any global data pointer
713 
that the ABI uses. These are necessary when switching context between
714 
two eCos instances - for example between an eCos application and
715 
RedBoot.</P
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