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NAME="NET-COMMON-TCPIP-MANPAGES-GETADDRINFO">getaddrinfo</H1
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>GETADDRINFO(3) System Library Functions Manual GETADDRINFO(3)
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NAME
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getaddrinfo, freeaddrinfo, gai_strerror - nodename-to-address translation
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in protocol-independent manner
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SYNOPSIS
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#include <sys/types.h>
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#include <sys/socket.h>
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#include <netdb.h>
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int
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getaddrinfo(const char *nodename, const char *servname,
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const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);
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void
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freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);
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char *
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gai_strerror(int ecode);
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DESCRIPTION
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The getaddrinfo() function is defined for protocol-independent nodename-
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to-address translation. It performs the functionality of
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gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3), but in a more sophisticated man-
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ner.
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The addrinfo structure is defined as a result of including the <netdb.h>
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header:
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struct addrinfo { *
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int ai_flags; /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST */
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int ai_family; /* PF_xxx */
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int ai_socktype; /* SOCK_xxx */
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int ai_protocol; /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */
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size_t ai_addrlen; /* length of ai_addr */
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char *ai_canonname; /* canonical name for nodename */
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struct sockaddr *ai_addr; /* binary address */
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struct addrinfo *ai_next; /* next structure in linked list */
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};
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The nodename and servname arguments are pointers to NUL-terminated
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strings or NULL. One or both of these two arguments must be a non-null
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pointer. In the normal client scenario, both the nodename and servname
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are specified. In the normal server scenario, only the servname is spec-
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ified. A non-null nodename string can be either a node name or a numeric
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host address string (i.e., a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 hex
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address). A non-null servname string can be either a service name or a
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decimal port number.
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The caller can optionally pass an addrinfo structure, pointed to by the
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third argument, to provide hints concerning the type of socket that the
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caller supports. In this hints structure all members other than
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ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol must be zero or a null
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pointer. A value of PF_UNSPEC for ai_family means the caller will accept
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any protocol family. A value of 0 for ai_socktype means the caller will
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accept any socket type. A value of 0 for ai_protocol means the caller
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will accept any protocol. For example, if the caller handles only TCP
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and not UDP, then the ai_socktype member of the hints structure should be
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set to SOCK_STREAM when getaddrinfo() is called. If the caller handles
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only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure
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should be set to PF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called. If the third
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argument to getaddrinfo() is a null pointer, this is the same as if the
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caller had filled in an addrinfo structure initialized to zero with
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ai_family set to PF_UNSPEC.
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Upon successful return a pointer to a linked list of one or more addrinfo
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structures is returned through the final argument. The caller can pro-
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cess each addrinfo structure in this list by following the ai_next
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pointer, until a null pointer is encountered. In each returned addrinfo
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structure the three members ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol are
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the corresponding arguments for a call to the socket() function. In each
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addrinfo structure the ai_addr member points to a filled-in socket
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address structure whose length is specified by the ai_addrlen member.
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If the AI_PASSIVE bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
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ture, then the caller plans to use the returned socket address structure
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in a call to bind(). In this case, if the nodename argument is a null
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pointer, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure will
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be set to INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6
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address.
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If the AI_PASSIVE bit is not set in the ai_flags member of the hints
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structure, then the returned socket address structure will be ready for a
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call to connect() (for a connection-oriented protocol) or either
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connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol). In
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this case, if the nodename argument is a null pointer, then the IP
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address portion of the socket address structure will be set to the loop-
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back address.
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If the AI_CANONNAME bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints struc-
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ture, then upon successful return the ai_canonname member of the first
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addrinfo structure in the linked list will point to a NUL-terminated
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string containing the canonical name of the specified nodename.
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If the AI_NUMERICHOST bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints
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structure, then a non-null nodename string must be a numeric host address
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string. Otherwise an error of EAI_NONAME is returned. This flag pre-
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vents any type of name resolution service (e.g., the DNS) from being
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called.
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The arguments to getaddrinfo() must sufficiently be consistent and unam-
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biguous. Here are pitfall cases you may encounter:
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o getaddrinfo() will raise an error if members of the hints structure
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are not consistent. For example, for internet address families,
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getaddrinfo() will raise an error if you specify SOCK_STREAM to
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ai_socktype while you specify IPPROTO_UDP to ai_protocol.
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o If you specify a servname which is defined only for certain
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ai_socktype, getaddrinfo() will raise an error because the arguments
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are not consistent. For example, getaddrinfo() will raise an error
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if you ask for ``tftp'' service on SOCK_STREAM.
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o For internet address families, if you specify servname while you set
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ai_socktype to SOCK_RAW, getaddrinfo() will raise an error, because
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service names are not defined for the internet SOCK_RAW space.
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o If you specify a numeric servname, while leaving ai_socktype and
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ai_protocol unspecified, getaddrinfo() will raise an error. This is
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because the numeric servname does not identify any socket type, and
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getaddrinfo() is not allowed to glob the argument in such case.
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All of the information returned by getaddrinfo() is dynamically allo-
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cated: the addrinfo structures, the socket address structures, and canon-
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ical node name strings pointed to by the addrinfo structures. To return
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this information to the system the function freeaddrinfo() is called.
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The addrinfo structure pointed to by the ai argument is freed, along with
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any dynamic storage pointed to by the structure. This operation is
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repeated until a NULL ai_next pointer is encountered.
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To aid applications in printing error messages based on the EAI_xxx codes
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returned by getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror() is defined. The argument is
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one of the EAI_xxx values defined earlier and the return value points to
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a string describing the error. If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx
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values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents
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indicate an unknown error.
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Extension for scoped IPv6 address
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The implementation allows experimental numeric IPv6 address notation with
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scope identifier. By appending the percent character and scope identi-
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fier to addresses, you can fill sin6_scope_id field for addresses. This
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would make management of scoped address easier, and allows cut-and-paste
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input of scoped address.
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At this moment the code supports only link-local addresses with the for-
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mat. Scope identifier is hardcoded to name of hardware interface associ-
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ated with the link. (such as ne0). Example would be like
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``fe80::1%ne0'', which means ``fe80::1 on the link associated with ne0
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interface''.
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The implementation is still very experimental and non-standard. The cur-
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rent implementation assumes one-by-one relationship between interface and
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link, which is not necessarily true from the specification.
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EXAMPLES
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The following code tries to connect to ``www.kame.net'' service ``http''.
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via stream socket. It loops through all the addresses available, regard-
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less from address family. If the destination resolves to IPv4 address,
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it will use AF_INET socket. Similarly, if it resolves to IPv6, AF_INET6
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socket is used. Observe that there is no hardcoded reference to particu-
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lar address family. The code works even if getaddrinfo returns addresses
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that are not IPv4/v6.
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struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
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int error;
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int s;
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const char *cause = NULL;
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memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
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hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
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hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
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error = getaddrinfo("www.kame.net", "http", &hints, &res0);
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if (error) {
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errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
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| 269 |
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/*NOTREACHED*/
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| 270 |
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}
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| 271 |
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s = -1;
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| 272 |
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for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
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| 273 |
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s = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
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| 274 |
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res->ai_protocol);
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| 275 |
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if (s < 0) {
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| 276 |
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cause = "socket";
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| 277 |
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continue;
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| 278 |
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}
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| 279 |
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if (connect(s, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
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| 281 |
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cause = "connect";
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| 282 |
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close(s);
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s = -1;
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| 284 |
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continue;
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| 285 |
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}
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| 286 |
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break; /* okay we got one */
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| 288 |
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}
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| 289 |
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if (s < 0) {
|
| 290 |
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err(1, cause);
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| 291 |
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/*NOTREACHED*/
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| 292 |
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}
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| 293 |
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freeaddrinfo(res0);
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| 294 |
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| 295 |
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The following example tries to open a wildcard listening socket onto ser-
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| 296 |
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vice ``http'', for all the address families available.
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| 297 |
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| 298 |
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struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;
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| 299 |
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int error;
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| 300 |
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int s[MAXSOCK];
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| 301 |
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int nsock;
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| 302 |
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const char *cause = NULL;
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| 303 |
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| 304 |
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memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
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| 305 |
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hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;
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| 306 |
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hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
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| 307 |
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hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
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| 308 |
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error = getaddrinfo(NULL, "http", &hints, &res0);
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| 309 |
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if (error) {
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| 310 |
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errx(1, "%s", gai_strerror(error));
|
| 311 |
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/*NOTREACHED*/
|
| 312 |
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}
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| 313 |
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nsock = 0;
|
| 314 |
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for (res = res0; res && nsock < MAXSOCK; res = res->ai_next) {
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| 315 |
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s[nsock] = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype,
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| 316 |
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res->ai_protocol);
|
| 317 |
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if (s[nsock] < 0) {
|
| 318 |
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cause = "socket";
|
| 319 |
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continue;
|
| 320 |
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}
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| 321 |
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| 322 |
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if (bind(s[nsock], res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
|
| 323 |
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cause = "bind";
|
| 324 |
|
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close(s[nsock]);
|
| 325 |
|
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continue;
|
| 326 |
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}
|
| 327 |
|
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(void) listen(s[nsock], 5);
|
| 328 |
|
|
|
| 329 |
|
|
nsock++;
|
| 330 |
|
|
}
|
| 331 |
|
|
if (nsock == 0) {
|
| 332 |
|
|
err(1, cause);
|
| 333 |
|
|
/*NOTREACHED*/
|
| 334 |
|
|
}
|
| 335 |
|
|
freeaddrinfo(res0);
|
| 336 |
|
|
|
| 337 |
|
|
DIAGNOSTICS
|
| 338 |
|
|
Error return status from getaddrinfo() is zero on success and non-zero on
|
| 339 |
|
|
errors. Non-zero error codes are defined in <netdb.h>, and as follows:
|
| 340 |
|
|
|
| 341 |
|
|
EAI_ADDRFAMILY Address family for nodename not supported.
|
| 342 |
|
|
EAI_AGAIN Temporary failure in name resolution.
|
| 343 |
|
|
EAI_BADFLAGS Invalid value for ai_flags.
|
| 344 |
|
|
EAI_FAIL Non-recoverable failure in name resolution.
|
| 345 |
|
|
EAI_FAMILY ai_family not supported.
|
| 346 |
|
|
EAI_MEMORY Memory allocation failure.
|
| 347 |
|
|
EAI_NODATA No address associated with nodename.
|
| 348 |
|
|
EAI_NONAME nodename nor servname provided, or not known.
|
| 349 |
|
|
EAI_SERVICE servname not supported for ai_socktype.
|
| 350 |
|
|
EAI_SOCKTYPE ai_socktype not supported.
|
| 351 |
|
|
EAI_SYSTEM System error returned in errno.
|
| 352 |
|
|
|
| 353 |
|
|
If called with proper argument, gai_strerror() returns a pointer to a
|
| 354 |
|
|
string describing the given error code. If the argument is not one of
|
| 355 |
|
|
the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string
|
| 356 |
|
|
whose contents indicate an unknown error.
|
| 357 |
|
|
|
| 358 |
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
| 359 |
|
|
getnameinfo(3), gethostbyname(3), getservbyname(3), hosts(5),
|
| 360 |
|
|
resolv.conf(5), services(5), hostname(7), named(8)
|
| 361 |
|
|
|
| 362 |
|
|
R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, and W. Stevens, Basic Socket Interface
|
| 363 |
|
|
Extensions for IPv6, RFC2553, March 1999.
|
| 364 |
|
|
|
| 365 |
|
|
Tatsuya Jinmei and Atsushi Onoe, An Extension of Format for IPv6 Scoped
|
| 366 |
|
|
Addresses, internet draft, draft-ietf-ipngwg-scopedaddr-format-02.txt,
|
| 367 |
|
|
work in progress material.
|
| 368 |
|
|
|
| 369 |
|
|
Craig Metz, "Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API", Proceedings of
|
| 370 |
|
|
the freenix track: 2000 USENIX annual technical conference, June 2000.
|
| 371 |
|
|
|
| 372 |
|
|
HISTORY
|
| 373 |
|
|
The implementation first appeared in WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack
|
| 374 |
|
|
kit.
|
| 375 |
|
|
|
| 376 |
|
|
STANDARDS
|
| 377 |
|
|
The getaddrinfo() function is defined in IEEE POSIX 1003.1g draft speci-
|
| 378 |
|
|
fication, and documented in ``Basic Socket Interface Extensions for
|
| 379 |
|
|
IPv6'' (RFC2553).
|
| 380 |
|
|
|
| 381 |
|
|
BUGS
|
| 382 |
|
|
The current implementation is not thread-safe.
|
| 383 |
|
|
|
| 384 |
|
|
The text was shamelessly copied from RFC2553.
|
| 385 |
|
|
|
| 386 |
|
|
BSD May 25, 1995 BSD
|
| 387 |
|
|
</PRE
|
| 388 |
|
|
></TD
|
| 389 |
|
|
></TR
|
| 390 |
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></TABLE
|
| 391 |
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|
| 392 |
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| 393 |
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| 394 |
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| 401 |
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| 403 |
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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| 406 |
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|
| 407 |
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| 408 |
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HREF="net-common-tcpip-manpages-ethers.html"
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| 409 |
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| 415 |
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| 416 |
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| 417 |
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|
| 418 |
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|
| 419 |
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