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\input texinfo.tex

@setfilename libc.info

@tex

% NOTE LOCAL KLUGE TO AVOID TOO MUCH WHITESPACE FROM "makedoc"

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@syncodeindex fn cp

@ifinfo

@format

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

* libc::                        The ANSI C library.

END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

@end format

@end ifinfo

@ifinfo

This file documents the ANSI C library.

Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Cygnus Support

@file{libc} includes software developed by the

University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.

libc includes software developed by Martin Jackson, Graham Haley

and Steve Chamberlain of Tadpole Technology and released to Cygnus.

libc uses floating point converstion software developed at AT&T, which

includes this copyright information:

 The author of this software is David M. Gay.

 Copyright (c) 1991 by AT&T.

 Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any

 purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice

 is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy

 or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting

 documentation for such software.

 THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED

 WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR AT&T MAKES ANY

 REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY

 OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of

this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice

are preserved on all copies.

@ignore

Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the

results, provided the printed document carries copying permission

notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph

(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this

manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, subject to the terms

of the GNU General Public License, which includes the provision that the

entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a

permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual

into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.

@end ifinfo

@iftex

@c @smallbook

@c @cropmarks

@finalout

@setchapternewpage odd

@settitle Cygnus C Support Library, Full

@titlepage

@title The Cygnus C Support Library

@subtitle Full Configuration

@sp 1

@subtitle @code{libc} 1.4

@subtitle May 1993

@author {Steve Chamberlain}

@author {Roland Pesch}

@author {Cygnus Support}

@page

@tex

{\parskip=0pt

sac@@cygnus.com, pesch@@cygnus.com\hfill {\it The Cygnus C Support Library}\par

Copyright \copyright{} 1992, 1993 Cygnus Support

}

\global\parindent=0pt % Steve likes it this way

@end tex

@file{libc} includes software developed by the

University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.

@file{libc} includes software developed by Martin Jackson, Graham Haley

and Steve Chamberlain of Tadpole Technology and released to Cygnus.

@file{libc} uses floating point converstion software developed at AT&T,

which includes this copyright information:

@cartouche

@quotation

The author of this software is David M. Gay.

Copyright (c) 1991 by AT&T.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any

purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice

is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy

or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting

documentation for such software.

THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED

WARRANTY.  IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR AT&T MAKES ANY

REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY

OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

@end quotation

@end cartouche

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of

this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice

are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this

manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, subject to the terms

of the GNU General Public License, which includes the provision that the

entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a

permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual

into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.

@end titlepage

@end iftex

@ifinfo

@node Top

@top The Cygnus C Support Library

@c The menu contents depend on the configuration, so we include them

@c as a separate file

@c switch to set SIGNALS on or off, according to whether config picks up

@c signal subdirectory:

@include sigset.texi

@menu

* Stdlib::

* Ctype::

* Stdio::

* Strings::

@ifset SIGNALS

* Signals::

@end ifset

* Timefns::

* Locale::

* Syscalls::

* Misc::

* Arglists::

* Reentrancy::

* Library Index::

@end menu

@end ifinfo

@include targetdep.tex

@node Arglists

@chapter Variable Argument Lists

The @code{printf} family of functions is defined to accept a variable

number of arguments, rather than a fixed argument list.  You can define

your own functions with a variable argument list, by using macro

definitions from either @file{stdarg.h} (for compatibility with ANSI C)

or from @file{varargs.h} (for compatibility with a popular convention

prior to ANSI C).

@menu

* Stdarg::

* Varargs::

@end menu

@node Stdarg

@section ANSI-standard macros, @file{stdarg.h}

In ANSI C, a function has a variable number of arguments when its

parameter list ends in an ellipsis (@code{...}).  The parameter list

must also include at least one explicitly named argument; that argument

is used to initialize the variable list data structure.

ANSI C defines three macros (@code{va_start}, @code{va_arg}, and

@code{va_end}) to operate on variable argument lists.  @file{stdarg.h}

also defines a special type to represent variable argument lists: this

type is called @code{va_list}.

@menu

* va_start::

* va_arg::

* va_end::

@end menu

@page

@node va_start

@subsection Initialize variable argument list

@findex va_start

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <stdarg.h>

void va_start(va_list @var{ap}, @var{rightmost});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

Use @code{va_start} to initialize the variable argument list @var{ap},

so that @code{va_arg} can extract values from it.  @var{rightmost} is

the name of the last explicit argument in the parameter list (the

argument immediately preceding the ellipsis @samp{...} that flags

variable arguments in an ANSI C function header).  You can only use

@code{va_start} in a function declared using this ellipsis notation

(not, for example, in one of its subfunctions).

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_start} does not return a result.

@strong{Portability}@*

ANSI C requires @code{va_start}.

@page

@node va_arg

@subsection Extract a value from argument list

@findex va_arg

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <stdarg.h>

@var{type} va_arg(va_list @var{ap}, @var{type});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

@code{va_arg} returns the next unprocessed value from a variable

argument list @var{ap} (which you must previously create with

@var{va_start}).  Specify the type for the value as the second parameter

to the macro, @var{type}.

You may pass a @code{va_list} object @var{ap} to a subfunction, and use

@code{va_arg} from the subfunction rather than from the function

actually declared with an ellipsis in the header; however, in that case

you may @emph{only} use @code{va_arg} from the subfunction.  ANSI C does

not permit extracting successive values from a single variable-argument

list from different levels of the calling stack.

There is no mechanism for testing whether there is actually a next

argument available; you might instead pass an argument count (or some

other data that implies an argument count) as one of the fixed arguments

in your function call.

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_arg} returns the next argument, an object of type @var{type}.

@strong{Portability}@*

ANSI C requires @code{va_arg}.

@page

@node va_end

@subsection Abandon a variable argument list

@findex va_end

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <stdarg.h>

void va_end(va_list @var{ap});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

Use @code{va_end} to declare that your program will not use the variable

argument list @var{ap} any further.

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_end} does not return a result.

@strong{Portability}@*

ANSI C requires @code{va_end}.

@node Varargs

@section Traditional macros, @file{varargs.h}

If your C compiler predates ANSI C, you may still be able to use

variable argument lists using the macros from the @file{varargs.h}

header file.  These macros resemble their ANSI counterparts, but have

important differences in usage.   In particular, since traditional C has

no declaration mechanism for variable argument lists, two additional

macros are provided simply for the purpose of defining functions with

variable argument lists.

As with @file{stdarg.h}, the type @code{va_list} is used to hold a data

structure representing a variable argument list.

@menu

* va_alist::

* va_start-trad::

* va_arg-trad::

* va_end-trad::

@end menu

@page

@node va_alist

@subsection Declare variable arguments

@findex va_alist

@findex va_dcl

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <varargs.h>

@var{function}(va_alist)

va_dcl

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

To use the @file{varargs.h} version of variable argument lists, you must

declare your function with a call to the macro @code{va_alist} as its

argument list, and use @code{va_dcl} as the declaration.  @emph{Do not

use a semicolon after @code{va_dcl}.}

@strong{Returns}@*

These macros cannot be used in a context where a return is syntactically

possible.

@strong{Portability}@*

@var{va_alist} and @var{va_dcl} were the most widespread method of

declaring variable argument lists prior to ANSI C.

@page

@node va_start-trad

@subsection Initialize variable argument list

@findex va_start

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <varargs.h>

va_list @var{ap};

va_start(@var{ap});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

With the @file{varargs.h} macros, use @code{va_start} to initialize a

data structure @var{ap} to permit manipulating a variable argument list.

@var{ap} must have the type @var{va_alist}.

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_start} does not return a result.

@strong{Portability}@*

@code{va_start} is also defined as a macro in ANSI C, but the

definitions are incompatible; the ANSI version has another parameter

besides @var{ap}.

@page

@node va_arg-trad

@subsection Extract a value from argument list

@findex va_arg

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <varargs.h>

@var{type} va_arg(va_list @var{ap}, @var{type});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

@code{va_arg} returns the next unprocessed value from a variable

argument list @var{ap} (which you must previously create with

@var{va_start}).  Specify the type for the value as the second parameter

to the macro, @var{type}.

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_arg} returns the next argument, an object of type @var{type}.

@strong{Portability}@*

The @code{va_arg} defined in @file{varargs.h} has the same syntax and

usage as the ANSI C version from @file{stdarg.h}.

@page

@node va_end-trad

@subsection Abandon a variable argument list

@findex va_end

@strong{Synopsis}

@example

#include <varargs.h>

va_end(va_list @var{ap});

@end example

@strong{Description}@*

Use @code{va_end} to declare that your program will not use the variable

argument list @var{ap} any further.

@strong{Returns}@*

@code{va_end} does not return a result.

@strong{Portability}@*

The @code{va_end} defined in @file{varargs.h} has the same syntax and

usage as the ANSI C version from @file{stdarg.h}.

@node Library Index

@unnumbered Index

@printindex cp

@tex

% I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo.  In the

% meantime:

\long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill

\centerline{The body of this manual is set in}

\centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}

\centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}

\centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}

\centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/} and}

\centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}

\centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}

\page\colophon

% Blame: pesch@cygnus.com, 28mar91.

@end tex

@contents

@bye