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.so man.macros

.TH Tcl_Obj 3 8.0 Tcl "Tcl Library Procedures"

.BS

.SH NAME

Tcl_NewObj, Tcl_DuplicateObj, Tcl_IncrRefCount, Tcl_DecrRefCount, Tcl_IsShared \- manipulate Tcl objects

.SH SYNOPSIS

.nf

\fB#include \fR

.sp

Tcl_Obj *

\fBTcl_NewObj\fR()

.sp

Tcl_Obj *

\fBTcl_DuplicateObj\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR)

.sp

\fBTcl_IncrRefCount\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR)

.sp

\fBTcl_DecrRefCount\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR)

.sp

int

\fBTcl_IsShared\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR)

.sp

\fBTcl_InvalidateStringRep\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR)

.SH ARGUMENTS

.AS Tcl_Obj *objPtr in

.AP Tcl_Obj *objPtr in

Points to an object;

must have been the result of a previous call to \fBTcl_NewObj\fR.

.BE

.SH INTRODUCTION

.PP

This man page presents an overview of Tcl objects and how they are used.

It also describes generic procedures for managing Tcl objects.

These procedures are used to create and copy objects,

and increment and decrement the count of references (pointers) to objects.

The procedures are used in conjunction with ones

that operate on specific types of objects such as

\fBTcl_GetIntFromObj\fR and \fBTcl_ListObjAppendElement\fR.

The individual procedures are described along with the data structures

they manipulate.

.PP

Tcl's \fIdual-ported\fR objects provide a general-purpose mechanism

for storing and exchanging Tcl values.

They largely replace the use of strings in Tcl.

For example, they are used to store variable values,

command arguments, command results, and scripts.

Tcl objects behave like strings but also hold an internal representation

that can be manipulated more efficiently.

For example, a Tcl list is now represented as an object

that holds the list's string representation

as well as an array of pointers to the objects for each list element.

Dual-ported objects avoid most runtime type conversions.

They also improve the speed of many operations

since an appropriate representation is immediately available.

The compiler itself uses Tcl objects to

cache the instruction bytecodes resulting from compiling scripts.

.PP

The two representations are a cache of each other and are computed lazily.

That is, each representation is only computed when necessary,

it is computed from the other representation,

and, once computed, it is saved.

In addition, a change in one representation invalidates the other one.

As an example, a Tcl program doing integer calculations can

operate directly on a variable's internal machine integer

representation without having to constantly convert

between integers and strings.

Only when it needs a string representing the variable's value,

say to print it,

will the program regenerate the string representation from the integer.

Although objects contain an internal representation,

their semantics are defined in terms of strings:

an up-to-date string can always be obtained,

and any change to the object will be reflected in that string

when the object's string representation is fetched.

Because of this representation invalidation and regeneration,

it is dangerous for extension writers to access

\fBTcl_Obj\fR fields directly.

It is better to access Tcl_Obj information using

procedures like \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR.

.PP

Objects are allocated on the heap

and are referenced using a pointer to their \fBTcl_Obj\fR structure.

Objects are shared as much as possible.

This significantly reduces storage requirements

because some objects such as long lists are very large.

Also, most Tcl values are only read and never modified.

This is especially true for procedure arguments,

which can be shared between the caller and the called procedure.

Assignment and argument binding is done by

simply assigning a pointer to the value.

Reference counting is used to determine when it is safe to

reclaim an object's storage.

.PP

Tcl objects are typed.

An object's internal representation is controlled by its type.

Seven types are predefined in the Tcl core

including integer, double, list, and bytecode.

Extension writers can extend the set of types

by using the procedure \fBTcl_RegisterObjType\fR .

.SH "THE TCL_OBJ STRUCTURE"

.PP

Each Tcl object is represented by a \fBTcl_Obj\fR structure

which is defined as follows.

.CS

typedef struct Tcl_Obj {

        int \fIrefCount\fR;

        char *\fIbytes\fR;

        int \fIlength\fR;

        Tcl_ObjType *\fItypePtr\fR;

        union {

                long \fIlongValue\fR;

                double \fIdoubleValue\fR;

                VOID *\fIotherValuePtr\fR;

                struct {

                        VOID *\fIptr1\fR;

                        VOID *\fIptr2\fR;

                } \fItwoPtrValue\fR;

        } \fIinternalRep\fR;

} Tcl_Obj;

.CE

The \fIbytes\fR and the \fIlength\fR members together hold

an object's string representation,

which is a \fIcounted\fR or \fIbinary string\fR

that may contain binary data with embedded null bytes.

\fIbytes\fR points to the first byte of the string representation.

The \fIlength\fR member gives the number of bytes.

The byte array must always have a null after the last byte,

at offset \fIlength\fR;

this allows string representations that do not contain nulls

to be treated as conventional null-terminated C strings.

C programs use \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR to get

an object's string representation.

If \fIbytes\fR is NULL,

the string representation is invalid.

.PP

An object's type manages its internal representation.

The member \fItypePtr\fR points to the Tcl_ObjType structure

that describes the type.

If \fItypePtr\fR is NULL,

the internal representation is invalid.

.PP

The \fIinternalRep\fR union member holds

an object's internal representation.

This is either a (long) integer, a double-precision floating point number,

a pointer to a value containing additional information

needed by the object's type to represent the object,

or two arbitrary pointers.

.PP

The \fIrefCount\fR member is used to tell when it is safe to free

an object's storage.

It holds the count of active references to the object.

Maintaining the correct reference count is a key responsibility

of extension writers.

Reference counting is discussed below

in the section \fBSTORAGE MANAGEMENT OF OBJECTS\fR.

.PP

Although extension writers can directly access

the members of a Tcl_Obj structure,

it is much better to use the appropriate procedures and macros.

For example, extension writers should never

read or update \fIrefCount\fR directly;

they should use macros such as

\fBTcl_IncrRefCount\fR and \fBTcl_IsShared\fR instead.

.PP

A key property of Tcl objects is that they hold two representations.

An object typically starts out containing only a string representation:

it is untyped and has a NULL \fItypePtr\fR.

An object containing an empty string or a copy of a specified string

is created using \fBTcl_NewObj\fR or \fBTcl_NewStringObj\fR respectively.

An object's string value is gotten with \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR

and changed with \fBTcl_SetStringObj\fR.

If the object is later passed to a procedure like \fBTcl_GetIntFromObj\fR

that requires a specific internal representation,

the procedure will create one and set the object's \fItypePtr\fR.

The internal representation is computed from the string representation.

An object's two representations are duals of each other:

changes made to one are reflected in the other.

For example, \fBTcl_ListObjReplace\fR will modify an object's

internal representation and the next call to \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR

will reflect that change.

.PP

Representations are recomputed lazily for efficiency.

A change to one representation made by a procedure

such as \fBTcl_ListObjReplace\fR is not reflected immediately

in the other representation.

Instead, the other representation is marked invalid

so that it is only regenerated if it is needed later.

Most C programmers never have to be concerned with how this is done

and simply use procedures such as \fBTcl_GetBooleanFromObj\fR or

\fBTcl_ListObjIndex\fR.

Programmers that implement their own object types

must check for invalid representations

and mark representations invalid when necessary.

The procedure \fBTcl_InvalidateStringRep\fR is used

to mark an object's string representation invalid and to

free any storage associated with the old string representation.

.PP

Objects usually remain one type over their life,

but occasionally an object must be converted from one type to another.

For example, a C program might build up a string in an object

with repeated calls to \fBTcl_StringObjAppend\fR,

and then call \fBTcl_ListObjIndex\fR to extract a list element from

the object.

The same object holding the same string value

can have several different internal representations

at different times.

Extension writers can also force an object to be converted from one type

to another using the \fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR procedure.

Only programmers that create new object types need to be concerned

about how this is done.

A procedure defined as part of the object type's implementation

creates a new internal representation for an object

and changes its \fItypePtr\fR.

See the man page for \fBTcl_RegisterObjType\fR

to see how to create a new object type.

.SH "EXAMPLE OF THE LIFETIME OF AN OBJECT"

.PP

As an example of the lifetime of an object,

consider the following sequence of commands:

.CS

\fBset x 123\fR

.CE

This assigns to \fIx\fR an untyped object whose

\fIbytes\fR member points to \fB123\fR and \fIlength\fR member contains 3.

The object's \fItypePtr\fR member is NULL.

.CS

\fBputs "x is $x"\fR

.CE

\fIx\fR's string representation is valid (since \fIbytes\fR is non-NULL)

and is fetched for the command.

.CS

\fBincr x\fR

.CE

The \fBincr\fR command first gets an integer from \fIx\fR's object

by calling \fBTcl_GetIntFromObj\fR.

This procedure checks whether the object is already an integer object.

Since it is not, it converts the object

by setting the object's \fIinternalRep.longValue\fR member

to the integer \fB123\fR

and setting the object's \fItypePtr\fR

to point to the integer Tcl_ObjType structure.

Both representations are now valid.

\fBincr\fR increments the object's integer internal representation

then invalidates its string representation

(by calling \fBTcl_InvalidateStringRep\fR)

since the string representation

no longer corresponds to the internal representation.

.CS

\fBputs "x is now $x"\fR

.CE

The string representation of \fIx\fR's object is needed

and is recomputed.

The string representation is now \fB124\fR.

and both representations are again valid.

.SH "STORAGE MANAGEMENT OF OBJECTS"

.PP

Tcl objects are allocated on the heap and are shared as much as possible

to reduce storage requirements.

Reference counting is used to determine when an object is

no longer needed and can safely be freed.

An object just created by \fBTcl_NewObj\fR or \fBTcl_NewStringObj\fR

has \fIrefCount\fR 0.

The macro \fBTcl_IncrRefCount\fR increments the reference count

when a new reference to the object is created.

The macro \fBTcl_DecrRefCount\fR decrements the count

when a reference is no longer needed and,

if the object's reference count drops to zero, frees its storage.

An object shared by different code or data structures has

\fIrefCount\fR greater than 1.

Incrementing an object's reference count ensures that

it won't be freed too early or have its value change accidently.

.PP

As an example, the bytecode interpreter shares argument objects

between calling and called Tcl procedures to avoid having to copy objects.

It assigns the call's argument objects to the procedure's

formal parameter variables.

In doing so, it calls \fBTcl_IncrRefCount\fR to increment

the reference count of each argument since there is now a new

reference to it from the formal parameter.

When the called procedure returns,

the interpreter calls \fBTcl_DecrRefCount\fR to decrement

each argument's reference count.

When an object's reference count drops to zero,

\fBTcl_DecrRefCount\fR reclaims its storage.

Most command procedures do not have to be concerned about

reference counting since they use an object's value immediately

and don't retain a pointer to the object after they return.

However, if they do retain a pointer to an object in a data structure,

they must be careful to increment its reference count

since the retained pointer is a new reference.

.PP

Command procedures that directly modify objects

such as those for \fBlappend\fR and \fBlinsert\fR must be careful to

copy a shared object before changing it.

They must first check whether the object is shared

by calling \fBTcl_IsShared\fR.

If the object is shared they must copy the object

by using \fBTcl_DuplicateObj\fR;

this returns a new duplicate of the original object

that has \fIrefCount\fR 0.

If the object is not shared,

the command procedure "owns" the object and can safely modify it directly.

For example, the following code appears in the command procedure

that implements \fBlinsert\fR.

This procedure modifies the list object passed to it in \fIobjv[1]\fR

by inserting \fIobjc-3\fR new elements before \fIindex\fR.

.CS

listPtr = objv[1];

if (Tcl_IsShared(listPtr)) {

        listPtr = Tcl_DuplicateObj(listPtr);

}

result = Tcl_ListObjReplace(interp, listPtr, index, 0, (objc-3), &(objv[3]));

.CE

As another example, \fBincr\fR's command procedure

must check whether the variable's object is shared before

incrementing the integer in its internal representation.

If it is shared, it needs to duplicate the object

in order to avoid accidently changing values in other data structures.

.SH "SEE ALSO"

Tcl_ConvertToType, Tcl_GetIntFromObj, Tcl_ListObjAppendElement, Tcl_ListObjIndex, Tcl_ListObjReplace, Tcl_RegisterObjType

.SH KEYWORDS

internal representation, object, object creation, object type, reference counting, string representation, type conversion