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xianfeng |
Intro
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=====
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This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
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software necessary to run the 2.6 kernels, as well as provide brief
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instructions regarding any other "Gotchas" users may encounter when
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trying life on the Bleeding Edge. If upgrading from a pre-2.4.x
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kernel, please consult the Changes file included with 2.4.x kernels for
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additional information; most of that information will not be repeated
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here. Basically, this document assumes that your system is already
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functional and running at least 2.4.x kernels.
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This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
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and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
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Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
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'net).
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Current Minimal Requirements
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============================
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Upgrade to at *least* these software revisions before thinking you've
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encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
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running, the suggested command should tell you.
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Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already
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functionally running a Linux 2.4 kernel. Also, not all tools are
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necessary on all systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN
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hardware, for example, you probably needn't concern yourself with
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isdn4k-utils.
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o Gnu C 3.2 # gcc --version
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o Gnu make 3.79.1 # make --version
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o binutils 2.12 # ld -v
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o util-linux 2.10o # fdformat --version
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o module-init-tools 0.9.10 # depmod -V
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o e2fsprogs 1.29 # tune2fs
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o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V
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o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V 2>&1|grep reiserfsprogs
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o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V
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o pcmciautils 004 # pccardctl -V
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o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V
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o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version
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o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
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o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version
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o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version
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o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version
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o udev 081 # udevinfo -V
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o grub 0.93 # grub --version
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Kernel compilation
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==================
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GCC
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---
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The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
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computer.
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Make
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----
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You will need Gnu make 3.79.1 or later to build the kernel.
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Binutils
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--------
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Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for
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assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile
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your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
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release of binutils.
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System utilities
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================
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Architectural changes
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---------------------
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DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
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(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
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32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
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Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
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documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
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definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the
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SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
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files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
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HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from
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DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
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well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.
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Util-linux
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----------
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New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks,
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support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
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types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
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You'll probably want to upgrade.
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Ksymoops
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--------
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If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
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ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
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In the 2.6 kernel it is generally preferred to build the kernel with
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CONFIG_KALLSYMS so that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is
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(this also produces better output than ksymoops).
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If for some reason your kernel is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and
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you have no way to rebuild and reproduce the Oops with that option, then
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you can still decode that Oops with ksymoops.
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Module-Init-Tools
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-----------------
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A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools
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to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that
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mkinitrd be upgraded.
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and
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debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
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JFSutils
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--------
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The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system.
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The following utilities are available:
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o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
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and repair a JFS formatted partition.
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o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition.
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o other file system utilities are also available in this package.
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
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(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
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versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and
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reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the
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xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
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architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
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work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
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later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
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PCMCIAutils
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-----------
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PCMCIAutils replaces pcmcia-cs (see below). It properly sets up
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PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
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for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
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subsystem is used.
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Pcmcia-cs
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---------
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PCMCIA (PC Card) support is now partially implemented in the main
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kernel source. The "pcmciautils" package (see above) replaces pcmcia-cs
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for newest kernels.
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Quota-tools
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-----------
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Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
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the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
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newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
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from the table above.
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Intel IA32 microcode
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--------------------
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A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
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accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
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udev you may need to:
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mkdir /dev/cpu
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mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
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chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
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as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
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get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
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Powertweak
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----------
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If you are running v0.1.17 or earlier, you should upgrade to
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version v0.99.0 or higher. Running old versions may cause problems
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with programs using shared memory.
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udev
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----
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udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
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only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces the basic
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functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
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devices.
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FUSE
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----
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Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
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options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work.
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Networking
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==========
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General changes
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---------------
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If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
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consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
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Packet Filter / NAT
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-------------------
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The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
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kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
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for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
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PPP
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---
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The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
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enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
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upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
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If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
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which can be made by:
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mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
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as root.
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Isdn4k-utils
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------------
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Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
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needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
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NFS-utils
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---------
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In 2.4 and earlier kernels, the nfs server needed to know about any
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client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
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information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client
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mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup. exportfs
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would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab.
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This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
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which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
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fail-over. Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from
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getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
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With 2.6 we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd when it
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gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give appropriate
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export information to the kernel. This removes the dependency on
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rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about currently
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active clients.
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To enable this new functionality, you need to:
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mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
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before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
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services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
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that is possible.
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Getting updated software
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========================
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Kernel compilation
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******************
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gcc
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---
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o
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Make
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----
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o
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Binutils
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--------
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o
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System utilities
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****************
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Util-linux
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----------
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o
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Ksymoops
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--------
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o
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Module-Init-Tools
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-----------------
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o
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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o
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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o
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JFSutils
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--------
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o
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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o
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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o
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Pcmciautils
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-----------
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o
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Pcmcia-cs
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---------
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o
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Quota-tools
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----------
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o
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DocBook Stylesheets
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-------------------
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o
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XMLTO XSLT Frontend
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-------------------
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o
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Intel P6 microcode
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------------------
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o
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Powertweak
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----------
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o
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udev
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----
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o
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FUSE
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----
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o
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Networking
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**********
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PPP
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---
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o
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Isdn4k-utils
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------------
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o
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NFS-utils
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---------
|
| 379 |
|
|
o
|
| 380 |
|
|
|
| 381 |
|
|
Iptables
|
| 382 |
|
|
--------
|
| 383 |
|
|
o
|
| 384 |
|
|
|
| 385 |
|
|
Ip-route2
|
| 386 |
|
|
---------
|
| 387 |
|
|
o
|
| 388 |
|
|
|
| 389 |
|
|
OProfile
|
| 390 |
|
|
--------
|
| 391 |
|
|
o
|
| 392 |
|
|
|
| 393 |
|
|
NFS-Utils
|
| 394 |
|
|
---------
|
| 395 |
|
|
o
|
| 396 |
|
|
|
