Subversion Repositories or1k_soc_on_altera_embedded_dev_kit

     Kernel Support for miscellaneous (your favourite) Binary Formats v1.1

     =====================================================================

This Kernel feature allows you to invoke almost (for restrictions see below)

every program by simply typing its name in the shell.

This includes for example compiled Java(TM), Python or Emacs programs.

To achieve this you must tell binfmt_misc which interpreter has to be invoked

with which binary. Binfmt_misc recognises the binary-type by matching some bytes

at the beginning of the file with a magic byte sequence (masking out specified

bits) you have supplied. Binfmt_misc can also recognise a filename extension

aka '.com' or '.exe'.

First you must mount binfmt_misc:

        mount binfmt_misc -t binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc

To actually register a new binary type, you have to set up a string looking like

:name:type:offset:magic:mask:interpreter:flags (where you can choose the ':' upon

your needs) and echo it to /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register.

Here is what the fields mean:

 - 'name' is an identifier string. A new /proc file will be created with this

   name below /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc

 - 'type' is the type of recognition. Give 'M' for magic and 'E' for extension.

 - 'offset' is the offset of the magic/mask in the file, counted in bytes. This

   defaults to 0 if you omit it (i.e. you write ':name:type::magic...')

 - 'magic' is the byte sequence binfmt_misc is matching for. The magic string

   may contain hex-encoded characters like \x0a or \xA4. In a shell environment

   you will have to write \\x0a to prevent the shell from eating your \.

   If you chose filename extension matching, this is the extension to be

   recognised (without the '.', the \x0a specials are not allowed). Extension

   matching is case sensitive!

 - 'mask' is an (optional, defaults to all 0xff) mask. You can mask out some

   bits from matching by supplying a string like magic and as long as magic.

   The mask is anded with the byte sequence of the file.

 - 'interpreter' is the program that should be invoked with the binary as first

   argument (specify the full path)

 - 'flags' is an optional field that controls several aspects of the invocation

   of the interpreter. It is a string of capital letters, each controls a certain

   aspect. The following flags are supported -

      'P' - preserve-argv[0].  Legacy behavior of binfmt_misc is to overwrite the

            original argv[0] with the full path to the binary.  When this flag is

            included, binfmt_misc will add an argument to the argument vector for

            this purpose, thus preserving the original argv[0].

      'O' - open-binary. Legacy behavior of binfmt_misc is to pass the full path

            of the binary to the interpreter as an argument. When this flag is

            included, binfmt_misc will open the file for reading and pass its

            descriptor as an argument, instead of the full path, thus allowing

            the interpreter to execute non-readable binaries. This feature should

            be used with care - the interpreter has to be trusted not to emit

            the contents of the non-readable binary.

      'C' - credentials. Currently, the behavior of binfmt_misc is to calculate

            the credentials and security token of the new process according to

            the interpreter. When this flag is included, these attributes are

            calculated according to the binary. It also implies the 'O' flag.

            This feature should be used with care as the interpreter

            will run with root permissions when a setuid binary owned by root

            is run with binfmt_misc.

There are some restrictions:

 - the whole register string may not exceed 255 characters

 - the magic must reside in the first 128 bytes of the file, i.e.

   offset+size(magic) has to be less than 128

 - the interpreter string may not exceed 127 characters

To use binfmt_misc you have to mount it first. You can mount it with

"mount -t binfmt_misc none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc" command, or you can add

a line "none  /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc defaults 0 0" to your

/etc/fstab so it auto mounts on boot.

You may want to add the binary formats in one of your /etc/rc scripts during

boot-up. Read the manual of your init program to figure out how to do this

right.

Think about the order of adding entries! Later added entries are matched first!

A few examples (assumed you are in /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc):

- enable support for em86 (like binfmt_em86, for Alpha AXP only):

  echo ':i386:M::\x7fELF\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfb\xff\xff:/bin/em86:' > register

  echo ':i486:M::\x7fELF\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x06:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfb\xff\xff:/bin/em86:' > register

- enable support for packed DOS applications (pre-configured dosemu hdimages):

  echo ':DEXE:M::\x0eDEX::/usr/bin/dosexec:' > register

- enable support for Windows executables using wine:

  echo ':DOSWin:M::MZ::/usr/local/bin/wine:' > register

For java support see Documentation/java.txt

You can enable/disable binfmt_misc or one binary type by echoing 0 (to disable)

or 1 (to enable) to /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status or /proc/.../the_name.

Catting the file tells you the current status of binfmt_misc/the entry.

You can remove one entry or all entries by echoing -1 to /proc/.../the_name

or /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status.

HINTS:

======

If you want to pass special arguments to your interpreter, you can

write a wrapper script for it. See Documentation/java.txt for an

example.

Your interpreter should NOT look in the PATH for the filename; the kernel

passes it the full filename (or the file descriptor) to use.  Using $PATH can

cause unexpected behaviour and can be a security hazard.

There is a web page about binfmt_misc at

http://www.tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de/~rguenth/linux/binfmt_misc.html

Richard Günther