Subversion Repositories or1k_soc_on_altera_embedded_dev_kit

Ext4 Filesystem

===============

This is a development version of the ext4 filesystem, an advanced level

of the ext3 filesystem which incorporates scalability and reliability

enhancements for supporting large filesystems (64 bit) in keeping with

increasing disk capacities and state-of-the-art feature requirements.

Mailing list: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org

1. Quick usage instructions:

===========================

  - Grab updated e2fsprogs from

    ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs-interim/

    This is a patchset on top of e2fsprogs-1.39, which can be found at

    ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/

  - It's still mke2fs -j /dev/hda1

  - mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev

  - To enable extents,

        mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev -o extents

  - The filesystem is compatible with the ext3 driver until you add a file

    which has extents (ie: `mount -o extents', then create a file).

    NOTE: The "extents" mount flag is temporary.  It will soon go away and

    extents will be enabled by the "-o extents" flag to mke2fs or tune2fs

  - When comparing performance with other filesystems, remember that

    ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most.  So

    when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, use `mount -o

    data=writeback'.  And you might as well use `mount -o nobh' too along

    with it.  Making the journal larger than the mke2fs default often helps

    performance with metadata-intensive workloads.

2. Features

===========

2.1 Currently available

* ability to use filesystems > 16TB

* extent format reduces metadata overhead (RAM, IO for access, transactions)

* extent format more robust in face of on-disk corruption due to magics,

* internal redunancy in tree

2.1 Previously available, soon to be enabled by default by "mkefs.ext4":

* dir_index and resize inode will be on by default

* large inodes will be used by default for fast EAs, nsec timestamps, etc

2.2 Candidate features for future inclusion

There are several under discussion, whether they all make it in is

partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them:

* improved file allocation (multi-block alloc, delayed alloc; basically done)

* fix 32000 subdirectory limit (patch exists, needs some e2fsck work)

* nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time (patch exists,

  needs some e2fsck work)

* inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre; prototype exists)

* reduced mke2fs/e2fsck time via uninitialized groups (prototype exists)

* journal checksumming for robustness, performance (prototype exists)

* persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)

Features like metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for

a bit but no patches exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term

roadmap.

The big performance win will come with mballoc and delalloc.  CFS has

been using mballoc for a few years already with Lustre, and IBM + Bull

did a lot of benchmarking on it.  The reason it isn't in the first set of

patches is partly a manageability issue, and partly because it doesn't

directly affect the on-disk format (outside of much better allocation)

so it isn't critical to get into the first round of changes.  I believe

Alex is working on a new set of patches right now.

3. Options

==========

When mounting an ext4 filesystem, the following option are accepted:

(*) == default

extents                 ext4 will use extents to address file data.  The

                        file system will no longer be mountable by ext3.

journal=update          Update the ext4 file system's journal to the current

                        format.

journal=inum            When a journal already exists, this option is ignored.

                        Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which

                        will represent the ext4 file system's journal file.

journal_dev=devnum      When the external journal device's major/minor numbers

                        have changed, this option allows the user to specify

                        the new journal location.  The journal device is

                        identified through its new major/minor numbers encoded

                        in devnum.

noload                  Don't load the journal on mounting.

data=journal            All data are committed into the journal prior to being

                        written into the main file system.

data=ordered    (*)     All data are forced directly out to the main file

                        system prior to its metadata being committed to the

                        journal.

data=writeback          Data ordering is not preserved, data may be written

                        into the main file system after its metadata has been

                        committed to the journal.

commit=nrsec    (*)     Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata

                        every 'nrsec' seconds. The default value is 5 seconds.

                        This means that if you lose your power, you will lose

                        as much as the latest 5 seconds of work (your

                        filesystem will not be damaged though, thanks to the

                        journaling).  This default value (or any low value)

                        will hurt performance, but it's good for data-safety.

                        Setting it to 0 will have the same effect as leaving

                        it at the default (5 seconds).

                        Setting it to very large values will improve

                        performance.

barrier=1               This enables/disables barriers.  barrier=0 disables

                        it, barrier=1 enables it.

orlov           (*)     This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It is

                        enabled by default.

oldalloc                This disables the Orlov block allocator and enables

                        the old block allocator.  Orlov should have better

                        performance - we'd like to get some feedback if it's

                        the contrary for you.

user_xattr              Enables Extended User Attributes.  Additionally, you

                        need to have extended attribute support enabled in the

                        kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_XATTR).  See the

                        attr(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/ to

                        learn more about extended attributes.

nouser_xattr            Disables Extended User Attributes.

acl                     Enables POSIX Access Control Lists support.

                        Additionally, you need to have ACL support enabled in

                        the kernel configuration (CONFIG_EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL).

                        See the acl(5) manual page and http://acl.bestbits.at/

                        for more information.

noacl                   This option disables POSIX Access Control List

                        support.

reservation

noreservation

bsddf           (*)     Make 'df' act like BSD.

minixdf                 Make 'df' act like Minix.

check=none              Don't do extra checking of bitmaps on mount.

nocheck

debug                   Extra debugging information is sent to syslog.

errors=remount-ro(*)    Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.

errors=continue         Keep going on a filesystem error.

errors=panic            Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.

grpid                   Give objects the same group ID as their creator.

bsdgroups

nogrpid         (*)     New objects have the group ID of their creator.

sysvgroups

resgid=n                The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.

resuid=n                The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.

sb=n                    Use alternate superblock at this location.

quota

noquota

grpquota

usrquota

bh              (*)     ext4 associates buffer heads to data pages to

nobh                    (a) cache disk block mapping information

                        (b) link pages into transaction to provide

                            ordering guarantees.

                        "bh" option forces use of buffer heads.

                        "nobh" option tries to avoid associating buffer

                        heads (supported only for "writeback" mode).

Data Mode

---------

There are 3 different data modes:

* writeback mode

In data=writeback mode, ext4 does not journal data at all.  This mode provides

a similar level of journaling as that of XFS, JFS, and ReiserFS in its default

mode - metadata journaling.  A crash+recovery can cause incorrect data to

appear in files which were written shortly before the crash.  This mode will

typically provide the best ext4 performance.

* ordered mode

In data=ordered mode, ext4 only officially journals metadata, but it logically

groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a transaction.  When

it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the associated data blocks

are written first.  In general, this mode performs slightly slower than

writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.

* journal mode

data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling.  All new data is

written to the journal first, and then to its final location.

In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both data and

metadata into a consistent state.  This mode is the slowest except when data

needs to be read from and written to disk at the same time where it

outperforms all others modes.

References

==========

kernel source:  

programs:       http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/

                http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net

useful links:   http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/ext3-devel

                http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/