Subversion Repositories or1k_soc_on_altera_embedded_dev_kit

Shared Subtrees

---------------

Contents:

        1) Overview

        2) Features

        3) smount command

        4) Use-case

        5) Detailed semantics

        6) Quiz

        7) FAQ

        8) Implementation

1) Overview

-----------

Consider the following situation:

A process wants to clone its own namespace, but still wants to access the CD

that got mounted recently.  Shared subtree semantics provide the necessary

mechanism to accomplish the above.

It provides the necessary building blocks for features like per-user-namespace

and versioned filesystem.

2) Features

-----------

Shared subtree provides four different flavors of mounts; struct vfsmount to be

precise

        a. shared mount

        b. slave mount

        c. private mount

        d. unbindable mount

2a) A shared mount can be replicated to as many mountpoints and all the

replicas continue to be exactly same.

        Here is an example:

        Lets say /mnt has a mount that is shared.

        mount --make-shared /mnt

        note: mount command does not yet support the --make-shared flag.

        I have included a small C program which does the same by executing

        'smount /mnt shared'

        #mount --bind /mnt /tmp

        The above command replicates the mount at /mnt to the mountpoint /tmp

        and the contents of both the mounts remain identical.

        #ls /mnt

        a b c

        #ls /tmp

        a b c

        Now lets say we mount a device at /tmp/a

        #mount /dev/sd0  /tmp/a

        #ls /tmp/a

        t1 t2 t2

        #ls /mnt/a

        t1 t2 t2

        Note that the mount has propagated to the mount at /mnt as well.

        And the same is true even when /dev/sd0 is mounted on /mnt/a. The

        contents will be visible under /tmp/a too.

2b) A slave mount is like a shared mount except that mount and umount events

        only propagate towards it.

        All slave mounts have a master mount which is a shared.

        Here is an example:

        Lets say /mnt has a mount which is shared.

        #mount --make-shared /mnt

        Lets bind mount /mnt to /tmp

        #mount --bind /mnt /tmp

        the new mount at /tmp becomes a shared mount and it is a replica of

        the mount at /mnt.

        Now lets make the mount at /tmp; a slave of /mnt

        #mount --make-slave /tmp

        [or smount /tmp slave]

        lets mount /dev/sd0 on /mnt/a

        #mount /dev/sd0 /mnt/a

        #ls /mnt/a

        t1 t2 t3

        #ls /tmp/a

        t1 t2 t3

        Note the mount event has propagated to the mount at /tmp

        However lets see what happens if we mount something on the mount at /tmp

        #mount /dev/sd1 /tmp/b

        #ls /tmp/b

        s1 s2 s3

        #ls /mnt/b

        Note how the mount event has not propagated to the mount at

        /mnt

2c) A private mount does not forward or receive propagation.

        This is the mount we are familiar with. Its the default type.

2d) A unbindable mount is a unbindable private mount

        lets say we have a mount at /mnt and we make is unbindable

        #mount --make-unbindable /mnt

         [ smount /mnt  unbindable ]

         Lets try to bind mount this mount somewhere else.

         # mount --bind /mnt /tmp

         mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /mnt,

                or too many mounted file systems

        Binding a unbindable mount is a invalid operation.

3) smount command

        Currently the mount command is not aware of shared subtree features.

        Work is in progress to add the support in mount ( util-linux package ).

        Till then use the following program.

        ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        //

        //this code was developed my Miklos Szeredi 

        //and modified by Ram Pai 

        // sample usage:

        //              smount /tmp shared

        //

        #include 

        #include 

        #include 

        #include 

        #include 

        #include 

        #ifndef MS_REC

        #define MS_REC          0x4000  /* 16384: Recursive loopback */

        #endif

        #ifndef MS_SHARED

        #define MS_SHARED               1<<20   /* Shared */

        #endif

        #ifndef MS_PRIVATE

        #define MS_PRIVATE              1<<18   /* Private */

        #endif

        #ifndef MS_SLAVE

        #define MS_SLAVE                1<<19   /* Slave */

        #endif

        #ifndef MS_UNBINDABLE

        #define MS_UNBINDABLE           1<<17   /* Unbindable */

        #endif

        int main(int argc, char *argv[])

        {

                int type;

                if(argc != 3) {

                        fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s dir "

                        "

                        "|private|unbindable>\n" , argv[0]);

                        return 1;

                }

                fprintf(stdout, "%s %s %s\n", argv[0], argv[1], argv[2]);

                if (strcmp(argv[2],"rshared")==0)

                        type=(MS_SHARED|MS_REC);

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"rslave")==0)

                        type=(MS_SLAVE|MS_REC);

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"rprivate")==0)

                        type=(MS_PRIVATE|MS_REC);

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"runbindable")==0)

                        type=(MS_UNBINDABLE|MS_REC);

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"shared")==0)

                        type=MS_SHARED;

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"slave")==0)

                        type=MS_SLAVE;

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"private")==0)

                        type=MS_PRIVATE;

                else if (strcmp(argv[2],"unbindable")==0)

                        type=MS_UNBINDABLE;

                else {

                        fprintf(stderr, "invalid operation: %s\n", argv[2]);

                        return 1;

                }

                setfsuid(getuid());

                if(mount("", argv[1], "dontcare", type, "") == -1) {

                        perror("mount");

                        return 1;

                }

                return 0;

        }

        -----------------------------------------------------------------------

        Copy the above code snippet into smount.c

        gcc -o smount smount.c

        (i) To mark all the mounts under /mnt as shared execute the following

        command:

                smount /mnt rshared

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-rshared /mnt

            just to mark a mount /mnt as shared, execute the following

            command:

                smount /mnt shared

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-shared /mnt

        (ii) To mark all the shared mounts under /mnt as slave execute the

        following

             command:

                smount /mnt rslave

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-rslave /mnt

            just to mark a mount /mnt as slave, execute the following

            command:

                smount /mnt slave

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-slave /mnt

        (iii) To mark all the mounts under /mnt as private execute the

        following command:

                smount /mnt rprivate

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-rprivate /mnt

            just to mark a mount /mnt as private, execute the following

            command:

                smount /mnt private

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-private /mnt

              NOTE: by default all the mounts are created as private. But if

              you want to change some shared/slave/unbindable  mount as

              private at a later point in time, this command can help.

        (iv) To mark all the mounts under /mnt as unbindable execute the

        following

             command:

                smount /mnt runbindable

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-runbindable /mnt

            just to mark a mount /mnt as unbindable, execute the following

            command:

                smount /mnt unbindable

                the corresponding syntax planned for mount command is

                mount --make-unbindable /mnt

4) Use cases

------------

        A) A process wants to clone its own namespace, but still wants to

           access the CD that got mounted recently.

           Solution:

                The system administrator can make the mount at /cdrom shared

                mount --bind /cdrom /cdrom

                mount --make-shared /cdrom

                Now any process that clones off a new namespace will have a

                mount at /cdrom which is a replica of the same mount in the

                parent namespace.

                So when a CD is inserted and mounted at /cdrom that mount gets

                propagated to the other mount at /cdrom in all the other clone

                namespaces.

        B) A process wants its mounts invisible to any other process, but

        still be able to see the other system mounts.

           Solution:

                To begin with, the administrator can mark the entire mount tree

                as shareable.

                mount --make-rshared /

                A new process can clone off a new namespace. And mark some part

                of its namespace as slave

                mount --make-rslave /myprivatetree

                Hence forth any mounts within the /myprivatetree done by the

                process will not show up in any other namespace. However mounts

                done in the parent namespace under /myprivatetree still shows

                up in the process's namespace.

        Apart from the above semantics this feature provides the

        building blocks to solve the following problems:

        C)  Per-user namespace

                The above semantics allows a way to share mounts across

                namespaces.  But namespaces are associated with processes. If

                namespaces are made first class objects with user API to

                associate/disassociate a namespace with userid, then each user

                could have his/her own namespace and tailor it to his/her

                requirements. Offcourse its needs support from PAM.

        D)  Versioned files

                If the entire mount tree is visible at multiple locations, then

                a underlying versioning file system can return different

                version of the file depending on the path used to access that

                file.

                An example is:

                mount --make-shared /

                mount --rbind / /view/v1

                mount --rbind / /view/v2

                mount --rbind / /view/v3

                mount --rbind / /view/v4

                and if /usr has a versioning filesystem mounted, than that

                mount appears at /view/v1/usr, /view/v2/usr, /view/v3/usr and

                /view/v4/usr too

                A user can request v3 version of the file /usr/fs/namespace.c

                by accessing /view/v3/usr/fs/namespace.c . The underlying

                versioning filesystem can then decipher that v3 version of the

                filesystem is being requested and return the corresponding

                inode.

5) Detailed semantics:

-------------------

        The section below explains the detailed semantics of

        bind, rbind, move, mount, umount and clone-namespace operations.

        Note: the word 'vfsmount' and the noun 'mount' have been used

        to mean the same thing, throughout this document.

5a) Mount states

        A given mount can be in one of the following states

        1) shared

        2) slave

        3) shared and slave

        4) private

        5) unbindable

        A 'propagation event' is defined as event generated on a vfsmount

        that leads to mount or unmount actions in other vfsmounts.

        A 'peer group' is defined as a group of vfsmounts that propagate

        events to each other.

        (1) Shared mounts

                A 'shared mount' is defined as a vfsmount that belongs to a

                'peer group'.

                For example:

                        mount --make-shared /mnt

                        mount --bin /mnt /tmp

                The mount at /mnt and that at /tmp are both shared and belong

                to the same peer group. Anything mounted or unmounted under

                /mnt or /tmp reflect in all the other mounts of its peer

                group.

        (2) Slave mounts

                A 'slave mount' is defined as a vfsmount that receives

                propagation events and does not forward propagation events.

                A slave mount as the name implies has a master mount from which

                mount/unmount events are received. Events do not propagate from

                the slave mount to the master.  Only a shared mount can be made

                a slave by executing the following command

                        mount --make-slave mount

                A shared mount that is made as a slave is no more shared unless

                modified to become shared.

        (3) Shared and Slave

                A vfsmount can be both shared as well as slave.  This state

                indicates that the mount is a slave of some vfsmount, and

                has its own peer group too.  This vfsmount receives propagation

                events from its master vfsmount, and also forwards propagation

                events to its 'peer group' and to its slave vfsmounts.

                Strictly speaking, the vfsmount is shared having its own

                peer group, and this peer-group is a slave of some other

                peer group.

                Only a slave vfsmount can be made as 'shared and slave' by

                either executing the following command

                        mount --make-shared mount

                or by moving the slave vfsmount under a shared vfsmount.

        (4) Private mount

                A 'private mount' is defined as vfsmount that does not

                receive or forward any propagation events.

        (5) Unbindable mount

                A 'unbindable mount' is defined as vfsmount that does not

                receive or forward any propagation events and cannot

                be bind mounted.

        State diagram:

        The state diagram below explains the state transition of a mount,

        in response to various commands.

        ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        |             |make-shared |  make-slave  | make-private |make-unbindab|

        --------------|------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|

        |shared       |shared      |*slave/private|   private    | unbindable  |

        |             |            |              |              |             |

        |-------------|------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|

        |slave        |shared      |    **slave   |    private   | unbindable  |

        |             |and slave   |              |              |             |

        |-------------|------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|

        |shared       |shared      |    slave     |    private   | unbindable  |

        |and slave    |and slave   |              |              |             |

        |-------------|------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|

        |private      |shared      |  **private   |    private   | unbindable  |

        |-------------|------------|--------------|--------------|-------------|

        |unbindable   |shared      |**unbindable  |    private   | unbindable  |

        ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        * if the shared mount is the only mount in its peer group, making it

        slave, makes it private automatically. Note that there is no master to

        which it can be slaved to.

        ** slaving a non-shared mount has no effect on the mount.

        Apart from the commands listed below, the 'move' operation also changes

        the state of a mount depending on type of the destination mount. Its

        explained in section 5d.

5b) Bind semantics

        Consider the following command

        mount --bind A/a  B/b

        where 'A' is the source mount, 'a' is the dentry in the mount 'A', 'B'

        is the destination mount and 'b' is the dentry in the destination mount.

        The outcome depends on the type of mount of 'A' and 'B'. The table

        below contains quick reference.

   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

   |         BIND MOUNT OPERATION                                            |

   |**************************************************************************

   |source(A)->| shared       |       private  |       slave    | unbindable |

   | dest(B)  |               |                |                |            |

   |   |      |               |                |                |            |

   |   v      |               |                |                |            |

   |**************************************************************************

   |  shared  | shared        |     shared     | shared & slave |  invalid   |

   |          |               |                |                |            |

   |non-shared| shared        |      private   |      slave     |  invalid   |

   ***************************************************************************

        Details:

        1. 'A' is a shared mount and 'B' is a shared mount. A new mount 'C'

        which is clone of 'A', is created. Its root dentry is 'a' . 'C' is

        mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Also new mount 'C1', 'C2', 'C3' ...

        are created and mounted at the dentry 'b' on all mounts where 'B'

        propagates to. A new propagation tree containing 'C1',..,'Cn' is

        created. This propagation tree is identical to the propagation tree of

        'B'.  And finally the peer-group of 'C' is merged with the peer group

        of 'A'.

        2. 'A' is a private mount and 'B' is a shared mount. A new mount 'C'

        which is clone of 'A', is created. Its root dentry is 'a'. 'C' is

        mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Also new mount 'C1', 'C2', 'C3' ...

        are created and mounted at the dentry 'b' on all mounts where 'B'

        propagates to. A new propagation tree is set containing all new mounts

        'C', 'C1', .., 'Cn' with exactly the same configuration as the

        propagation tree for 'B'.

        3. 'A' is a slave mount of mount 'Z' and 'B' is a shared mount. A new

        mount 'C' which is clone of 'A', is created. Its root dentry is 'a' .

        'C' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Also new mounts 'C1', 'C2',

        'C3' ... are created and mounted at the dentry 'b' on all mounts where

        'B' propagates to. A new propagation tree containing the new mounts

        'C','C1',..  'Cn' is created. This propagation tree is identical to the

        propagation tree for 'B'. And finally the mount 'C' and its peer group

        is made the slave of mount 'Z'.  In other words, mount 'C' is in the

        state 'slave and shared'.

        4. 'A' is a unbindable mount and 'B' is a shared mount. This is a

        invalid operation.

        5. 'A' is a private mount and 'B' is a non-shared(private or slave or

        unbindable) mount. A new mount 'C' which is clone of 'A', is created.

        Its root dentry is 'a'. 'C' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.

        6. 'A' is a shared mount and 'B' is a non-shared mount. A new mount 'C'

        which is a clone of 'A' is created. Its root dentry is 'a'. 'C' is

        mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.  'C' is made a member of the

        peer-group of 'A'.

        7. 'A' is a slave mount of mount 'Z' and 'B' is a non-shared mount. A

        new mount 'C' which is a clone of 'A' is created. Its root dentry is

        'a'.  'C' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Also 'C' is set as a

        slave mount of 'Z'. In other words 'A' and 'C' are both slave mounts of

        'Z'.  All mount/unmount events on 'Z' propagates to 'A' and 'C'. But

        mount/unmount on 'A' do not propagate anywhere else. Similarly

        mount/unmount on 'C' do not propagate anywhere else.

        8. 'A' is a unbindable mount and 'B' is a non-shared mount. This is a

        invalid operation. A unbindable mount cannot be bind mounted.

5c) Rbind semantics

        rbind is same as bind. Bind replicates the specified mount.  Rbind

        replicates all the mounts in the tree belonging to the specified mount.

        Rbind mount is bind mount applied to all the mounts in the tree.

        If the source tree that is rbind has some unbindable mounts,

        then the subtree under the unbindable mount is pruned in the new

        location.

        eg: lets say we have the following mount tree.

                A

              /   \

              B   C

             / \ / \

             D E F G

             Lets say all the mount except the mount C in the tree are

             of a type other than unbindable.

             If this tree is rbound to say Z

             We will have the following tree at the new location.

                Z

                |

                A'

               /

              B'                Note how the tree under C is pruned

             / \                in the new location.

            D' E'

5d) Move semantics

        Consider the following command

        mount --move A  B/b

        where 'A' is the source mount, 'B' is the destination mount and 'b' is

        the dentry in the destination mount.

        The outcome depends on the type of the mount of 'A' and 'B'. The table

        below is a quick reference.

   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

   |                    MOVE MOUNT OPERATION                                 |

   |**************************************************************************

   | source(A)->| shared      |       private  |       slave    | unbindable |

   | dest(B)  |               |                |                |            |

   |   |      |               |                |                |            |

   |   v      |               |                |                |            |

   |**************************************************************************

   |  shared  | shared        |     shared     |shared and slave|  invalid   |

   |          |               |                |                |            |

   |non-shared| shared        |      private   |    slave       | unbindable |

   ***************************************************************************

        NOTE: moving a mount residing under a shared mount is invalid.

      Details follow:

        1. 'A' is a shared mount and 'B' is a shared mount.  The mount 'A' is

        mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.  Also new mounts 'A1', 'A2'...'An'

        are created and mounted at dentry 'b' on all mounts that receive

        propagation from mount 'B'. A new propagation tree is created in the

        exact same configuration as that of 'B'. This new propagation tree

        contains all the new mounts 'A1', 'A2'...  'An'.  And this new

        propagation tree is appended to the already existing propagation tree

        of 'A'.

        2. 'A' is a private mount and 'B' is a shared mount. The mount 'A' is

        mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Also new mount 'A1', 'A2'... 'An'

        are created and mounted at dentry 'b' on all mounts that receive

        propagation from mount 'B'. The mount 'A' becomes a shared mount and a

        propagation tree is created which is identical to that of

        'B'. This new propagation tree contains all the new mounts 'A1',

        'A2'...  'An'.

        3. 'A' is a slave mount of mount 'Z' and 'B' is a shared mount.  The

        mount 'A' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.  Also new mounts 'A1',

        'A2'... 'An' are created and mounted at dentry 'b' on all mounts that

        receive propagation from mount 'B'. A new propagation tree is created

        in the exact same configuration as that of 'B'. This new propagation

        tree contains all the new mounts 'A1', 'A2'...  'An'.  And this new

        propagation tree is appended to the already existing propagation tree of

        'A'.  Mount 'A' continues to be the slave mount of 'Z' but it also

        becomes 'shared'.

        4. 'A' is a unbindable mount and 'B' is a shared mount. The operation

        is invalid. Because mounting anything on the shared mount 'B' can

        create new mounts that get mounted on the mounts that receive

        propagation from 'B'.  And since the mount 'A' is unbindable, cloning

        it to mount at other mountpoints is not possible.

        5. 'A' is a private mount and 'B' is a non-shared(private or slave or

        unbindable) mount. The mount 'A' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.

        6. 'A' is a shared mount and 'B' is a non-shared mount.  The mount 'A'

        is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.  Mount 'A' continues to be a

        shared mount.

        7. 'A' is a slave mount of mount 'Z' and 'B' is a non-shared mount.

        The mount 'A' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.  Mount 'A'

        continues to be a slave mount of mount 'Z'.

        8. 'A' is a unbindable mount and 'B' is a non-shared mount. The mount

        'A' is mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'. Mount 'A' continues to be a

        unbindable mount.

5e) Mount semantics

        Consider the following command

        mount device  B/b

        'B' is the destination mount and 'b' is the dentry in the destination

        mount.

        The above operation is the same as bind operation with the exception

        that the source mount is always a private mount.

5f) Unmount semantics

        Consider the following command

        umount A

        where 'A' is a mount mounted on mount 'B' at dentry 'b'.

        If mount 'B' is shared, then all most-recently-mounted mounts at dentry

        'b' on mounts that receive propagation from mount 'B' and does not have

        sub-mounts within them are unmounted.

        Example: Lets say 'B1', 'B2', 'B3' are shared mounts that propagate to

        each other.

        lets say 'A1', 'A2', 'A3' are first mounted at dentry 'b' on mount

        'B1', 'B2' and 'B3' respectively.

        lets say 'C1', 'C2', 'C3' are next mounted at the same dentry 'b' on

        mount 'B1', 'B2' and 'B3' respectively.

        if 'C1' is unmounted, all the mounts that are most-recently-mounted on

        'B1' and on the mounts that 'B1' propagates-to are unmounted.

        'B1' propagates to 'B2' and 'B3'. And the most recently mounted mount

        on 'B2' at dentry 'b' is 'C2', and that of mount 'B3' is 'C3'.

        So all 'C1', 'C2' and 'C3' should be unmounted.

        If any of 'C2' or 'C3' has some child mounts, then that mount is not

        unmounted, but all other mounts are unmounted. However if 'C1' is told

        to be unmounted and 'C1' has some sub-mounts, the umount operation is

        failed entirely.

5g) Clone Namespace

        A cloned namespace contains all the mounts as that of the parent

        namespace.

        Lets say 'A' and 'B' are the corresponding mounts in the parent and the

        child namespace.

        If 'A' is shared, then 'B' is also shared and 'A' and 'B' propagate to

        each other.

        If 'A' is a slave mount of 'Z', then 'B' is also the slave mount of

        'Z'.

        If 'A' is a private mount, then 'B' is a private mount too.

        If 'A' is unbindable mount, then 'B' is a unbindable mount too.

6) Quiz

        A. What is the result of the following command sequence?

                mount --bind /mnt /mnt

                mount --make-shared /mnt

                mount --bind /mnt /tmp

                mount --move /tmp /mnt/1

                what should be the contents of /mnt /mnt/1 /mnt/1/1 should be?

                Should they all be identical? or should /mnt and /mnt/1 be

                identical only?

        B. What is the result of the following command sequence?

                mount --make-rshared /

                mkdir -p /v/1

                mount --rbind / /v/1

                what should be the content of /v/1/v/1 be?

        C. What is the result of the following command sequence?

                mount --bind /mnt /mnt

                mount --make-shared /mnt

                mkdir -p /mnt/1/2/3 /mnt/1/test

                mount --bind /mnt/1 /tmp

                mount --make-slave /mnt

                mount --make-shared /mnt

                mount --bind /mnt/1/2 /tmp1

                mount --make-slave /mnt

                At this point we have the first mount at /tmp and

                its root dentry is 1. Lets call this mount 'A'

                And then we have a second mount at /tmp1 with root

                dentry 2. Lets call this mount 'B'

                Next we have a third mount at /mnt with root dentry

                mnt. Lets call this mount 'C'

                'B' is the slave of 'A' and 'C' is a slave of 'B'

                A -> B -> C

                at this point if we execute the following command

                mount --bind /bin /tmp/test

                The mount is attempted on 'A'

                will the mount propagate to 'B' and 'C' ?

                what would be the contents of

                /mnt/1/test be?

7) FAQ

        Q1. Why is bind mount needed? How is it different from symbolic links?

                symbolic links can get stale if the destination mount gets

                unmounted or moved. Bind mounts continue to exist even if the

                other mount is unmounted or moved.

        Q2. Why can't the shared subtree be implemented using exportfs?

                exportfs is a heavyweight way of accomplishing part of what

                shared subtree can do. I cannot imagine a way to implement the

                semantics of slave mount using exportfs?

        Q3 Why is unbindable mount needed?

                Lets say we want to replicate the mount tree at multiple

                locations within the same subtree.

                if one rbind mounts a tree within the same subtree 'n' times

                the number of mounts created is an exponential function of 'n'.

                Having unbindable mount can help prune the unneeded bind

                mounts. Here is a example.

                step 1:

                   lets say the root tree has just two directories with

                   one vfsmount.

                                    root

                                   /    \

                                  tmp    usr

                    And we want to replicate the tree at multiple

                    mountpoints under /root/tmp

                step2:

                      mount --make-shared /root

                      mkdir -p /tmp/m1

                      mount --rbind /root /tmp/m1

                      the new tree now looks like this:

                                    root

                                   /    \

                                 tmp    usr

                                /

                               m1

                              /  \

                             tmp  usr

                             /

                            m1

                          it has two vfsmounts

                step3:

                            mkdir -p /tmp/m2

                            mount --rbind /root /tmp/m2

                        the new tree now looks like this:

                                      root

                                     /    \

                                   tmp     usr

                                  /    \

                                m1       m2

                               / \       /  \

                             tmp  usr   tmp  usr

                             / \          /

                            m1  m2      m1

                                / \     /  \

                              tmp usr  tmp   usr

                              /        / \

                             m1       m1  m2

                            /  \

                          tmp   usr

                          /  \

                         m1   m2

                       it has 6 vfsmounts

                step 4:

                          mkdir -p /tmp/m3

                          mount --rbind /root /tmp/m3

                          I wont' draw the tree..but it has 24 vfsmounts

                at step i the number of vfsmounts is V[i] = i*V[i-1].

                This is an exponential function. And this tree has way more

                mounts than what we really needed in the first place.

                One could use a series of umount at each step to prune

                out the unneeded mounts. But there is a better solution.

                Unclonable mounts come in handy here.

                step 1:

                   lets say the root tree has just two directories with

                   one vfsmount.

                                    root

                                   /    \

                                  tmp    usr

                    How do we set up the same tree at multiple locations under

                    /root/tmp

                step2:

                      mount --bind /root/tmp /root/tmp

                      mount --make-rshared /root

                      mount --make-unbindable /root/tmp

                      mkdir -p /tmp/m1

                      mount --rbind /root /tmp/m1

                      the new tree now looks like this:

                                    root

                                   /    \

                                 tmp    usr

                                /

                               m1

                              /  \

                             tmp  usr

                step3:

                            mkdir -p /tmp/m2

                            mount --rbind /root /tmp/m2

                      the new tree now looks like this:

                                    root

                                   /    \

                                 tmp    usr

                                /   \

                               m1     m2

                              /  \     / \

                             tmp  usr tmp usr

                step4:

                            mkdir -p /tmp/m3

                            mount --rbind /root /tmp/m3

                      the new tree now looks like this:

                                          root

                                      /           \

                                     tmp           usr

                                 /    \    \

                               m1     m2     m3

                              /  \     / \    /  \

                             tmp  usr tmp usr tmp usr

8) Implementation

8A) Datastructure