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\begin{document}

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\title{Plataforma de Hardware Reconfigurable para el Diseño de Sistemas Digitales}

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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Alexis Maximiliano Quiteros, Luis Alberto Guanuco, Sergio Daniel Olmedo}

\IEEEauthorblockA{Centro Universitario de Desarrollo en Automoción y Robótica\\

Universidad Tecnológica Nacional\\

Facultad Regional Córdoba\\

Email: maximiliano.quinteros@gmail.com, lguanuco@electronica.frc.utn.edu.ar, solmedo@scdt.frc.utn.edu.ar}

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\begin{abstract}

La contaste evolución de los sistemas electrónicos (digitales y analógicos) exige la búsqueda de nuevas herramientas para la formación académica. En el caso del diseños de sistemas digitales una excelente alternativa es el uso placas de evaluación basadas en dispositivos lógicos programables (PLDs). En función de los requerimientos y necesidades académicas que demandan recursos de hardware, y las oportunidades concretas de desarrollar una plataforma personalizada a las necesidades plateadas es que se presenta una plataforma reconfigurable con especificaciones abiertas. Este diseño cuenta con periféricos básicos con que se pueda interactuar en la implementación de sistemas digitales, pero además cuenta con una FPGA que dispone de una gran cantidad de recursos internos para el uso en sistemas digitales avanzados que requieren gran capacidad de procesamiento. El proyecto se publica en forma libre (licencia GPL) buscando incentivar a otras grupos académicos en la  modificación y adaptación de este trabajo a sus necesidades como así también proponer mejoras en versiones futuras de la plataforma.

\end{abstract}

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\section{Introducción}

Las áreas académicas vinculadas a la electrónica y la computación se encuentran en constante demanda de recursos educativos de hardware y software en virtud de potenciar los conocimientos de los estudiantes. En el caso de las tecnologías con poca difusión o implementación en la industria regional, la principal opción en la importación de plataformas educativas adquiridas a empresas destinadas a la manufacturación de sistemas embebidos. Estas plataformas comerciales se clasifican según su implementación por lo que no siempre cubren los requerimientos académicos. Por ejemplo, en el área de las técnicas digitales, los requerimientos de hardware para las cátedras iniciales difieren de las cátedras avanzadas. Esta situación presenta la oportunidad de desarrollar una plataforma a la medida de las necesidades de las instituciones académicas. Si se dispone de las especificaciones por parte de los docentes, la articulación de otras unidades académicas como laboratorios y grupos de investigación, es posible obtener un desarrollo que cubra las expectativas y aliente a la producción regional de plataformas educativas en un marco de transferencia de tecnología.

En el proceso de aprendizaje de las denominadas Técnicas Digitales necesariamente se debe implementar los diseños digitales. Desde el Álgebra de Bool, con operaciones digitales simples, hasta la implementación de un microprocesador son prácticas comunes de los sistemas digitales lógicos y resulta fundamental su ejercitación para concluir el ciclo de enseñanza.

Al comienzo de la década de los 90s surgieron varios trabajos donde se planteaba la necesidad de una plataforma educativa orientada a la implementación de diseños lógicos digitales basados en PLDs. Los principales demandantes de estas plataformas eran diseñadores de arquitecturas de microprocesadores \cite{ASArev.1}, desarrollos que años anteriores resultaban imposibles por el costo de la implementación en hardware. El avance en el proceso de integración de los circuitos integrados han llevado a que se desarrollen plataformas más complejas que ofrecen una gran cantidad de recursos de hardware. Al día de hoy se han generado varios proyectos desarrollados por instituciones académicas \cite{FPGA-platform-CPU-design}\cite{Low-Cost-Interactive-Rapid-Prototyping}\cite{FPGA-Based-Experiment-Platform-for-Multi-Core-System}, otras con especificaciones abiertas \cite{Building-an-Evolvable-Low-Cost-HWSW-Platform}\cite{NetFPGA} y también con fines comerciales \cite{Port-Emb-Linux-XUP-Virtex-II.Dev-Board}. Todos estos trabajos tienen algunas características en común:

\begin{itemize}

\item El dispositivo lógico programable base es una FPGA

\item Memoria de programación de la FPGA

\item Acceso de programación JTAG

\item Software para interactuar con la plataforma desde una computadora

\item Dos perfiles de diseño:

  \begin{itemize}

  \item Para la implementación de sistemas lógicos generales

  \item Orientado a un área específica

  \end{itemize}

\end{itemize}

La caracterización anterior no es un intento de generalizar a todas las plataformas educativas basadas en PLDs, pero sí resulta útil para definir el perfil de la plataforma que se describe en este trabajo. Sin la especificación de a que usuarios se destina una plataforma, no se puede comenzar con el estudio de los diferentes dispositivos que se utilizarán. La Figura \ref{fig:rec-plataforma} ilustra una clasificación en bloques de los recursos que ofrecen diferentes plataformas basada en dispositivos PLDs. Donde a niveles iniciales en el estudio de la lógica digital se requieren periféricos básicos como ser llaves conmutadoras de los estados lógicos, dispositivos indicadores como diodos LED, etc. Mientras que a estudios más avanzados se requieren otros tipos de dispositivos como ser a un nivel medio controladores para display gráficos LCD/LED, comunicaciones entre varios dispositivos mediante SPI, I2C, etc. Y por últimos, en la formación de especialistas de sistemas embebidos, requieren recursos como interfaces físicos para ethernet, controladores HDMI, PS2, USB, etc.

\begin{figure}[!t]

\centering

\includegraphics[width=5cm]{img/recursos-plataformas}

\caption{Recursos de hardware en función de los niveles de aprendizaje.}

\label{fig:rec-plataforma}

\end{figure}

La mayoría de las plataformas de evaluación comerciales son fabricadas en el exterior del país. Se han encontrado desarrollos nacionales pero no son comercializados sino usados en laboratorios universitarios. Entre las empresas fabricantes de sistemas embebidos basados en dispositivos PLDs, se destacan: Xilix, Altera y Digilent. Los principales perfiles de sus desarrollos se encuentran orientados a,

\begin{itemize}

\item Sistemas de comunicaciones

\item Procesamiento de Señales Digitales (DSP)

\item Automovilismo

\end{itemize}

En la Figura \ref{fig:board-fpga} se pueden ver tres diferentes plataformas orientadas al diseño de sistemas digitales \footnote{Alguna de estas plataformas disponen de módulos conversores ADC y DAC, por lo que se podría decir que también permiten la implementación de sistemas analógicos en dominio discreto.}. Los recursos de hardware que ofrecen estos desarrollos son:

\begin{itemize}

\item FPGA

\item Memoria de programación de la FPGA

\item Periféricos básicos (LEDs, display, pulsadores, llaves, etc.)

\item Puerto USB

\item Puerto para módulos externos

\item Puerto para propósitos generales

\item Varias señales de reloj (clok)

\item VGA y PS/2

\item Memorias ROM/RAM

\item ADC/DAC

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[t]

  \centering

  \subfloat[BASYS2 (Digilent)]{\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/BASYS2-top-400}%

    \label{fig:digilent-board}}

  \hfil

  \subfloat[DE0-Nano (Altera)]{\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/de0-nano}%

    \label{fig:altera-board}}

  \hfil

  \subfloat[Avnet Spartan-6 LX150T (Xilinx/Avnet)]{\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/Avnet-Spartan-6-lx9-MicroBoard}%

    \label{fig:xilinx-board}}

  \caption{Plataformas de desarrollo educativas basadas en FPGAs (Comerciales)}

  \label{fig:board-fpga}

\end{figure}

En nuestra región la tecnología PLDs se encuentra en su auge hace unos años. Instituciones gubernamentales de defensa \cite{citedef-ref}, aeroespaciales, comunicaciones \cite{paper-dta-conae} están implementando dispositivos como FPGAs y CPLDs en sus diseños. Además existe una constante actualización por parte de las instituciones académicas en los programas analíticos de las carreras relacionadas a los sistemas embebidos \cite{act-curricula}.

En base al planteamiento anterior lleva al desarrollo de la Plataforma de Hardware Reconfigurable (PHR). Esta plataforma es un proyecto a medida de las necesidades en la  enseñanza de los sistemas digitales lógicos en las cátedras iniciales. Ofrece recursos básicos para que los estudiantes interactúen con la tecnología de los dispositivos PLDs, pero también dispone de puertos para conectar otros recursos físicos permitiendo que estudiantes avanzados puedan hacer uso de ellas sin limitaciones. Además al ser publicado bajo licencia libre/abierta permitirá a que el diseño, o parte de él, sirva como referencias a otras instituciones académicas que se encuentren en búsqueda de una plataforma para implementar en sus diferentes cátedras.

\section{Elección del PLD}

\section{Interfaz JTAG}

\subsection{Hardware}

\subsection{Software}

\section{Características}

\subsection{Perifericos}

\subsection{Potencia}

\section{Software}

\subsection{XC3Prog}

\subsection{OpenOCD}

\section{Implementación}

\section{Código abierto}

\section{Discusión}

Existen dos formas de solventar esta demanda, la primera opción es la adquisición de estos recursos a empresas que ofrecen plataformas educativas que cumplan con las especificaciones, pero aquí se presenta una segunda opción que es generar estas plataformas personalizadas a las necesidades de la región. Actualmente se dispone de los conocimientos necesarios para emprender un ciclo de trabajo donde las mismas unidades académicas cubren sus demandas a través de diferentes espacios como son los grupos de investigación y laboratorios

\section{Conclusiones}

% use section* for acknowledgement

\section*{Acknowledgment}

The authors would like to thank...

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%   0.5em minus 0.4em\relax Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley, 1999.

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% that's all folks

\end{document}