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%% bare_conf.tex
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%% V1.3
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%% 2007/01/11
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%% by Michael Shell
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%% See:
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%% http://www.michaelshell.org/
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%% for current contact information.
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%%
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%% This is a skeleton file demonstrating the use of IEEEtran.cls
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%% (requires IEEEtran.cls version 1.7 or later) with an IEEE conference paper.
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%%
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%% Support sites:
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%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
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%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
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%% and
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%% http://www.ieee.org/
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%%*************************************************************************
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%% Legal Notice:
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%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
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%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
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%% User assumes all risk.
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%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
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%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
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%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
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%% of any information contained here.
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%%
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%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
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%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
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%%
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%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
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%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
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%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
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%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
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%% 2003/12/01 or later.
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%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
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%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
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%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
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%%
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%% File list of work: IEEEtran.cls, IEEEtran_HOWTO.pdf, bare_adv.tex,
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%% bare_conf.tex, bare_jrnl.tex, bare_jrnl_compsoc.tex
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%%*************************************************************************
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% *** Authors should verify (and, if needed, correct) their LaTeX system ***
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% *** with the testflow diagnostic prior to trusting their LaTeX platform ***
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% *** with production work. IEEE's font choices can trigger bugs that do ***
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% *** not appear when using other class files. ***
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% The testflow support page is at:
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% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/testflow/
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% Note that the a4paper option is mainly intended so that authors in
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% countries using A4 can easily print to A4 and see how their papers will
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% look in print - the typesetting of the document will not typically be
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% affected with changes in paper size (but the bottom and side margins will).
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% Use the testflow package mentioned above to verify correct handling of
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% both paper sizes by the user's LaTeX system.
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%
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% Also note that the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", option
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% should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be displayed in
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% draft mode.
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%
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\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
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% Add the compsoc option for Computer Society conferences.
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%
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% If IEEEtran.cls has not been installed into the LaTeX system files,
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% manually specify the path to it like:
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% \documentclass[conference]{../sty/IEEEtran}
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% Some very useful LaTeX packages include:
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% (uncomment the ones you want to load)
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% *** MISC UTILITY PACKAGES ***
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%
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%\usepackage{ifpdf}
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% Heiko Oberdiek's ifpdf.sty is very useful if you need conditional
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% compilation based on whether the output is pdf or dvi.
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% usage:
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% \ifpdf
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% % pdf code
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% \else
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% % dvi code
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% \fi
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% The latest version of ifpdf.sty can be obtained from:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/
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% Also, note that IEEEtran.cls V1.7 and later provides a builtin
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% \ifCLASSINFOpdf conditional that works the same way.
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% When switching from latex to pdflatex and vice-versa, the compiler may
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% have to be run twice to clear warning/error messages.
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% *** CITATION PACKAGES ***
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%
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%\usepackage{cite}
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% cite.sty was written by Donald Arseneau
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% V1.6 and later of IEEEtran pre-defines the format of the cite.sty package
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% \cite{} output to follow that of IEEE. Loading the cite package will
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% result in citation numbers being automatically sorted and properly
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% "compressed/ranged". e.g., [1], [9], [2], [7], [5], [6] without using
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% cite.sty will become [1], [2], [5]--[7], [9] using cite.sty. cite.sty's
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% \cite will automatically add leading space, if needed. Use cite.sty's
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% noadjust option (cite.sty V3.8 and later) if you want to turn this off.
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% cite.sty is already installed on most LaTeX systems. Be sure and use
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% version 4.0 (2003-05-27) and later if using hyperref.sty. cite.sty does
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% not currently provide for hyperlinked citations.
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% The latest version can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/
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% The documentation is contained in the cite.sty file itself.
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% *** GRAPHICS RELATED PACKAGES ***
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%
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\ifCLASSINFOpdf
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\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
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% declare the path(s) where your graphic files are
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% \graphicspath{{../pdf/}{../jpeg/}}
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% and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with
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% every instance of \includegraphics
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% \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.jpeg,.png}
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\else
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% or other class option (dvipsone, dvipdf, if not using dvips). graphicx
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% will default to the driver specified in the system graphics.cfg if no
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% driver is specified.
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% \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
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% declare the path(s) where your graphic files are
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% \graphicspath{{../eps/}}
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% and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with
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% every instance of \includegraphics
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% \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.eps}
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\fi
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% graphicx was written by David Carlisle and Sebastian Rahtz. It is
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% required if you want graphics, photos, etc. graphicx.sty is already
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% installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest version and documentation can
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% be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/
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% Another good source of documentation is "Using Imported Graphics in
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% LaTeX2e" by Keith Reckdahl which can be found as epslatex.ps or
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% epslatex.pdf at: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/
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%
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% latex, and pdflatex in dvi mode, support graphics in encapsulated
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% postscript (.eps) format. pdflatex in pdf mode supports graphics
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% in .pdf, .jpeg, .png and .mps (metapost) formats. Users should ensure
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% that all non-photo figures use a vector format (.eps, .pdf, .mps) and
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% not a bitmapped formats (.jpeg, .png). IEEE frowns on bitmapped formats
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% which can result in "jaggedy"/blurry rendering of lines and letters as
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% well as large increases in file sizes.
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%
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% You can find documentation about the pdfTeX application at:
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% http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex
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% *** MATH PACKAGES ***
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%
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\usepackage[cmex10]{amsmath}
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% A popular package from the American Mathematical Society that provides
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% many useful and powerful commands for dealing with mathematics. If using
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% it, be sure to load this package with the cmex10 option to ensure that
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% only type 1 fonts will utilized at all point sizes. Without this option,
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% it is possible that some math symbols, particularly those within
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% footnotes, will be rendered in bitmap form which will result in a
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% document that can not be IEEE Xplore compliant!
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%
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% Also, note that the amsmath package sets \interdisplaylinepenalty to 10000
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% thus preventing page breaks from occurring within multiline equations. Use:
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%\interdisplaylinepenalty=2500
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% after loading amsmath to restore such page breaks as IEEEtran.cls normally
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% does. amsmath.sty is already installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest
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% version and documentation can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/
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% *** SPECIALIZED LIST PACKAGES ***
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%
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%\usepackage{algorithmic}
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% algorithmic.sty was written by Peter Williams and Rogerio Brito.
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% This package provides an algorithmic environment fo describing algorithms.
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% You can use the algorithmic environment in-text or within a figure
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% environment to provide for a floating algorithm. Do NOT use the algorithm
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% floating environment provided by algorithm.sty (by the same authors) or
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% algorithm2e.sty (by Christophe Fiorio) as IEEE does not use dedicated
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% algorithm float types and packages that provide these will not provide
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% correct IEEE style captions. The latest version and documentation of
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% algorithmic.sty can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/algorithms/
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% There is also a support site at:
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% http://algorithms.berlios.de/index.html
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% Also of interest may be the (relatively newer and more customizable)
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% algorithmicx.sty package by Szasz Janos:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/algorithmicx/
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% *** ALIGNMENT PACKAGES ***
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%
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%\usepackage{array}
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% Frank Mittelbach's and David Carlisle's array.sty patches and improves
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% the standard LaTeX2e array and tabular environments to provide better
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% appearance and additional user controls. As the default LaTeX2e table
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% generation code is lacking to the point of almost being broken with
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% respect to the quality of the end results, all users are strongly
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% advised to use an enhanced (at the very least that provided by array.sty)
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% set of table tools. array.sty is already installed on most systems. The
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% latest version and documentation can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/
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%\usepackage{mdwmath}
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% Also highly recommended is Mark Wooding's extremely powerful MDW tools,
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% especially mdwmath.sty and mdwtab.sty which are used to format equations
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% and tables, respectively. The MDWtools set is already installed on most
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% LaTeX systems. The lastest version and documentation is available at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/
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% IEEEtran contains the IEEEeqnarray family of commands that can be used to
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% generate multiline equations as well as matrices, tables, etc., of high
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% quality.
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%\usepackage{eqparbox}
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% Also of notable interest is Scott Pakin's eqparbox package for creating
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% (automatically sized) equal width boxes - aka "natural width parboxes".
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% Available at:
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% *** SUBFIGURE PACKAGES ***
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% subfigure.sty was written by Steven Douglas Cochran. This package makes it
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% easy to put subfigures in your figures. e.g., "Figure 1a and 1b". For IEEE
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% work, it is a good idea to load it with the tight package option to reduce
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% the amount of white space around the subfigures. subfigure.sty is already
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% installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest version and documentation can
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% be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/obsolete/macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/
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% subfigure.sty has been superceeded by subfig.sty.
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% subfig.sty, also written by Steven Douglas Cochran, is the modern
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% replacement for subfigure.sty. However, subfig.sty requires and
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% automatically loads Axel Sommerfeldt's caption.sty which will override
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% IEEEtran.cls handling of captions and this will result in nonIEEE style
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% figure/table captions. To prevent this problem, be sure and preload
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% caption.sty with its "caption=false" package option. This is will preserve
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% IEEEtran.cls handing of captions. Version 1.3 (2005/06/28) and later
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% (recommended due to many improvements over 1.2) of subfig.sty supports
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% the caption=false option directly:
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%\usepackage[caption=false,font=footnotesize]{subfig}
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%
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% The latest version and documentation can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/subfig/
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% The latest version and documentation of caption.sty can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/
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% *** FLOAT PACKAGES ***
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%
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%\usepackage{fixltx2e}
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% fixltx2e, the successor to the earlier fix2col.sty, was written by
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% Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle. This package corrects a few problems
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% in the LaTeX2e kernel, the most notable of which is that in current
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% LaTeX2e releases, the ordering of single and double column floats is not
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% guaranteed to be preserved. Thus, an unpatched LaTeX2e can allow a
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% single column figure to be placed prior to an earlier double column
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% figure. The latest version and documentation can be found at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/
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%\usepackage{stfloats}
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% stfloats.sty was written by Sigitas Tolusis. This package gives LaTeX2e
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% the ability to do double column floats at the bottom of the page as well
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% as the top. (e.g., "\begin{figure*}[!b]" is not normally possible in
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% LaTeX2e). It also provides a command:
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%\fnbelowfloat
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% to enable the placement of footnotes below bottom floats (the standard
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% LaTeX2e kernel puts them above bottom floats). This is an invasive package
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% which rewrites many portions of the LaTeX2e float routines. It may not work
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% with other packages that modify the LaTeX2e float routines. The latest
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% version and documentation can be obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/sttools/
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% Documentation is contained in the stfloats.sty comments as well as in the
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% presfull.pdf file. Do not use the stfloats baselinefloat ability as IEEE
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% does not allow \baselineskip to stretch. Authors submitting work to the
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% IEEE should note that IEEE rarely uses double column equations and
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% that authors should try to avoid such use. Do not be tempted to use the
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% cuted.sty or midfloat.sty packages (also by Sigitas Tolusis) as IEEE does
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% not format its papers in such ways.
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% --------------- USEPACKAGE agregados por guanucoluis ----------------
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{multirow}
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%\usepackage[spanish]{babel}
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%\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
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% ------------------------- Agregados por maxi ------------------------
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\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Resumen}
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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Alexis Maximiliano Quiteros, Luis Alberto Guanuco, Sergio Daniel Olmedo}
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\IEEEauthorblockA{Centro Universitario de Desarrollo en Automoción y Robótica\\
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Universidad Tecnológica Nacional\\
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Facultad Regional Córdoba\\
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Email: maximiliano.quinteros@gmail.com, lguanuco@electronica.frc.utn.edu.ar, solmedo@scdt.frc.utn.edu.ar}
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% Universidad Tecnológica Nacional\\
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La contaste evolución de los sistemas electrónicos (digitales y analógicos) exige la búsqueda de nuevas herramientas para la formación académica. En el caso del diseños de sistemas digitales una excelente alternativa es el uso placas de evaluación basadas en dispositivos lógicos programables (PLDs). En función de los requerimientos y necesidades académicas que demandan recursos de hardware, y las oportunidades concretas de desarrollar una plataforma personalizada a las necesidades plateadas es que se presenta una plataforma reconfigurable con especificaciones abiertas. Este diseño cuenta con periféricos básicos con que se pueda interactuar en la implementación de sistemas digitales, pero además cuenta con una FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) que dispone de una gran cantidad de recursos internos para el uso en sistemas digitales avanzados que requieren gran capacidad de procesamiento. El proyecto se publica en forma libre (licencia GPL) buscando incentivar a otras grupos académicos en la modificación y adaptación de este trabajo a sus necesidades como así también proponer mejoras en versiones futuras de la plataforma.
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\section{Introducción}
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Las áreas académicas vinculadas a la electrónica y la computación se encuentran en constante demanda de recursos educativos de hardware y software en virtud de potenciar los conocimientos de los estudiantes. En el caso de las tecnologías con poca difusión o implementación en la industria regional, la principal opción en la importación de plataformas educativas adquiridas a empresas destinadas a la manufacturación de sistemas embebidos. Estas plataformas comerciales se clasifican según su implementación por lo que no siempre cubren los requerimientos académicos. Por ejemplo, en el área de las técnicas digitales, los requerimientos de hardware para las cátedras iniciales difieren de las cátedras avanzadas. Esta situación presenta la oportunidad de desarrollar una plataforma a la medida de las necesidades de las instituciones académicas. Si se dispone de las especificaciones por parte de los docentes, la articulación de otras unidades académicas como laboratorios y grupos de investigación, es posible obtener un desarrollo que cubra las expectativas y aliente a la producción regional de plataformas educativas en un marco de transferencia de tecnología.
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En el proceso de aprendizaje de las denominadas Técnicas Digitales necesariamente se debe implementar los diseños digitales. Desde el Álgebra de Bool, con operaciones digitales simples, hasta la implementación de un microprocesador son prácticas comunes de los sistemas digitales lógicos y resulta fundamental su ejercitación para concluir el ciclo de enseñanza.
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Al comienzo de la década de los 90s surgieron varios trabajos donde se planteaba la necesidad de una plataforma educativa orientada a la implementación de diseños lógicos digitales basados en PLDs. Los principales demandantes de estas plataformas eran diseñadores de arquitecturas de microprocesadores \cite{ASArev.1}, desarrollos que años anteriores resultaban imposibles por el costo de la implementación en hardware. El avance en el proceso de integración de los circuitos integrados han llevado a que se desarrollen plataformas más complejas que ofrecen una gran cantidad de recursos de hardware. Al día de hoy se han generado varios proyectos desarrollados por instituciones académicas \cite{FPGA-platform-CPU-design}\cite{Low-Cost-Interactive-Rapid-Prototyping}\cite{FPGA-Based-Experiment-Platform-for-Multi-Core-System}, otras con especificaciones abiertas \cite{Building-an-Evolvable-Low-Cost-HWSW-Platform}\cite{NetFPGA} y también con fines comerciales \cite{Port-Emb-Linux-XUP-Virtex-II.Dev-Board}. Todos estos trabajos tienen algunas características en común:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item El dispositivo lógico programable base es una FPGA
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\item Memoria de programación de la FPGA
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\item Acceso de programación JTAG
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\item Software para interactuar con la plataforma desde una computadora
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\item Dos perfiles de diseño:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Para la implementación de sistemas lógicos generales
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\item Orientado a un área específica
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\end{itemize}
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La caracterización anterior no es un intento de generalizar a todas las plataformas educativas basadas en PLDs, pero sí resulta útil para definir el perfil de la plataforma que se describe en este trabajo. Sin la especificación de a que usuarios se destina una plataforma, no se puede comenzar con el estudio de los diferentes dispositivos que se utilizarán. La Figura \ref{fig:rec-plataforma} ilustra una clasificación en bloques de los recursos que ofrecen diferentes plataformas basada en dispositivos PLDs. Donde a niveles iniciales en el estudio de la lógica digital se requieren periféricos básicos como ser llaves conmutadoras de los estados lógicos, dispositivos indicadores como diodos LED, etc. Mientras que a estudios más avanzados se requieren otros tipos de dispositivos como ser a un nivel medio controladores para display gráficos LCD/LED, comunicaciones entre varios dispositivos mediante SPI, I2C, etc. Y por últimos, en la formación de especialistas de sistemas embebidos, requieren recursos como interfaces físicos para ethernet, controladores HDMI, PS2, USB, etc.
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=5cm]{img/recursos-plataformas}
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\caption{Recursos de hardware en función de los niveles de aprendizaje.}
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\label{fig:rec-plataforma}
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\end{figure}
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La mayoría de las plataformas de evaluación comerciales son fabricadas en el exterior del país. Se han encontrado desarrollos nacionales pero no son comercializados sino usados en laboratorios universitarios. Entre las empresas fabricantes de sistemas embebidos basados en dispositivos PLDs, se destacan: Xilix, Altera y Digilent. Los principales perfiles de sus desarrollos se encuentran orientados a,
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Sistemas de comunicaciones
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\item Procesamiento de Señales Digitales (DSP)
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\item Automovilismo
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\end{itemize}
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En la Figura \ref{fig:board-fpga} se pueden ver tres diferentes plataformas orientadas al diseño de sistemas digitales\footnote{Alguna de estas plataformas disponen de módulos conversores ADC y DAC, por lo que se podría decir que también permiten la implementación de sistemas analógicos en dominio discreto.}. Los recursos de hardware que ofrecen estos desarrollos son:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item FPGA
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\item Memoria de programación de la FPGA
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\item Periféricos básicos (LEDs, display, pulsadores, llaves, etc.)
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\item Puerto USB
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\item Puerto para módulos externos
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\item Puerto para propósitos generales
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\item Varias señales de reloj (clok)
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\item VGA y PS/2
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\begin{figure}[t]
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\centering
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\subfloat[BASYS2 (Digilent)]{\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/BASYS2-top-400}%
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\label{fig:digilent-board}}
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\hfil
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\label{fig:altera-board}}
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\hfil
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\label{fig:xilinx-board}}
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\caption{Plataformas comerciales de desarrollo educativas basadas en FPGAs.}
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\label{fig:board-fpga}
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\end{figure}
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En nuestra región la tecnología PLDs se encuentra en su auge hace unos años. Instituciones gubernamentales de defensa \cite{citedef-ref}, aeroespaciales, comunicaciones \cite{paper-dta-conae} están implementando dispositivos como FPGAs y CPLDs en sus diseños. Además existe una constante actualización por parte de las instituciones académicas en los programas analíticos de las carreras relacionadas a los sistemas embebidos \cite{act-curricula}.
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Considerando la situación expuesta es que se impulsa el desarrollo de la Plataforma de Hardware Reconfigurable (PHR). Esta plataforma es un proyecto a medida de las necesidades en la enseñanza de los sistemas digitales lógicos en las cátedras iniciales. Ofrece recursos básicos para que los estudiantes interactúen con la tecnología de los dispositivos PLDs, pero también dispone de puertos para conectar otros recursos físicos permitiendo que estudiantes avanzados puedan hacer uso de ellas sin limitaciones. Además al ser publicado bajo licencia libre/abierta permitirá a que el diseño, o parte de él, sirva como referencias a otras instituciones académicas que se encuentren en búsqueda de una plataforma para implementar en sus diferentes cátedras.
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\section{Dispositivos principales}
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Son varios los dispositivos principales que se deben definir antes de comenzar a conectar algún componente electrónico. Y es que en función de estos dispositivos es que se debe seleccionar los restantes. Se podrían listar estos como:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item FPGA
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\item Memoria de programación
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\item Interfaz de programación
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\item Periféricos
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\item Sistema de potencia
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\subsection{FPGA}
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\label{sec:fpga}
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La FPGA que se utiliza pertenece a la familia Spartan-3 de Xilinx Inc. Esta familia a la vez se clasifican en
|
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Familia Spartan-3A extendida:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Bajo costo
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Spartan-3A
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Ideal para uso de interfaz entre dispositivos.
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\end{itemize}
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\item Spartan-3A DSP
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\begin{itemize}
|
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\item Mayor densidad de recursos en comparación que la familia Spartan-3A
|
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\item Dispone de un dispositivo DPS (DSP48A) para el procesamiento de señales digitales
|
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\end{itemize}
|
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\item Spartan-3AN
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\begin{itemize}
|
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\item Dispositivos no volátiles
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\item Ideal para aplicaciones con restricciones de espacio
|
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\item Familia Spartan-3E
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\item Familia Spartan-3
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\end{itemize}
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Altara, Atmel y otros fabricantes de FPGAs también presentan familias similares a las Spartan-3. Aquí se optó por Xilinx Inc. debido a la experiencia en software/hardware con que cuenta el Centro de Investigación\footnote{CUDAR -- Centro Universitario de Desarrollo en Automoción y Robótica.} donde se desarrolla el proyecto. La familia extendida Spartan-3A es la que se utiliza en el diseño de la PHR. En la comparación de recursos de hardware y precio del dispositivo FPGA, las FPGAs Spartan-3A presentan un valor aceptable. En un extremo, las Spartan-3A, permiten una gran variedad de modos de programación en contraste con la familia Spartan-3. Por otro lado, no es necesario gran capacidad de procesamiento que justifique la inclusión de un DSP, debido al perfil del usuario de la plataforma que se desarrolla. Se recuerda que la plataforma PHR se destina a la enseñanza de la tecnología descriptiva de hardware. Las principales características de las FPGAs Spartan-3A se describen en la Tabla \ref{tab:char-fpga}.
|
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\begin{table}[!t]
|
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%increase table row spacing, adjust to taste
|
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\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
|
553 |
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% if using array.sty, it might be a good idea to tweak the value of
|
554 |
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|
% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells
|
555 |
180 |
guanucolui |
\caption{Característica de la familia Spartan-3A}
|
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177 |
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\label{tab:char-fpga}
|
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|
\centering
|
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% Some packages, such as MDW tools, offer better commands for making tables
|
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|
|
% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here.
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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
|
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guanucolui |
\hline
|
562 |
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\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Devices}} & \textbf{System} & \textbf{Block RAM} & \textbf{Dedicated} & \textbf{Maximum} \\
|
563 |
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|
& \textbf{Gates} & \textbf{bits} & \textbf{Multipliers} & \textbf{User I/O} \\
|
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\hline
|
565 |
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XC3S50A & 50K & 54K & 3 & 144 \\
|
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\hline
|
567 |
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\textbf{XC3S200A} & \textbf{200K} & \textbf{288K} & \textbf{16} & \textbf{248} \\
|
568 |
|
|
\hline
|
569 |
|
|
XC3S400A & 400K & 360K & 20 & 311 \\
|
570 |
|
|
\hline
|
571 |
|
|
XC3S700A & 700K & 360K & 20 & 372 \\
|
572 |
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|
\hline
|
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XC3S1400A & 1400K & 576K & 32 & 502 \\
|
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
|
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|
\end{table}
|
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El dispositivo seleccionado, como se puede ver en la Tabla \ref{tab:char-fpga}, es el XC3S200A. Éste cuenta con una gran densidad de recursos de hardware (200K compuertas lógicas) a la vez que se puede encontrar a esta FPGA en un encapsulado de pequeñas dimensiones (VQ100) que facilita el diseño del PCB. En este encapsulado se puede contar con 68 puertos de entrada/salida (I/O) para ser utilizados externamente a diferentes tecnologías programables (LVTTL, LVCMOS33/25/18, entre otros). El perfil del diseño de la PHR no requiere de una gran cantidad de puertos de I/O debido a las aplicaciones para las que se lo diseña.
|
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guanucolui |
|
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\subsection{Memoria de programación}
|
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|
\label{sec:mem-prog}
|
581 |
|
|
La tecnología utilizada en las FPGAs Spartan-3A requieren de una memoria externa que configure al dispositivo ya que es volátil. Esta familia permite la utilización de varios tipos de memorias como modos de configuración para embeber el diseño digital en la FPGA. Xilinx comercializa memorias Flash PROM para todas sus familias de FPGA. Hay una relación directa entre la capacidad lógica de una FPGA con el tamaño de la memoria de programación, en la Tabla xxx se puede apreciar esta relación para el caso de la familia Spartan-3A.
|
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|
|
\begin{table}[!t]
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\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
|
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\caption{Tipo de memoria para la familia Spartan-3A}
|
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|
\label{tab:mem-fpga}
|
586 |
|
|
\centering
|
587 |
|
|
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}
|
588 |
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|
\hline
|
589 |
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|
\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Devices}} & \textbf{Configuration} & \textbf{ISP PROM} \\
|
590 |
|
|
& \textbf{Bits} & \textbf{Solution} \\
|
591 |
|
|
\hline
|
592 |
|
|
XC3S50A & 437,312 & XCF01S \\
|
593 |
|
|
\hline
|
594 |
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|
\textbf{XC3S200A} & \textbf{1,196,128} & \textbf{XCF02S} \\
|
595 |
|
|
\hline
|
596 |
|
|
XC3S400A & 1,886,560 & XCF02S \\
|
597 |
|
|
\hline
|
598 |
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|
XC3S700A & 2,732,640 & XCF04S \\
|
599 |
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|
\hline
|
600 |
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|
XC3S1400A & 4,755,296 & XCF08P \\
|
601 |
|
|
\hline
|
602 |
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
603 |
|
|
\end{table}
|
604 |
|
|
Tanto la FPGA como la memoria de programación Flash PROM se encuentran conectadas en cadena a través de un interfaz denominado JTAG Boundary-Scan. Xilinx Inc. implementa el estándar IEEE 1149.1 (comúnmente llamado JTAG) en sus dispositivos FPGAs, CPLDs y memorias Flash PROM para la programación mediante un software, y de esta forma transferir el diseños sintetizados en sus dispositivos.
|
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|
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180 |
guanucolui |
\subsection{Periféricos}
|
607 |
|
|
\label{sec:perifericos}
|
608 |
|
|
Los periféricos que se implementan en este diseño permiten a los usuarios iniciales realizar prácticas sencillas. Pero también los usuarios avanzados requieren de indicadores de señales lógicas, pulsadores, etc. (Figura \ref{fig:rec-plataforma}). Los periféricos que ofrece la plataforma PHR son:
|
609 |
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
610 |
|
|
\item Salidas
|
611 |
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
612 |
|
|
\item 8 LEDs indicadores
|
613 |
|
|
\item Display de 7-segmentos de 4 dígitos
|
614 |
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
615 |
|
|
\item Entradas
|
616 |
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
617 |
|
|
\item 8 Llaves (DIP switch)
|
618 |
|
|
\item 4 Pulsadores
|
619 |
|
|
\item Relojes (Clocks) 50Mhz
|
620 |
|
|
\item Divisor de reloj de 16Mhz a $\sim$1Mhz
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
|
622 |
|
|
\item Entrada/Salida
|
623 |
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
624 |
|
|
\item Puerto Serie (RS-232)
|
625 |
|
|
\item Puerto con I/O para propósitos generales (conectores IDE)
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
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\subsection{Sistema de alimentación}
|
630 |
|
|
\label{sec:sist-power}
|
631 |
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|
|
632 |
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|
633 |
|
|
\section{Placa PHR}
|
634 |
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\label{sec:placa-phr}
|
635 |
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|
636 |
|
|
|
637 |
|
|
\section{Interfaz JTAG}
|
638 |
|
|
\label{sec:jtag}
|
639 |
|
|
La plataforma PHR requiere interactuar con una computadora personal. Sobre esta computadora el usuario realizará el diseño lógico mediante un lenguaje descriptivo (HDL). La síntesis del diseño se realiza con la herramienta de software proporcionada por el fabricante de la FPGA y luego debe transferirse este diseño y reconfigurar el dispositivo (ya sea directamente sobre la FPGA o almacenando la información sobre la memoria Flash PROM).
|
640 |
|
|
Actualmente el puerto serie y paralelo, muy utilizados antiguamente, están quedando obsoletos. Otra situación presenta el puerto USB, el cual actualmente es el interfaz cableado más utilizado para la comunicación entre una computadora y dispositivos externos.
|
641 |
|
|
Los requerimientos planteados para el interfaz JTAG son:
|
642 |
|
|
\begin{description}
|
643 |
|
|
\item[JTAG] Comunicarse con la plataforma PHR utilizando un dispositivo externo que implemente el estándar IEEE 1149.1.
|
644 |
|
|
\item[USB] Comunicarse con una computadora personal a través de este puerto sin restricción al sistema operativo a utilizar (GNU/Linux, Mac OS y Microsoft Windows).
|
645 |
|
|
\end{description}
|
646 |
|
|
Uno de los dispositivo comerciales que presenta las características anteriormente definidas es el FT2232D fabricado por Future Technology Devices International (FTDI).
|
647 |
155 |
maximiq |
\section{Características}
|
648 |
|
|
\subsection{Perifericos}
|
649 |
|
|
\subsection{Potencia}
|
650 |
|
|
|
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175 |
guanucolui |
\section{Interfaz JTAG}
|
652 |
|
|
|
653 |
155 |
maximiq |
\section{Software}
|
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175 |
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\subsection{Xc3srog}
|
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\subsection{OpenOCD}
|
656 |
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|
|
657 |
|
|
\section{Implementación}
|
658 |
|
|
|
659 |
|
|
\section{Código abierto}
|
660 |
|
|
|
661 |
165 |
guanucolui |
\section{Discusión}
|
662 |
|
|
Existen dos formas de solventar esta demanda, la primera opción es la adquisición de estos recursos a empresas que ofrecen plataformas educativas que cumplan con las especificaciones, pero aquí se presenta una segunda opción que es generar estas plataformas personalizadas a las necesidades de la región. Actualmente se dispone de los conocimientos necesarios para emprender un ciclo de trabajo donde las mismas unidades académicas cubren sus demandas a través de diferentes espacios como son los grupos de investigación y laboratorios
|
663 |
|
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|
664 |
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|
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169 |
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\section{Conclusiones}
|
666 |
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|
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169 |
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% use section* for acknowledgement
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|
|
\section*{Acknowledgment}
|
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|
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|
|
671 |
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The authors would like to thank...
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% An example of a floating figure using the graphicx package.
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% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that
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% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption
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% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. However, because
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% of issues like this, it may be the safest practice to put all your
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% \label just after \caption rather than within \caption{}.
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%
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% Reminder: the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", class
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% option should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be
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% displayed while in draft mode.
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%
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%\begin{figure}[!t]
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%\centering
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%\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{myfigure}
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% where an .eps filename suffix will be assumed under latex,
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% and a .pdf suffix will be assumed for pdflatex; or what has been declared
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% via \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
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%\caption{Simulation Results}
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%\label{fig_sim}
|
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%\end{figure}
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% Note that IEEE typically puts floats only at the top, even when this
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% results in a large percentage of a column being occupied by floats.
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% An example of a double column floating figure using two subfigures.
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% (The subfig.sty package must be loaded for this to work.)
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% The subfigure \label commands are set within each subfloat command, the
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% \label for the overall figure must come after \caption.
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% \hfil must be used as a separator to get equal spacing.
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% The subfigure.sty package works much the same way, except \subfigure is
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% used instead of \subfloat.
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%
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%\begin{figure*}[!t]
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%\centerline{\subfloat[Case I]\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{subfigcase1}%
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%\label{fig_first_case}}
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%\hfil
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%\subfloat[Case II]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{subfigcase2}%
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%\label{fig_second_case}}}
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715 |
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%\caption{Simulation results}
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716 |
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%\label{fig_sim}
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%\end{figure*}
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%
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% Note that often IEEE papers with subfigures do not employ subfigure
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% captions (using the optional argument to \subfloat), but instead will
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% reference/describe all of them (a), (b), etc., within the main caption.
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% An example of a floating table. Note that, for IEEE style tables, the
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% \caption command should come BEFORE the table. Table text will default to
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% \footnotesize as IEEE normally uses this smaller font for tables.
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% The \label must come after \caption as always.
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%
|
729 |
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%\begin{table}[!t]
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730 |
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%% increase table row spacing, adjust to taste
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%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
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733 |
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% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells
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734 |
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%\caption{An Example of a Table}
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735 |
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%\label{table_example}
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736 |
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%\centering
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%% Some packages, such as MDW tools, offer better commands for making tables
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%% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here.
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739 |
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%\begin{tabular}{|c||c|}
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%\hline
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%One & Two\\
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742 |
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%\hline
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743 |
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%Three & Four\\
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%\hline
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%\end{tabular}
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746 |
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%\end{table}
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% Note that IEEE does not put floats in the very first column - or typically
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% anywhere on the first page for that matter. Also, in-text middle ("here")
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% positioning is not used. Most IEEE journals/conferences use top floats
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% exclusively. Note that, LaTeX2e, unlike IEEE journals/conferences, places
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% footnotes above bottom floats. This can be corrected via the \fnbelowfloat
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% command of the stfloats package.
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% trigger a \newpage just before the given reference
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% number - used to balance the columns on the last page
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760 |
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% adjust value as needed - may need to be readjusted if
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761 |
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|
% the document is modified later
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762 |
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|
%\IEEEtriggeratref{8}
|
763 |
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% The "triggered" command can be changed if desired:
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764 |
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%\IEEEtriggercmd{\enlargethispage{-5in}}
|
765 |
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766 |
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% references section
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|
768 |
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% can use a bibliography generated by BibTeX as a .bbl file
|
769 |
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% BibTeX documentation can be easily obtained at:
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/
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% The IEEEtran BibTeX style support page is at:
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% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/
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773 |
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%\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
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% argument is your BibTeX string definitions and bibliography database(s)
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%\bibliography{IEEEabrv,../bib/paper}
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%
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% <OR> manually copy in the resultant .bbl file
|
778 |
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% set second argument of \begin to the number of references
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% (used to reserve space for the reference number labels box)
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\begin{thebibliography}{1}
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% \bibitem{IEEEhowto:kopka}
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% H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly, \emph{A Guide to \LaTeX}, 3rd~ed.\hskip 1em plus
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% 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley, 1999.
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\bibitem{ASArev.1}
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Hiroyuki~Ochi, \emph{ASAver.1: An FPGA-Based Education Board for Computer Architecture/system Design}, Design Automation Conference 1997. Proceeding of the ASP-DAC'97. Asia and South Pacific. January 1997.
|
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|
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\bibitem{FPGA-platform-CPU-design}
|
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C.~Chang, C.~Huang, Y.~Lin, Z.~Huang and T.~Hu, \emph{FPGA Platform for CPU Design and Applications}, 5th. IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. Nagoya, Japan. July 2005.
|
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|
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\bibitem{Low-Cost-Interactive-Rapid-Prototyping}
|
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D.~Kang, S.~Hwang, K.~Jhang, K.~Yi, \emph{A Low Cost and Interactive Rapid Prototyping Platform For Digital System Design Education}, IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education, MSE'07. 2007.
|
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\bibitem{FPGA-Based-Experiment-Platform-for-Multi-Core-System}
|
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J.~Xing, W.~Zhao and H.~Hu, \emph{An FPGA-Based Experiment Platform for Multi-Cores System}, 9th. International Conference for Young Computer Scientistis, ICYCS'08. 2008.
|
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\bibitem{Building-an-Evolvable-Low-Cost-HWSW-Platform}
|
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A.~Cicuttin, M.~Crespo, A.~Shapiro, N.~Abdallah, \emph{Building an Evolvable Low-Cost HW/SW Educational Platform -- Application to Virtual Instrumentation}, IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education, MSE'07. 2007.
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\bibitem{NetFPGA}
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J.~Lockwood, N.~McKeown, G.~Watson, G.~Gibb, P.~Hartke, J.~Naous, R.~Raghuraman and J.~Luo, \emph{NetFPGA - An Open Platform for Gigabit-rate Network Switching and Routing}, IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education, MSE'07. 2007.
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\bibitem{Port-Emb-Linux-XUP-Virtex-II.Dev-Board}
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Z.~Qingguo, Y.~Qi, L.~Chanjuan, H.~Bin, \emph{Port Embedded Linux to XUP Virtex-II Por Development Board}, IEEE. 2009.
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\bibitem{citedef-ref}
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Instituto de Investigación Científica y Técnicas para al defensa (CITEDEF), \emph{Radar Láser}, url: \texttt{http://www.citedef.gob.ar/i-d/laser/}.
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811 |
174 |
guanucolui |
\bibitem{paper-dta-conae}
|
812 |
|
|
J.~Siman, G.~Jaquenod and H.~Mascialino, \emph{Fpga-Based Transmit/Receive Distributed Controller for the TR Modules of an L Band Antenna (SAR)}, 4th. Southern Conference on Programmable Logic, 2008.
|
813 |
171 |
guanucolui |
|
814 |
174 |
guanucolui |
\bibitem{act-curricula}
|
815 |
|
|
P.~Cayuela, \emph{Actualización de la currícula -- Incorporación de la lógica programable en ingeniería}, Jornada de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Software (JIDIS'07). Córdoba Argentina. 2007.
|
816 |
171 |
guanucolui |
|
817 |
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|
818 |
169 |
guanucolui |
|
819 |
153 |
guanucolui |
\end{thebibliography}
|
820 |
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|
821 |
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|
822 |
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|
823 |
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|
824 |
|
|
% that's all folks
|
825 |
|
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\end{document}
|
826 |
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|
827 |
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