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                          Linux Input drivers v1.0

               (c) 1999-2001 Vojtech Pavlik 

                             Sponsored by SuSE

            $Id: input.txt,v 1.8 2002/05/29 03:15:01 bradleym Exp $

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0. Disclaimer

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free

Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)

any later version.

  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY

or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for

more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59

Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

  Should you need to contact me, the author, you can do so either by e-mail

- mail your message to , or by paper mail: Vojtech Pavlik,

Simunkova 1594, Prague 8, 182 00 Czech Republic

  For your convenience, the GNU General Public License version 2 is included

in the package: See the file COPYING.

1. Introduction

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  This is a collection of drivers that is designed to support all input

devices under Linux. While it is currently used only on for USB input

devices, future use (say 2.5/2.6) is expected to expand to replace

most of the existing input system, which is why it lives in

drivers/input/ instead of drivers/usb/.

  The centre of the input drivers is the input module, which must be

loaded before any other of the input modules - it serves as a way of

communication between two groups of modules:

1.1 Device drivers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  These modules talk to the hardware (for example via USB), and provide

events (keystrokes, mouse movements) to the input module.

1.2 Event handlers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  These modules get events from input and pass them where needed via

various interfaces - keystrokes to the kernel, mouse movements via a

simulated PS/2 interface to GPM and X and so on.

2. Simple Usage

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  For the most usual configuration, with one USB mouse and one USB keyboard,

you'll have to load the following modules (or have them built in to the

kernel):

        input

        mousedev

        keybdev

        usbcore

        uhci_hcd or ohci_hcd or ehci_hcd

        usbhid

  After this, the USB keyboard will work straight away, and the USB mouse

will be available as a character device on major 13, minor 63:

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  63 Mar 28 22:45 mice

  This device has to be created.

  The commands to create it by hand are:

        cd /dev

        mkdir input

        mknod input/mice c 13 63

  After that you have to point GPM (the textmode mouse cut&paste tool) and

XFree to this device to use it - GPM should be called like:

        gpm -t ps2 -m /dev/input/mice

  And in X:

        Section "Pointer"

            Protocol    "ImPS/2"

            Device      "/dev/input/mice"

            ZAxisMapping 4 5

        EndSection

  When you do all of the above, you can use your USB mouse and keyboard.

3. Detailed Description

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3.1 Device drivers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Device drivers are the modules that generate events. The events are

however not useful without being handled, so you also will need to use some

of the modules from section 3.2.

3.1.1 usbhid

~~~~~~~~~~~~

  usbhid is the largest and most complex driver of the whole suite. It

handles all HID devices, and because there is a very wide variety of them,

and because the USB HID specification isn't simple, it needs to be this big.

  Currently, it handles USB mice, joysticks, gamepads, steering wheels

keyboards, trackballs and digitizers.

 However, USB uses HID also for monitor controls, speaker controls, UPSs,

LCDs and many other purposes.

 The monitor and speaker controls should be easy to add to the hid/input

interface, but for the UPSs and LCDs it doesn't make much sense. For this,

the hiddev interface was designed. See Documentation/usb/hiddev.txt

for more information about it.

  The usage of the usbhid module is very simple, it takes no parameters,

detects everything automatically and when a HID device is inserted, it

detects it appropriately.

  However, because the devices vary wildly, you might happen to have a

device that doesn't work well. In that case #define DEBUG at the beginning

of hid-core.c and send me the syslog traces.

3.1.2 usbmouse

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  For embedded systems, for mice with broken HID descriptors and just any

other use when the big usbhid wouldn't be a good choice, there is the

usbmouse driver. It handles USB mice only. It uses a simpler HIDBP

protocol. This also means the mice must support this simpler protocol. Not

all do. If you don't have any strong reason to use this module, use usbhid

instead.

3.1.3 usbkbd

~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Much like usbmouse, this module talks to keyboards with a simplified

HIDBP protocol. It's smaller, but doesn't support any extra special keys.

Use usbhid instead if there isn't any special reason to use this.

3.1.4 wacom

~~~~~~~~~~~

  This is a driver for Wacom Graphire and Intuos tablets. Not for Wacom

PenPartner, that one is handled by the HID driver. Although the Intuos and

Graphire tablets claim that they are HID tablets as well, they are not and

thus need this specific driver.

3.1.5 iforce

~~~~~~~~~~~~

  A driver for I-Force joysticks and wheels, both over USB and RS232.

It includes ForceFeedback support now, even though Immersion

Corp. considers the protocol a trade secret and won't disclose a word

about it.

3.2 Event handlers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Event handlers distribute the events from the devices to userland and

kernel, as needed.

3.2.1 keybdev

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  keybdev is currently a rather ugly hack that translates the input

events into architecture-specific keyboard raw mode (Xlated AT Set2 on

x86), and passes them into the handle_scancode function of the

keyboard.c module. This works well enough on all architectures that

keybdev can generate rawmode on, other architectures can be added to

it.

  The right way would be to pass the events to keyboard.c directly,

best if keyboard.c would itself be an event handler. This is done in

the input patch, available on the webpage mentioned below.

3.2.2 mousedev

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  mousedev is also a hack to make programs that use mouse input

work. It takes events from either mice or digitizers/tablets and makes

a PS/2-style (a la /dev/psaux) mouse device available to the

userland. Ideally, the programs could use a more reasonable interface,

for example evdev

  Mousedev devices in /dev/input (as shown above) are:

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  32 Mar 28 22:45 mouse0

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  33 Mar 29 00:41 mouse1

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  34 Mar 29 00:41 mouse2

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  35 Apr  1 10:50 mouse3

        ...

        ...

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  62 Apr  1 10:50 mouse30

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  63 Apr  1 10:50 mice

Each 'mouse' device is assigned to a single mouse or digitizer, except

the last one - 'mice'. This single character device is shared by all

mice and digitizers, and even if none are connected, the device is

present.  This is useful for hotplugging USB mice, so that programs

can open the device even when no mice are present.

  CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_[XY] in the kernel configuration are

the size of your screen (in pixels) in XFree86. This is needed if you

want to use your digitizer in X, because its movement is sent to X

via a virtual PS/2 mouse and thus needs to be scaled

accordingly. These values won't be used if you use a mouse only.

  Mousedev will generate either PS/2, ImPS/2 (Microsoft IntelliMouse) or

ExplorerPS/2 (IntelliMouse Explorer) protocols, depending on what the

program reading the data wishes. You can set GPM and X to any of

these. You'll need ImPS/2 if you want to make use of a wheel on a USB

mouse and ExplorerPS/2 if you want to use extra (up to 5) buttons.

3.2.3 joydev

~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Joydev implements v0.x and v1.x Linux joystick api, much like

drivers/char/joystick/joystick.c used to in earlier versions. See

joystick-api.txt in the Documentation subdirectory for details.  As

soon as any joystick is connected, it can be accessed in /dev/input

on:

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,   0 Apr  1 10:50 js0

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,   1 Apr  1 10:50 js1

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,   2 Apr  1 10:50 js2

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,   3 Apr  1 10:50 js3

        ...

And so on up to js31.

3.2.4 evdev

~~~~~~~~~~~

  evdev is the generic input event interface. It passes the events

generated in the kernel straight to the program, with timestamps. The

API is still evolving, but should be useable now. It's described in

section 5.

  This should be the way for GPM and X to get keyboard and mouse

events. It allows for multihead in X without any specific multihead

kernel support. The event codes are the same on all architectures and

are hardware independent.

  The devices are in /dev/input:

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  64 Apr  1 10:49 event0

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  65 Apr  1 10:50 event1

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  66 Apr  1 10:50 event2

        crw-r--r--   1 root     root      13,  67 Apr  1 10:50 event3

        ...

And so on up to event31.

4. Verifying if it works

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Typing a couple keys on the keyboard should be enough to check that

a USB keyboard works and is correctly connected to the kernel keyboard

driver.

  Doing a cat /dev/input/mouse0 (c, 13, 32) will verify that a mouse

is also emulated, characters should appear if you move it.

  You can test the joystick emulation with the 'jstest' utility,

available in the joystick package (see Documentation/input/joystick.txt).

  You can test the event devices with the 'evtest' utility available

in the LinuxConsole project CVS archive (see the URL below).

5. Event interface

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Should you want to add event device support into any application (X, gpm,

svgalib ...) I  will be happy to provide you any help I

can. Here goes a description of the current state of things, which is going

to be extended, but not changed incompatibly as time goes:

  You can use blocking and nonblocking reads, also select() on the

/dev/input/eventX devices, and you'll always get a whole number of input

events on a read. Their layout is:

struct input_event {

        struct timeval time;

        unsigned short type;

        unsigned short code;

        unsigned int value;

};

  'time' is the timestamp, it returns the time at which the event happened.

Type is for example EV_REL for relative moment, REL_KEY for a keypress or

release. More types are defined in include/linux/input.h.

  'code' is event code, for example REL_X or KEY_BACKSPACE, again a complete

list is in include/linux/input.h.

  'value' is the value the event carries. Either a relative change for

EV_REL, absolute new value for EV_ABS (joysticks ...), or 0 for EV_KEY for

release, 1 for keypress and 2 for autorepeat.