Subversion Repositories test_project

NOTE: ksymoops is useless on 2.6.  Please use the Oops in its original format

(from dmesg, etc).  Ignore any references in this or other docs to "decoding

the Oops" or "running it through ksymoops".  If you post an Oops from 2.6 that

has been run through ksymoops, people will just tell you to repost it.

Quick Summary

-------------

Find the Oops and send it to the maintainer of the kernel area that seems to be

involved with the problem.  Don't worry too much about getting the wrong person.

If you are unsure send it to the person responsible for the code relevant to

what you were doing.  If it occurs repeatably try and describe how to recreate

it.  That's worth even more than the oops.

If you are totally stumped as to whom to send the report, send it to

linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Thanks for your help in making Linux as

stable as humanly possible.

Where is the Oops?

----------------------

Normally the Oops text is read from the kernel buffers by klogd and

handed to syslogd which writes it to a syslog file, typically

/var/log/messages (depends on /etc/syslog.conf).  Sometimes klogd dies,

in which case you can run dmesg > file to read the data from the kernel

buffers and save it.  Or you can cat /proc/kmsg > file, however you

have to break in to stop the transfer, kmsg is a "never ending file".

If the machine has crashed so badly that you cannot enter commands or

the disk is not available then you have three options :-

(1) Hand copy the text from the screen and type it in after the machine

    has restarted.  Messy but it is the only option if you have not

    planned for a crash. Alternatively, you can take a picture of

    the screen with a digital camera - not nice, but better than

    nothing.  If the messages scroll off the top of the console, you

    may find that booting with a higher resolution (eg, vga=791)

    will allow you to read more of the text. (Caveat: This needs vesafb,

    so won't help for 'early' oopses)

(2) Boot with a serial console (see Documentation/serial-console.txt),

    run a null modem to a second machine and capture the output there

    using your favourite communication program.  Minicom works well.

(3) Use Kdump (see Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt),

    extract the kernel ring buffer from old memory with using dmesg

    gdbmacro in Documentation/kdump/gdbmacros.txt.

Full Information

----------------

NOTE: the message from Linus below applies to 2.4 kernel.  I have preserved it

for historical reasons, and because some of the information in it still

applies.  Especially, please ignore any references to ksymoops.

From: Linus Torvalds 

How to track down an Oops.. [originally a mail to linux-kernel]

The main trick is having 5 years of experience with those pesky oops

messages ;-)

Actually, there are things you can do that make this easier. I have two

separate approaches:

        gdb /usr/src/linux/vmlinux

        gdb> disassemble 

That's the easy way to find the problem, at least if the bug-report is

well made (like this one was - run through ksymoops to get the

information of which function and the offset in the function that it

happened in).

Oh, it helps if the report happens on a kernel that is compiled with the

same compiler and similar setups.

The other thing to do is disassemble the "Code:" part of the bug report:

ksymoops will do this too with the correct tools, but if you don't have

the tools you can just do a silly program:

        char str[] = "\xXX\xXX\xXX...";

        main(){}

and compile it with gcc -g and then do "disassemble str" (where the "XX"

stuff are the values reported by the Oops - you can just cut-and-paste

and do a replace of spaces to "\x" - that's what I do, as I'm too lazy

to write a program to automate this all).

Alternatively, you can use the shell script in scripts/decodecode.

Its usage is:  decodecode < oops.txt

The hex bytes that follow "Code:" may (in some architectures) have a series

of bytes that precede the current instruction pointer as well as bytes at and

following the current instruction pointer.  In some cases, one instruction

byte or word is surrounded by <> or (), as in "<86>" or "(f00d)".  These

<> or () markings indicate the current instruction pointer.  Example from

i386, split into multiple lines for readability:

Code: f9 0f 8d f9 00 00 00 8d 42 0c e8 dd 26 11 c7 a1 60 ea 2b f9 8b 50 08 a1

64 ea 2b f9 8d 34 82 8b 1e 85 db 74 6d 8b 15 60 ea 2b f9 <8b> 43 04 39 42 54

7e 04 40 89 42 54 8b 43 04 3b 05 00 f6 52 c0

Finally, if you want to see where the code comes from, you can do

        cd /usr/src/linux

        make fs/buffer.s        # or whatever file the bug happened in

and then you get a better idea of what happens than with the gdb

disassembly.

Now, the trick is just then to combine all the data you have: the C

sources (and general knowledge of what it _should_ do), the assembly

listing and the code disassembly (and additionally the register dump you

also get from the "oops" message - that can be useful to see _what_ the

corrupted pointers were, and when you have the assembler listing you can

also match the other registers to whatever C expressions they were used

for).

Essentially, you just look at what doesn't match (in this case it was the

"Code" disassembly that didn't match with what the compiler generated).

Then you need to find out _why_ they don't match. Often it's simple - you

see that the code uses a NULL pointer and then you look at the code and

wonder how the NULL pointer got there, and if it's a valid thing to do

you just check against it..

Now, if somebody gets the idea that this is time-consuming and requires

some small amount of concentration, you're right. Which is why I will

mostly just ignore any panic reports that don't have the symbol table

info etc looked up: it simply gets too hard to look it up (I have some

programs to search for specific patterns in the kernel code segment, and

sometimes I have been able to look up those kinds of panics too, but

that really requires pretty good knowledge of the kernel just to be able

to pick out the right sequences etc..)

_Sometimes_ it happens that I just see the disassembled code sequence

from the panic, and I know immediately where it's coming from. That's when

I get worried that I've been doing this for too long ;-)

                Linus

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Notes on Oops tracing with klogd:

In order to help Linus and the other kernel developers there has been

substantial support incorporated into klogd for processing protection

faults.  In order to have full support for address resolution at least

version 1.3-pl3 of the sysklogd package should be used.

When a protection fault occurs the klogd daemon automatically

translates important addresses in the kernel log messages to their

symbolic equivalents.  This translated kernel message is then

forwarded through whatever reporting mechanism klogd is using.  The

protection fault message can be simply cut out of the message files

and forwarded to the kernel developers.

Two types of address resolution are performed by klogd.  The first is

static translation and the second is dynamic translation.  Static

translation uses the System.map file in much the same manner that

ksymoops does.  In order to do static translation the klogd daemon

must be able to find a system map file at daemon initialization time.

See the klogd man page for information on how klogd searches for map

files.

Dynamic address translation is important when kernel loadable modules

are being used.  Since memory for kernel modules is allocated from the

kernel's dynamic memory pools there are no fixed locations for either

the start of the module or for functions and symbols in the module.

The kernel supports system calls which allow a program to determine

which modules are loaded and their location in memory.  Using these

system calls the klogd daemon builds a symbol table which can be used

to debug a protection fault which occurs in a loadable kernel module.

At the very minimum klogd will provide the name of the module which

generated the protection fault.  There may be additional symbolic

information available if the developer of the loadable module chose to

export symbol information from the module.

Since the kernel module environment can be dynamic there must be a

mechanism for notifying the klogd daemon when a change in module

environment occurs.  There are command line options available which

allow klogd to signal the currently executing daemon that symbol

information should be refreshed.  See the klogd manual page for more

information.

A patch is included with the sysklogd distribution which modifies the

modules-2.0.0 package to automatically signal klogd whenever a module

is loaded or unloaded.  Applying this patch provides essentially

seamless support for debugging protection faults which occur with

kernel loadable modules.

The following is an example of a protection fault in a loadable module

processed by klogd:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address f15e97cc

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: current->tss.cr3 = 0062d000, %cr3 = 0062d000

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: *pde = 00000000

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Oops: 0002

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: CPU:    0

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EIP:    0010:[oops:_oops+16/3868]

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: EFLAGS: 00010212

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: eax: 315e97cc   ebx: 003a6f80   ecx: 001be77b   edx: 00237c0c

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: esi: 00000000   edi: bffffdb3   ebp: 00589f90   esp: 00589f8c

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: ds: 0018   es: 0018   fs: 002b   gs: 002b   ss: 0018

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Process oops_test (pid: 3374, process nr: 21, stackpage=00589000)

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Stack: 315e97cc 00589f98 0100b0b4 bffffed4 0012e38e 00240c64 003a6f80 00000001

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel:        00000000 00237810 bfffff00 0010a7fa 00000003 00000001 00000000 bfffff00

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel:        bffffdb3 bffffed4 ffffffda 0000002b 0007002b 0000002b 0000002b 00000036

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Call Trace: [oops:_oops_ioctl+48/80] [_sys_ioctl+254/272] [_system_call+82/128]

Aug 29 09:51:01 blizard kernel: Code: c7 00 05 00 00 00 eb 08 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 ec 5d c3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. G.W. Wettstein           Oncology Research Div. Computing Facility

Roger Maris Cancer Center    INTERNET: greg@wind.rmcc.com

820 4th St. N.

Fargo, ND  58122

Phone: 701-234-7556

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tainted kernels:

Some oops reports contain the string 'Tainted: ' after the program

counter. This indicates that the kernel has been tainted by some

mechanism.  The string is followed by a series of position-sensitive

characters, each representing a particular tainted value.

  1: 'G' if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, 'P' if

     any proprietary module has been loaded.  Modules without a

     MODULE_LICENSE or with a MODULE_LICENSE that is not recognised by

     insmod as GPL compatible are assumed to be proprietary.

  2: 'F' if any module was force loaded by "insmod -f", ' ' if all

     modules were loaded normally.

  3: 'S' if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that

     hasn't been certified as safe to run multiprocessor.

     Currently this occurs only on various Athlons that are not

     SMP capable.

  4: 'R' if a module was force unloaded by "rmmod -f", ' ' if all

     modules were unloaded normally.

  5: 'M' if any processor has reported a Machine Check Exception,

     ' ' if no Machine Check Exceptions have occurred.

  6: 'B' if a page-release function has found a bad page reference or

     some unexpected page flags.

  7: 'U' if a user or user application specifically requested that the

     Tainted flag be set, ' ' otherwise.

  8: 'D' if the kernel has died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG.

The primary reason for the 'Tainted: ' string is to tell kernel

debuggers if this is a clean kernel or if anything unusual has

occurred.  Tainting is permanent: even if an offending module is

unloaded, the tainted value remains to indicate that the kernel is not

trustworthy.