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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

// Filename:    rxuart.v

//

// Project:     wbuart32, a full featured UART with simulator

//

// Purpose:     Receive and decode inputs from a single UART line.

//

//

//      To interface with this module, connect it to your system clock,

//      pass it the 32 bit setup register (defined below) and the UART

//      input.  When data becomes available, the o_wr line will be asserted

//      for one clock cycle.  On parity or frame errors, the o_parity_err

//      or o_frame_err lines will be asserted.  Likewise, on a break 

//      condition, o_break will be asserted.  These lines are self clearing.

//

//      There is a synchronous reset line, logic high.

//

//      Now for the setup register.  The register is 32 bits, so that this

//      UART may be set up over a 32-bit bus.

//

//      i_setup[29:28]  Indicates the number of data bits per word.  This will

//      either be 2'b00 for an 8-bit word, 2'b01 for a 7-bit word, 2'b10

//      for a six bit word, or 2'b11 for a five bit word.

//

//      i_setup[27]     Indicates whether or not to use one or two stop bits.

//              Set this to one to expect two stop bits, zero for one.

//

//      i_setup[26]     Indicates whether or not a parity bit exists.  Set this

//              to 1'b1 to include parity.

//

//      i_setup[25]     Indicates whether or not the parity bit is fixed.  Set

//              to 1'b1 to include a fixed bit of parity, 1'b0 to allow the

//              parity to be set based upon data.  (Both assume the parity

//              enable value is set.)

//

//      i_setup[24]     This bit is ignored if parity is not used.  Otherwise,

//              in the case of a fixed parity bit, this bit indicates whether

//              mark (1'b1) or space (1'b0) parity is used.  Likewise if the

//              parity is not fixed, a 1'b1 selects even parity, and 1'b0

//              selects odd.

//

//      i_setup[23:0]   Indicates the speed of the UART in terms of clocks.

//              So, for example, if you have a 200 MHz clock and wish to

//              run your UART at 9600 baud, you would take 200 MHz and divide

//              by 9600 to set this value to 24'd20834.  Likewise if you wished

//              to run this serial port at 115200 baud from a 200 MHz clock,

//              you would set the value to 24'd1736

//

//      Thus, to set the UART for the common setting of an 8-bit word, 

//      one stop bit, no parity, and 115200 baud over a 200 MHz clock, you

//      would want to set the setup value to:

//

//      32'h0006c8              // For 115,200 baud, 8 bit, no parity

//      32'h005161              // For 9600 baud, 8 bit, no parity

//      

//

//

// Creator:     Dan Gisselquist, Ph.D.

//              Gisselquist Technology, LLC

//

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

// Copyright (C) 2015-2016, Gisselquist Technology, LLC

//

// This program is free software (firmware): you can redistribute it and/or

// modify it under the terms of  the GNU General Public License as published

// by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at

// your option) any later version.

//

// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTIBILITY or

// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

// for more details.

//

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

// with this program.  (It's in the $(ROOT)/doc directory, run make with no

// target there if the PDF file isn't present.)  If not, see

// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> for a copy.

//

// License:     GPL, v3, as defined and found on www.gnu.org,

//              http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html

//

//

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

//

// States: (@ baud counter == 0)

//      0        First bit arrives

//      ..7     Bits arrive

//      8       Stop bit (x1)

//      9       Stop bit (x2)

///     c       break condition

//      d       Waiting for the channel to go high

//      e       Waiting for the reset to complete

//      f       Idle state

`define RXU_BIT_ZERO            4'h0

`define RXU_BIT_ONE             4'h1

`define RXU_BIT_TWO             4'h2

`define RXU_BIT_THREE           4'h3

`define RXU_BIT_FOUR            4'h4

`define RXU_BIT_FIVE            4'h5

`define RXU_BIT_SIX             4'h6

`define RXU_BIT_SEVEN           4'h7

`define RXU_PARITY              4'h8

`define RXU_STOP                4'h9

`define RXU_SECOND_STOP         4'ha

// Unused 4'hb

// Unused 4'hc

`define RXU_BREAK               4'hd

`define RXU_RESET_IDLE          4'he

`define RXU_IDLE                4'hf

module rxuart(i_clk, i_reset, i_setup, i_uart_rx, o_wr, o_data, o_break,

                        o_parity_err, o_frame_err, o_ck_uart);

        parameter       INITIAL_SETUP = 30'd868;

        // 8 data bits, no parity, (at least 1) stop bit

        input                   i_clk, i_reset;

        input           [29:0]   i_setup;

        input                   i_uart_rx;

        output  reg             o_wr;

        output  reg     [7:0]    o_data;

        output  reg             o_break;

        output  reg             o_parity_err, o_frame_err;

        output  wire            o_ck_uart;

        wire    [27:0]   clocks_per_baud, break_condition, half_baud;

        wire    [1:0]    data_bits;

        wire            use_parity, parity_even, dblstop, fixd_parity;

        reg     [29:0]   r_setup;

        assign  clocks_per_baud = { 4'h0, r_setup[23:0] };

        assign  data_bits   = r_setup[29:28];

        assign  dblstop     = r_setup[27];

        assign  use_parity  = r_setup[26];

        assign  fixd_parity = r_setup[25];

        assign  parity_even = r_setup[24];

        assign  break_condition = { r_setup[23:0], 4'h0 };

        assign  half_baud = { 5'h00, r_setup[23:1] }-28'h1;

        reg     [27:0]   baud_counter;

        reg             zero_baud_counter;

        // Since this is an asynchronous receiver, we need to register our

        // input a couple of clocks over to avoid any problems with 

        // metastability.  We do that here, and then ignore all but the

        // ck_uart wire.

        reg     q_uart, qq_uart, ck_uart;

        initial q_uart  = 1'b0;

        initial qq_uart = 1'b0;

        initial ck_uart = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

        begin

                q_uart <= i_uart_rx;

                qq_uart <= q_uart;

                ck_uart <= qq_uart;

        end

        // In case anyone else wants this clocked, stabilized value, we

        // offer it on our output.

        assign  o_ck_uart = ck_uart;

        // Keep track of the number of clocks since the last change.

        //

        // This is used to determine if we are in either a break or an idle

        // condition, as discussed further below.

        reg     [27:0]   chg_counter;

        initial chg_counter = 28'h00;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_reset)

                        chg_counter <= 28'h00;

                else if (qq_uart != ck_uart)

                        chg_counter <= 28'h00;

                else if (chg_counter < break_condition)

                        chg_counter <= chg_counter + 1;

        // Are we in a break condition?

        //

        // A break condition exists if the line is held low for longer than

        // a data word.  Hence, we keep track of when the last change occurred.

        // If it was more than break_condition clocks ago, and the current input

        // value is a 0, then we're in a break--and nothing can be read until

        // the line idles again.

        initial o_break    = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                o_break <= ((chg_counter >= break_condition)&&(~ck_uart))? 1'b1:1'b0;

        // Are we between characters?

        //

        // The opposite of a break condition is where the line is held high

        // for more clocks than would be in a character.  When this happens,

        // we know we have synchronization--otherwise, we might be sampling

        // from within a data word.

        //

        // This logic is used later to hold the RXUART in a reset condition

        // until we know we are between data words.  At that point, we should

        // be able to hold on to our synchronization.

        reg     line_synch;

        initial line_synch = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                line_synch <= ((chg_counter >= break_condition)&&(ck_uart));

        // Are we in the middle of a baud iterval?  Specifically, are we

        // in the middle of a start bit?  Set this to high if so.  We'll use

        // this within our state machine to transition out of the IDLE

        // state.

        reg     half_baud_time;

        initial half_baud_time = 0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                half_baud_time <= (~ck_uart)&&(chg_counter >= half_baud);

        // Allow our controlling processor to change our setup at any time

        // outside of receiving/processing a character.

        initial r_setup     = INITIAL_SETUP;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (state >= `RXU_RESET_IDLE)

                        r_setup <= i_setup;

        // Our monster state machine.  YIKES!

        //

        // Yeah, this may be more complicated than it needs to be.  The basic

        // progression is:

        //      RESET -> RESET_IDLE -> (when line is idle) -> IDLE

        //      IDLE -> bit 0 -> bit 1 -> bit_{ndatabits} -> 

        //              (optional) PARITY -> STOP -> (optional) SECOND_STOP

        //              -> IDLE

        //      ANY -> (on break) BREAK -> IDLE

        //

        // There are 16 states, although all are not used.  These are listed

        // at the top of this file.

        //

        //      Logic inputs (12):      (I've tried to minimize this number)

        //              state   (4)

        //              i_reset

        //              line_synch

        //              o_break

        //              ckuart

        //              half_baud_time

        //              zero_baud_counter

        //              use_parity

        //              dblstop

        //      Logic outputs (4):

        //              state

        //

        reg     [3:0]    state;

        initial state = `RXU_RESET_IDLE;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

        begin

                if (i_reset)

                        state <= `RXU_RESET_IDLE;

                else if (state == `RXU_RESET_IDLE)

                begin

                        if (line_synch)

                                // Goto idle state from a reset

                                state <= `RXU_IDLE;

                        else // Otherwise, stay in this condition 'til reset

                                state <= `RXU_RESET_IDLE;

                end else if (o_break)

                begin // We are in a break condition

                        state <= `RXU_BREAK;

                end else if (state == `RXU_BREAK)

                begin // Goto idle state following return ck_uart going high

                        if (ck_uart)

                                state <= `RXU_IDLE;

                        else

                                state <= `RXU_BREAK;

                end else if (state == `RXU_IDLE)

                begin // Idle state, independent of baud counter

                        if ((~ck_uart)&&(half_baud_time))

                        begin

                                // We are in the center of a valid start bit

                                case (data_bits)

                                2'b00: state <= `RXU_BIT_ZERO;

                                2'b01: state <= `RXU_BIT_ONE;

                                2'b10: state <= `RXU_BIT_TWO;

                                2'b11: state <= `RXU_BIT_THREE;

                                endcase

                        end else // Otherwise, just stay here in idle

                                state <= `RXU_IDLE;

                end else if (zero_baud_counter)

                begin

                        if (state < `RXU_BIT_SEVEN)

                                // Data arrives least significant bit first.

                                // By the time this is clocked in, it's what

                                // you'll have.

                                state <= state + 1;

                        else if (state == `RXU_BIT_SEVEN)

                                state <= (use_parity) ? `RXU_PARITY:`RXU_STOP;

                        else if (state == `RXU_PARITY)

                                state <= `RXU_STOP;

                        else if (state == `RXU_STOP)

                        begin // Stop (or parity) bit(s)

                                if (~ck_uart) // On frame error, wait 4 ch idle

                                        state <= `RXU_RESET_IDLE;

                                else if (dblstop)

                                        state <= `RXU_SECOND_STOP;

                                else

                                        state <= `RXU_IDLE;

                        end else // state must equal RX_SECOND_STOP

                        begin

                                if (~ck_uart) // On frame error, wait 4 ch idle

                                        state <= `RXU_RESET_IDLE;

                                else

                                        state <= `RXU_IDLE;

                        end

                end

        end

        // Data bit capture logic.

        //

        // This is drastically simplified from the state machine above, based

        // upon: 1) it doesn't matter what it is until the end of a captured

        // byte, and 2) the data register will flush itself of any invalid

        // data in all other cases.  Hence, let's keep it real simple.

        // The only trick, though, is that if we have parity, then the data

        // register needs to be held through that state without getting

        // updated.

        reg     [7:0]    data_reg;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if ((zero_baud_counter)&&(state != `RXU_PARITY))

                        data_reg <= { ck_uart, data_reg[7:1] };

        // Parity calculation logic

        //

        // As with the data capture logic, all that must be known about this

        // bit is that it is the exclusive-OR of all bits prior.  The first

        // of those will follow idle, so we set ourselves to zero on idle.

        // Then, as we walk through the states of a bit, all will adjust this

        // value up until the parity bit, where the value will be read.  Setting

        // it then or after will be irrelevant, so ... this should be good

        // and simplified.  Note--we don't need to adjust this on reset either,

        // since the reset state will lead to the idle state where we'll be

        // reset before any transmission takes place.

        reg             calc_parity;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (state == `RXU_IDLE)

                        calc_parity <= 0;

                else if (zero_baud_counter)

                        calc_parity <= calc_parity ^ ck_uart;

        // Parity error logic

        //

        // Set during the parity bit interval, read during the last stop bit

        // interval, cleared on BREAK, RESET_IDLE, or IDLE states.

        initial o_parity_err = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if ((zero_baud_counter)&&(state == `RXU_PARITY))

                begin

                        if (fixd_parity)

                                // Fixed parity bit--independent of any dat

                                // value.

                                o_parity_err <= (ck_uart ^ parity_even);

                        else if (parity_even)

                                // Parity even: The XOR of all bits including

                                // the parity bit must be zero.

                                o_parity_err <= (calc_parity != ck_uart);

                        else

                                // Parity odd: the parity bit must equal the

                                // XOR of all the data bits.

                                o_parity_err <= (calc_parity == ck_uart);

                end else if (state >= `RXU_BREAK)

                        o_parity_err <= 1'b0;

        // Frame error determination

        //

        // For the purpose of this controller, a frame error is defined as a

        // stop bit (or second stop bit, if so enabled) not being high midway

        // through the stop baud interval.   The frame error value is

        // immediately read, so we can clear it under all other circumstances.

        // Specifically, we want it clear in RXU_BREAK, RXU_RESET_IDLE, and

        // most importantly in RXU_IDLE.

        initial o_frame_err  = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if ((zero_baud_counter)&&((state == `RXU_STOP)

                                                ||(state == `RXU_SECOND_STOP)))

                        o_frame_err <= (o_frame_err)||(~ck_uart);

                else if ((zero_baud_counter)||(state >= `RXU_BREAK))

                        o_frame_err <= 1'b0;

        // Our data bit logic doesn't need nearly the complexity of all that

        // work above.  Indeed, we only need to know if we are at the end of

        // a stop bit, in which case we copy the data_reg into our output

        // data register, o_data.

        //

        // We would also set o_wr to be true when this is the case, but ... we

        // won't know if there is a frame error on the second stop bit for 

        // another baud interval yet.  So, instead, we set up the logic so that

        // we know on the next zero baud counter that we can write out.  That's

        // the purpose of pre_wr.

        initial o_data = 8'h00;

        reg     pre_wr;

        initial pre_wr = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_reset)

                begin

                        pre_wr <= 1'b0;

                        o_data <= 8'h00;

                end else if ((zero_baud_counter)&&(state == `RXU_STOP))

                begin

                        pre_wr <= 1'b1;

                        case (data_bits)

                        2'b00: o_data <= data_reg;

                        2'b01: o_data <= { 1'b0, data_reg[7:1] };

                        2'b10: o_data <= { 2'b0, data_reg[7:2] };

                        2'b11: o_data <= { 3'b0, data_reg[7:3] };

                        endcase

                end else if ((zero_baud_counter)||(state == `RXU_IDLE))

                        pre_wr <= 1'b0;

        // Create an output strobe, true for one clock only, once we know

        // all we need to know.  o_data will be set on the last baud interval,

        // o_parity_err on the last parity baud interval (if it existed,

        // cleared otherwise, so ... we should be good to go here.)

        initial o_wr   = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if ((zero_baud_counter)||(state == `RXU_IDLE))

                        o_wr <= (pre_wr)&&(!i_reset);

                else

                        o_wr <= 1'b0;

        // The baud counter

        //

        // This is used as a "clock divider" if you will, but the clock needs

        // to be reset before any byte can be decoded.  In all other respects,

        // we set ourselves up for clocks_per_baud counts between baud

        // intervals.

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_reset)

                        baud_counter <= clocks_per_baud-28'h01;

                else if (zero_baud_counter)

                        baud_counter <= clocks_per_baud-28'h01;

                else case(state)

                        `RXU_RESET_IDLE:baud_counter <= clocks_per_baud-28'h01;

                        `RXU_BREAK:     baud_counter <= clocks_per_baud-28'h01;

                        `RXU_IDLE:      baud_counter <= clocks_per_baud-28'h01;

                        default:        baud_counter <= baud_counter-28'h01;

                endcase

        // zero_baud_counter

        //

        // Rather than testing whether or not (baud_counter == 0) within our

        // (already too complicated) state transition tables, we use

        // zero_baud_counter to pre-charge that test on the clock

        // before--cleaning up some otherwise difficult timing dependencies.

        initial zero_baud_counter = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (state == `RXU_IDLE)

                        zero_baud_counter <= 1'b0;

                else

                zero_baud_counter <= (baud_counter == 28'h01);

endmodule