Subversion Repositories zipcpu

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

// Filename:    zipcpu.v

//

// Project:     Zip CPU -- a small, lightweight, RISC CPU soft core

//

// Purpose:     This is the top level module holding the core of the Zip CPU

//              together.  The Zip CPU is designed to be as simple as possible.

//              The instruction set is about as RISC as you can get, there are

//              only 16 instruction types supported (of which one isn't yet

//              supported ...)  Please see the accompanying iset.html file

//              for a description of these instructions.

//

//              All instructions are 32-bits wide.  All bus accesses, both

//              address and data, are 32-bits over a wishbone bus.

//

//      The Zip CPU is fully pipelined with the following pipeline stages:

//

//              1. Prefetch, returns the instruction from memory.  On the

//              Basys board that I'm working on, one instruction may be

//              issued every 20 clocks or so, unless and until I implement a

//              cache or local memory.

//

//              2. Instruction Decode

//

//              3. Read Operands

//

//              4. Apply Instruction

//

//              4. Write-back Results

//

//      A lot of difficult work has been placed into the pipeline stall

//      handling.  My original proposal was not to allow pipeline stalls at all.

//      The idea would be that the CPU would just run every clock and whatever

//      stalled answer took place would just get fixed a clock or two later,

//      meaning that the compiler could just schedule everything out.

//      This idea died at the memory interface, which can take a variable

//      amount of time to read or write any value, thus the whole CPU needed

//      to stall on a stalled memory access.

//

//      My next idea was to just let things complete.  I.e., once an instrution

//      starts, it continues to completion no matter what and we go on.  This

//      failed at writing the PC.  If the PC gets written in something such as

//      a MOV PC,PC+5 instruction, 3 (or however long the pipeline is) clocks

//      later, if whether or not something happens in those clocks depends

//      upon the instruction fetch filling the pipeline, then the CPU has a

//      non-deterministic behavior.

//

//      This leads to two possibilities: either *everything* stalls upon a 

//      stall condition, or partial results need to be destroyed before

//      they are written.  This is made more difficult by the fact that

//      once a command is written to the memory unit, whether it be a

//      read or a write, there is no undoing it--since peripherals on the

//      bus may act upon the answer with whatever side effects they might

//      have.  (For example, writing a '1' to the interrupt register will

//      clear certain interrupts ...)  Further, since the memory ops depend

//      upon conditions, the we'll need to wait for the condition codes to

//      be available before executing a memory op.  Thus, memory ops can 

//      proceed without stalling whenever either the previous instruction

//      doesn't write the flags register, or when the memory instruction doesn't

//      depend upon the flags register.

//

//      The other possibility is that we leave independent instruction

//      execution behind, so that the pipeline is always full and stalls,

//      or moves forward, together on every clock.

//

//      For now, we pick the first approach: independent instruction execution.

//      Thus, if stage 2 stalls, stages 3-5 may still complete the instructions

//      in their pipeline.  This leaves another problem: what happens on a

//      MOV -1+PC,PC instruction?  There will be four instructions behind this

//      one (or is it five?) that will need to be 'cancelled'.  So here's

//      the plan: Anything can be cancelled before the ALU/MEM stage,

//      since memory ops cannot be canceled after being issued.  Thus, the

//      ALU/MEM stage must stall if any prior instruction is going to write

//      the PC register (i.e. JMP).

//

//      Further, let's define a "STALL" as a reason to not execute a stage

//      due to some condition at or beyond the stage, and let's define

//      a VALID flag to mean that this stage has completed.  Thus, the clock

//      enable for a stage is (STG[n-1]VALID)&&((~STG[n]VALID)||(~STG[n]STALL)).

//      The ALU/MEM stages will also depend upon a master clock enable

//      (~SLEEP) condition as well.

//

//

//

// Creator:     Dan Gisselquist, Ph.D.

//              Gisselquist Tecnology, LLC

//

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

// Copyright (C) 2015, Gisselquist Technology, LLC

//

// This program is free software (firmware): you can redistribute it and/or

// modify it under the terms of  the GNU General Public License as published

// by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at

// your option) any later version.

//

// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTIBILITY or

// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

// for more details.

//

// License:     GPL, v3, as defined and found on www.gnu.org,

//              http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html

//

//

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//

`define CPU_PC_REG      4'hf

`define CPU_CC_REG      4'he

`define CPU_BREAK_BIT   7

`define CPU_STEP_BIT    6

`define CPU_GIE_BIT     5

`define CPU_SLEEP_BIT   4

module  zipcpu(i_clk, i_rst, i_interrupt,

                // Debug interface

                i_halt, i_dbg_reg, i_dbg_we, i_dbg_data,

                        o_dbg_stall, o_dbg_reg,

                        o_break,

                // CPU interface to the wishbone bus

                o_wb_cyc, o_wb_stb, o_wb_we, o_wb_addr, o_wb_data,

                        i_wb_ack, i_wb_stall, i_wb_data,

                // Accounting/CPU usage interface

                o_mem_stall, o_pf_stall, o_alu_stall);

        parameter       RESET_ADDRESS=32'h0100000;

        input                   i_clk, i_rst, i_interrupt;

        // Debug interface -- inputs

        input                   i_halt;

        input           [4:0]    i_dbg_reg;

        input                   i_dbg_we;

        input           [31:0]   i_dbg_data;

        // Debug interface -- outputs

        output  reg             o_dbg_stall;

        output  reg     [31:0]   o_dbg_reg;

        output  wire            o_break;

        // Wishbone interface -- outputs

        output  wire            o_wb_cyc, o_wb_stb, o_wb_we;

        output  wire    [31:0]   o_wb_addr, o_wb_data;

        // Wishbone interface -- inputs

        input                   i_wb_ack, i_wb_stall;

        input           [31:0]   i_wb_data;

        // Accounting outputs ... to help us count stalls and usage

        output  wire            o_mem_stall;

        output  wire            o_pf_stall;

        output  wire            o_alu_stall;

        // Registers

        reg     [31:0]   regset [0:31];

        reg     [3:0]    flags, iflags;  // (BREAKEN,STEP,GIE,SLEEP ), V, N, C, Z

        wire            master_ce;

        wire    [7:0]    w_uflags, w_iflags;

        reg             step, gie, sleep, break_en;

        wire    [4:0]    mem_wreg;

        wire            mem_busy, mem_rdbusy;

        reg     [31:0]   pf_pc;

        reg             new_pc;

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #1 :: Prefetch

        //              Variable declarations

        //

        wire            pf_ce, dcd_stalled;

        wire            pf_cyc, pf_stb, pf_we, pf_busy, pf_ack, pf_stall;

        wire    [31:0]   pf_addr, pf_data;

        wire    [31:0]   instruction, instruction_pc;

        wire    pf_valid, instruction_gie;

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #2 :: Instruction Decode

        //              Variable declarations

        //

        //

        reg             opvalid, op_wr_pc, op_break;

        wire            op_stall, dcd_ce;

        reg     [3:0]    dcdOp;

        reg     [4:0]    dcdA, dcdB;

        reg     [3:0]    dcdF;

        reg             dcdA_rd, dcdA_wr, dcdB_rd, dcdvalid,

                                dcdM, dcdF_wr, dcd_gie, dcd_break;

        reg     [31:0]   dcd_pc;

        reg     [23:0]   r_dcdI;

        wire    dcdA_stall, dcdB_stall, dcdF_stall;

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #3 :: Read Operands

        //              Variable declarations

        //

        //

        //

        // Now, let's read our operands

        reg     [4:0]    alu_reg;

        reg     [3:0]    opn;

        reg     [4:0]    opR;

        reg     [1:0]    opA_cc, opB_cc;

        reg     [31:0]   r_opA, r_opB, op_pc;

        wire    [31:0]   opA_nowait, opB_nowait, opA, opB;

        reg             opR_wr, opM, opF_wr, op_gie,

                        opA_rd, opB_rd;

        reg     [7:0]    opFl;

        // reg  [6:0]   r_opF;

        wire    [8:0]    opF;

        wire            op_ce;

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #4 :: ALU / Memory

        //              Variable declarations

        //

        //

        reg     [31:0]   alu_pc;

        reg             alu_pc_valid;;

        wire            alu_ce, alu_stall;

        wire    [31:0]   alu_result;

        wire    [3:0]    alu_flags;

        wire            alu_valid;

        wire            set_cond;

        reg             alu_wr, alF_wr, alu_gie;

        wire    mem_ce, mem_stalled;

        wire    mem_valid, mem_ack, mem_stall,

                mem_cyc, mem_stb, mem_we;

        wire    [31:0]   mem_addr, mem_data, mem_result;

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #5 :: Write-back

        //              Variable declarations

        //

        wire            wr_reg_ce, wr_flags_ce, wr_write_pc;

        wire    [4:0]    wr_reg_id;

        wire    [31:0]   wr_reg_vl;

        wire    w_switch_to_interrupt, w_release_from_interrupt;

        reg     [31:0]   upc, ipc;

        //

        //      MASTER: clock enable.

        //

        assign  master_ce = (~i_halt)&&(~o_break)&&(~sleep)&&(~mem_rdbusy);

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #1 :: Prefetch

        //              Calculate stall conditions

        assign          pf_ce = (~dcd_stalled);

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #2 :: Instruction Decode

        //              Calculate stall conditions

        assign          dcd_ce = (pf_valid)&&(~dcd_stalled);

        assign          dcd_stalled = (dcdvalid)&&(

                                        (op_stall)

                                        ||((dcdA_stall)||(dcdB_stall)||(dcdF_stall))

                                        ||((opvalid)&&(op_wr_pc)));

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #3 :: Read Operands

        //              Calculate stall conditions

        assign  op_stall = (opvalid)&&(

                                ((mem_stalled)&&(opM))

                                ||((alu_stall)&&(~opM)));

        assign  op_ce = (dcdvalid)&&((~opvalid)||(~op_stall));

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #4 :: ALU / Memory

        //              Calculate stall conditions

        assign  alu_stall = (((~master_ce)||(mem_rdbusy))&&(opvalid)&&(~opM))

                        ||((opvalid)&&(wr_reg_ce)&&(wr_reg_id == { op_gie, `CPU_PC_REG }));

        assign  alu_ce = (master_ce)&&(opvalid)&&(~opM)&&(~alu_stall)&&(~new_pc);

        //

        assign  mem_ce = (master_ce)&&(opvalid)&&(opM)&&(~mem_stalled)&&(~new_pc)&&(set_cond);

        assign  mem_stalled = (mem_busy)||((opvalid)&&(opM)&&(

                                (~master_ce)

                                // Stall waiting for flags to be valid

                                ||((~opF[8])&&(

                                        ((wr_reg_ce)&&(wr_reg_id[4:0] == {op_gie,`CPU_CC_REG}))))

                                        // Do I need this last condition?

                                        //||((wr_flags_ce)&&(alu_gie==op_gie))))

                                // Or waiting for a write to the PC register

                                ||((wr_reg_ce)&&(wr_reg_id[4] == op_gie)&&(wr_write_pc))));

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #1 :: Prefetch

        //

        //

`ifdef  SINGLE_FETCH

        prefetch        pf(i_clk, i_rst, (pf_ce), pf_pc, gie,

                                instruction, instruction_pc, instruction_gie,

                                        pf_valid,

                                pf_cyc, pf_stb, pf_we, pf_addr,

                                        pf_data,

                                pf_ack, pf_stall, i_wb_data);

`else // Pipe fetch

        pipefetch       pf(i_clk, i_rst, new_pc, ~dcd_stalled, pf_pc,

                                        instruction, instruction_pc, pf_valid,

                                pf_cyc, pf_stb, pf_we, pf_addr, pf_data,

                                pf_ack, pf_stall, i_wb_data);

        assign  instruction_gie = gie;

`endif

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_rst)

                        dcdvalid <= 1'b0;

                else if (dcd_ce)

                        dcdvalid <= (~new_pc);

                else if ((~dcd_stalled)||(new_pc))

                        dcdvalid <= 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (dcd_ce)

                begin

                        dcd_pc <= instruction_pc+1;

                        // Record what operation we are doing

                        dcdOp <= instruction[31:28];

                        // Default values

                        dcdA[4:0] <= { instruction_gie, instruction[27:24] };

                        dcdB[4:0] <= { instruction_gie, instruction[19:16] };

                        dcdM    <= 1'b0;

                        dcdF_wr <= 1'b1;

                        dcd_break <= 1'b0;

                        // Set the condition under which we do this operation

                        // The top four bits are a mask, the bottom four the

                        // value the flags must equal once anded with the mask

                        dcdF <= { (instruction[23:21]==3'h0), instruction[23:21] };

                        casez(instruction[31:28])

                        4'h2: begin // Move instruction

                                if (~instruction_gie)

                                begin

                                        dcdA[4] <= instruction[20];

                                        dcdB[4] <= instruction[15];

                                end

                                dcdA_wr <= 1'b1;

                                dcdA_rd <= 1'b0;

                                dcdB_rd <= 1'b1;

                                r_dcdI <= { {(9){instruction[14]}}, instruction[14:0] };

                                dcdF_wr <= 1'b0; // Don't write flags

                                end

                        4'h3: begin // Load immediate

                                dcdA_wr <= 1'b1;

                                dcdA_rd <= 1'b0;

                                dcdB_rd <= 1'b0;

                                r_dcdI <= { instruction[23:0] };

                                dcdF_wr <= 1'b0; // Don't write flags

                                dcdF    <= 4'h8; // This is unconditional

                                dcdOp <= 4'h2;

                                end

                        4'h4: begin // Load immediate special

                                dcdF_wr <= 1'b0; // Don't write flags

                                r_dcdI <= { 8'h00, instruction[15:0] };

                                if (instruction[27:24] == 4'he)

                                begin

                                        // NOOP instruction

                                        dcdA_wr <= 1'b0;

                                        dcdA_rd <= 1'b0;

                                        dcdB_rd <= 1'b0;

                                        dcdOp <= 4'h2;

                                        dcd_break <= 1'b1;//Could be a break ins

                                end else if (instruction[27:24] == 4'hf)

                                begin // Load partial immediate(s)

                                        dcdA_wr <= 1'b1;

                                        dcdA_rd <= 1'b1;

                                        dcdB_rd <= 1'b0;

                                        dcdA[4:0] <= { instruction_gie, instruction[19:16] };

                                        dcdOp <= { 3'h3, instruction[20] };

                                end else begin

                                        ; // Multiply instruction place holder

                                end end

                        4'b011?: begin // Load/Store

                                dcdF_wr <= 1'b0; // Don't write flags

                                dcdA_wr <= (~instruction[28]); // Write on loads

                                dcdA_rd <= (instruction[28]); // Read on stores

                                dcdB_rd <= instruction[20];

                                if (instruction[20])

                                        r_dcdI <= { {(8){instruction[15]}}, instruction[15:0] };

                                else

                                        r_dcdI <= { {(4){instruction[19]}}, instruction[19:0] };

                                dcdM <= 1'b1; // Memory operation

                                end

                        default: begin

                                dcdA <= { instruction_gie, instruction[27:24] };

                                dcdB <= { instruction_gie, instruction[19:16] };

                                dcdA_wr <= (instruction[31])||(instruction[31:28]==4'h5);

                                dcdA_rd <= 1'b1;

                                dcdB_rd <= instruction[20];

                                if (instruction[20])

                                        r_dcdI <= { {(8){instruction[15]}}, instruction[15:0] };

                                else

                                        r_dcdI <= { {(4){instruction[19]}}, instruction[19:0] };

                                end

                        endcase

                        dcd_gie <= instruction_gie;

                end

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #3 :: Read Operands (Registers)

        //

        //

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (op_ce) // &&(dcdvalid))

                begin

                        if ((wr_reg_ce)&&(wr_reg_id == dcdA))

                                r_opA <= wr_reg_vl;

                        else if (dcdA == { dcd_gie, `CPU_PC_REG })

                                r_opA <= dcd_pc;

                        else if (dcdA[3:0] == `CPU_PC_REG)

                                r_opA <= (dcdA[4])?upc:ipc;

                        else

                                r_opA <= regset[dcdA];

                end

        wire    [31:0]   dcdI;

        assign  dcdI = { {(8){r_dcdI[23]}}, r_dcdI };

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (op_ce) // &&(dcdvalid))

                begin

                        if (~dcdB_rd)

                                r_opB <= dcdI;

                        else if ((wr_reg_ce)&&(wr_reg_id == dcdB))

                                r_opB <= wr_reg_vl + dcdI;

                        else if (dcdB == { dcd_gie, `CPU_PC_REG })

                                r_opB <= dcd_pc + dcdI;

                        else if (dcdB[3:0] == `CPU_PC_REG)

                                r_opB <= ((dcdB[4])?upc:ipc) + dcdI;

                        else

                                r_opB <= regset[dcdB] + dcdI;

                end

        // The logic here has become more complex than it should be, no thanks

        // to Xilinx's Vivado trying to help.  The conditions are supposed to

        // be two sets of four bits: the top bits specify what bits matter, the

        // bottom specify what those top bits must equal.  However, two of

        // conditions check whether bits are on, and those are the only two

        // conditions checking those bits.  Therefore, Vivado complains that

        // these two bits are redundant.  Hence the convoluted expression

        // below, arriving at what we finally want in the (now wire net)

        // opF.

`ifdef  NEWCODE

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (op_ce)

                begin // Set the flag condition codes

                        case(dcdF[2:0])

                        3'h0:   r_opF <= 7'h80; // Always

                        3'h1:   r_opF <= 7'h11; // Z

                        3'h2:   r_opF <= 7'h10; // NE

                        3'h3:   r_opF <= 7'h20; // GE (!N)

                        3'h4:   r_opF <= 7'h30; // GT (!N&!Z)

                        3'h5:   r_opF <= 7'h24; // LT

                        3'h6:   r_opF <= 7'h02; // C

                        3'h7:   r_opF <= 7'h08; // V

                        endcase

                end

        assign  opF = { r_opF[6], r_opF[3], r_opF[5], r_opF[1], r_opF[4:0] };

`else

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (op_ce)

                begin // Set the flag condition codes

                        case(dcdF[2:0])

                        3'h0:   opF <= 9'h100;  // Always

                        3'h1:   opF <= 9'h011;  // Z

                        3'h2:   opF <= 9'h010;  // NE

                        3'h3:   opF <= 9'h040;  // GE (!N)

                        3'h4:   opF <= 9'h050;  // GT (!N&!Z)

                        3'h5:   opF <= 9'h044;  // LT

                        3'h6:   opF <= 9'h022;  // C

                        3'h7:   opF <= 9'h088;  // V

                        endcase

                end

`endif

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_rst)

                        opvalid <= 1'b0;

                else if (op_ce)

                        // Do we have a valid instruction?

                        //   The decoder may vote to stall one of its

                        //   instructions based upon something we currently

                        //   have in our queue.  This instruction must then

                        //   move forward, and get a stall cycle inserted.

                        //   Hence, the test on dcd_stalled here.  If we must

                        //   wait until our operands are valid, then we aren't

                        //   valid yet until then.

                        opvalid<= (~new_pc)&&(dcdvalid)&&(~dcd_stalled);

                else if ((~op_stall)||(new_pc))

                        opvalid <= 1'b0;

        // Here's part of our debug interface.  When we recognize a break

        // instruction, we set the op_break flag.  That'll prevent this

        // instruction from entering the ALU, and cause an interrupt before

        // this instruction.  Thus, returning to this code will cause the

        // break to repeat and continue upon return.  To get out of this

        // condition, replace the break instruction with what it is supposed

        // to be, step through it, and then replace it back.  In this fashion,

        // a debugger can step through code.

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_rst)

                        op_break <= 1'b0;

                else if (op_ce)

                        op_break <= (dcd_break)&&(r_dcdI[15:0] == 16'h0001);

                else if ((~op_stall)||(new_pc))

                        op_break <= 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (op_ce)

                begin

                        opn    <= dcdOp;        // Which ALU operation?

                        opM    <= dcdM;         // Is this a memory operation?

                        // Will we write the flags/CC Register with our result?

                        opF_wr <= dcdF_wr;

                        // Will we be writing our results into a register?

                        opR_wr <= dcdA_wr;

                        // What register will these results be written into?

                        opR    <= dcdA;

                        // User level (1), vs supervisor (0)/interrupts disabled

                        op_gie <= dcd_gie;

                        // We're not done with these yet--we still need them

                        // for the unclocked assign.  We need the unclocked

                        // assign so that there's no wait state between an

                        // ALU or memory result and the next register that may

                        // use that value.

                        opA_cc <= {dcdA[4], (dcdA[3:0] == `CPU_CC_REG) };

                        opA_rd <= dcdA_rd;

                        opB_cc <= {dcdB[4], (dcdB[3:0] == `CPU_CC_REG) };

                        opB_rd <= dcdB_rd;

                        op_pc  <= dcd_pc;

                        //

                        op_wr_pc <= ((dcdA_wr)&&(dcdA[3:0] == `CPU_PC_REG));

                end

        assign  opFl = (op_gie)?(w_uflags):(w_iflags);

        // This is tricky.  First, the PC and Flags registers aren't kept in

        // register set but in special registers of their own.  So step one

        // is to select the right register.  Step to is to replace that

        // register with the results of an ALU or memory operation, if such

        // results are now available.  Otherwise, we'd need to insert a wait

        // state of some type.

        //

        // The alternative approach would be to define some sort of

        // op_stall wire, which would stall any upstream stage.

        // We'll create a flag here to start our coordination.  Once we

        // define this flag to something other than just plain zero, then

        // the stalls will already be in place.

        assign  dcdA_stall = (dcdvalid)&&(dcdA_rd)&&

                                (((opvalid)&&(opR_wr)&&(opR == dcdA))

                                        ||((mem_busy)&&(~mem_we)&&(mem_wreg == dcdA))

                                        ||((mem_valid)&&(mem_wreg == dcdA)));

        assign  dcdB_stall = (dcdvalid)&&(dcdB_rd)

                                &&(((opvalid)&&(opR_wr)&&(opR == dcdB))

                                        ||((mem_busy)&&(~mem_we)&&(mem_wreg == dcdB))

                                        ||((mem_valid)&&(mem_wreg == dcdB)));

        assign  dcdF_stall = (dcdvalid)&&(((dcdF[3])

                                        ||(dcdA[3:0]==`CPU_CC_REG)

                                        ||(dcdB[3:0]==`CPU_CC_REG))

                                &&((opvalid)&&(opR[3:0] == `CPU_CC_REG))

                        ||((dcdF[3])&&(dcdM)&&(opvalid)&&(opF_wr)));

        assign  opA = { r_opA[31:8], ((opA_cc[0]) ?

                        ((opA_cc[1])?w_uflags:w_iflags) : r_opA[7:0]) };

        assign  opB = { r_opB[31:8], ((opB_cc[0]) ?

                        ((opA_cc[1])?w_uflags:w_iflags) : r_opB[7:0]) };

        //

        //

        //      PIPELINE STAGE #4 :: Apply Instruction

        //

        //

        cpuops  doalu(i_clk, i_rst, alu_ce,

                        (opvalid)&&(~opM), opn, opA, opB,

                        alu_result, alu_flags, alu_valid);

        assign  set_cond = ((opF[7:4]&opFl[3:0])==opF[3:0]);

        initial alF_wr   = 1'b0;

        initial alu_wr   = 1'b0;

        always @(posedge i_clk)

                if (i_rst)

                begin

                        alu_wr   <= 1'b0;

                        alF_wr   <= 1'b0;

                end else if (alu_ce)

                begin

                        alu_reg <= opR;

                        alu_wr  <= (opR_wr)&&(set_cond);

                        alF_wr  <= (opF_wr)&&(set_cond);

                end else begin

                        // These are strobe signals, so clear them if not

                        // set for any particular clock

                        alu_wr <= 1'b0;

                        alF_wr <= 1'b0;