% This file is part of the MMIXware package (c) Donald E Knuth 1999
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% This file is part of the MMIXware package (c) Donald E Knuth 1999
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@i boilerplate.w %<< legal stuff: PLEASE READ IT BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES!
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@i boilerplate.w %<< legal stuff: PLEASE READ IT BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES!
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\def\title{MMMIX}
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\def\title{MMMIX}
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\def\MMIX{\.{MMIX}}
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\def\MMIX{\.{MMIX}}
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\def\Hex#1{\hbox{$^{\scriptscriptstyle\#}$\tt#1}} % experimental hex constant
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\def\Hex#1{\hbox{$^{\scriptscriptstyle\#}$\tt#1}} % experimental hex constant
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@s octa int
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@s octa int
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@s tetra int
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@s tetra int
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@s bool int
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@s bool int
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@s fetch int
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@s fetch int
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@s specnode int
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@s specnode int
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@* Introduction.
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@* Introduction.
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This \.{CWEB} program simulates how the \MMIX\ computer might be
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This \.{CWEB} program simulates how the \MMIX\ computer might be
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implemented with a high-performance pipeline in many different configurations.
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implemented with a high-performance pipeline in many different configurations.
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All of the complexities of \MMIX's architecture are treated, except for
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All of the complexities of \MMIX's architecture are treated, except for
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multiprocessing and low-level details of memory mapped input/output.
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multiprocessing and low-level details of memory mapped input/output.
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The present program module, which contains the main routine for the
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The present program module, which contains the main routine for the
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\MMIX\ meta-simulator, is primarily devoted to administrative tasks. Other modules
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\MMIX\ meta-simulator, is primarily devoted to administrative tasks. Other modules
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do the actual work after this module has told them what to do.
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do the actual work after this module has told them what to do.
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@ A user typically invokes the meta-simulator with a \UNIX/-like command line
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@ A user typically invokes the meta-simulator with a \UNIX/-like command line
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of the general form
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of the general form
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`\.{mmmix}~\.{configfile}~\.{progfile}',
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`\.{mmmix}~\.{configfile}~\.{progfile}',
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where the \.{configfile} describes the characteristics
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where the \.{configfile} describes the characteristics
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of an \MMIX\ implementation and the \.{progfile} contains a program to
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of an \MMIX\ implementation and the \.{progfile} contains a program to
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be downloaded and run. Rules for configuration files appear in
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be downloaded and run. Rules for configuration files appear in
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the module called \.{mmix-config}. The program file is either
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the module called \.{mmix-config}. The program file is either
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an ``\MMIX\ binary file'' dumped by {\mc MMIX-SIM}, or an
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an ``\MMIX\ binary file'' dumped by {\mc MMIX-SIM}, or an
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ASCII text file that describes hexadecimal data
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ASCII text file that describes hexadecimal data
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in a rudimentary format. It is assumed to be binary if
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in a rudimentary format. It is assumed to be binary if
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its name ends with the extension `\.{.mmb}'.
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its name ends with the extension `\.{.mmb}'.
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@c
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@c
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#include
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#include
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#include
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#include
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#include
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#include
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#include "mmix-pipe.h"
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#include "mmix-pipe.h"
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@#
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@#
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char *config_file_name, *prog_file_name;
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char *config_file_name, *prog_file_name;
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@@;
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@@;
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@@;
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@@;
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|
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int main(argc,argv)
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int main(argc,argv)
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int argc;
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int argc;
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char *argv[];
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char *argv[];
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{
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{
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@;
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@;
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MMIX_config(config_file_name);
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MMIX_config(config_file_name);
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MMIX_init();
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MMIX_init();
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mmix_io_init();
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mmix_io_init();
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@;
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@;
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@;
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@;
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printf("Simulation ended at time %d.\n",ticks.l);
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printf("Simulation ended at time %d.\n",ticks.l);
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print_stats();
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print_stats();
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return 0;
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return 0;
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}
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}
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|
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@ The command line might also contain options, some day.
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@ The command line might also contain options, some day.
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For now I'm forgetting them and simplifying everything until I gain
|
For now I'm forgetting them and simplifying everything until I gain
|
further experience.
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further experience.
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|
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@=
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@=
|
if (argc!=3) {
|
if (argc!=3) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s configfile progfile\n",argv[0]);
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fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s configfile progfile\n",argv[0]);
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@.Usage: ...@>
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@.Usage: ...@>
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exit(-3);
|
exit(-3);
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}
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}
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config_file_name=argv[1];
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config_file_name=argv[1];
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prog_file_name=argv[2];
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prog_file_name=argv[2];
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|
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@ @=
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@ @=
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if (strlen(prog_file_name)>4 &&
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if (strlen(prog_file_name)>4 &&
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strcmp(prog_file_name+strlen(prog_file_name)-4,".mmb")==0)
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strcmp(prog_file_name+strlen(prog_file_name)-4,".mmb")==0)
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@@;
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@@;
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else @;
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else @;
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fclose(prog_file);
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fclose(prog_file);
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@* Hexadecimal input to memory.
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@* Hexadecimal input to memory.
|
A rudimentary hexadecimal input format is implemented here so that the
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A rudimentary hexadecimal input format is implemented here so that the
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@^hexadecimal files@>
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@^hexadecimal files@>
|
simulator can be run with essentially arbitrary data in the simulated memory.
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simulator can be run with essentially arbitrary data in the simulated memory.
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The rules of this format are extremely simple: Each line of the file
|
The rules of this format are extremely simple: Each line of the file
|
either begins with (i)~12 hexadecimal digits followed by a colon; or
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either begins with (i)~12 hexadecimal digits followed by a colon; or
|
(ii)~a space followed by 16 hexadecimal digits. In case~(i), the 12
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(ii)~a space followed by 16 hexadecimal digits. In case~(i), the 12
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hex digits specify a 48-bit physical address, called the current
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hex digits specify a 48-bit physical address, called the current
|
location. In case~(ii), the 16 hex digits specify an octabyte to be
|
location. In case~(ii), the 16 hex digits specify an octabyte to be
|
stored in the current location; the current location is then increased by~8.
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stored in the current location; the current location is then increased by~8.
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The current location should be a multiple of~8, but its three least
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The current location should be a multiple of~8, but its three least
|
significant bits are actually ignored. Arbitrary comments can follow
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significant bits are actually ignored. Arbitrary comments can follow
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the specification of a new current location or a new octabyte, as long
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the specification of a new current location or a new octabyte, as long
|
as each line is less than 99 characters long. For example, the file
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as each line is less than 99 characters long. For example, the file
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$$\vbox{\halign{\tt#\hfil\cr
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$$\vbox{\halign{\tt#\hfil\cr
|
0123456789ab: SILLY EXAMPLE\cr
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0123456789ab: SILLY EXAMPLE\cr
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\ 0123456789abcdef first octabyte\cr
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\ 0123456789abcdef first octabyte\cr
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\ fedbca9876543210 second\cr}}$$
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\ fedbca9876543210 second\cr}}$$
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places the octabyte
|
places the octabyte
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\Hex{0123456789abcdef} into memory location \Hex{0123456789a8}
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\Hex{0123456789abcdef} into memory location \Hex{0123456789a8}
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and \Hex{fedcba9876543210} into location \Hex{0123456789b0}.
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and \Hex{fedcba9876543210} into location \Hex{0123456789b0}.
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|
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@d BUF_SIZE 100
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@d BUF_SIZE 100
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|
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@=
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@=
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octa cur_loc;
|
octa cur_loc;
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octa cur_dat;
|
octa cur_dat;
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bool new_chunk;
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bool new_chunk;
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char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
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char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
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FILE *prog_file;
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FILE *prog_file;
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|
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@ @=
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@ @=
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{
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{
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prog_file=fopen(prog_file_name,"r");
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prog_file=fopen(prog_file_name,"r");
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if (!prog_file) {
|
if (!prog_file) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Can't open MMIX hexadecimal file %s!\n",prog_file_name);
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Can't open MMIX hexadecimal file %s!\n",prog_file_name);
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@.Can't open...@>
|
@.Can't open...@>
|
exit(-3);
|
exit(-3);
|
}
|
}
|
new_chunk=true;
|
new_chunk=true;
|
while (1) {
|
while (1) {
|
if (!fgets(buffer,BUF_SIZE,prog_file)) break;
|
if (!fgets(buffer,BUF_SIZE,prog_file)) break;
|
if (buffer[strlen(buffer)-1]!='\n') {
|
if (buffer[strlen(buffer)-1]!='\n') {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Hexadecimal file line too long: `%s...'!\n",buffer);
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Hexadecimal file line too long: `%s...'!\n",buffer);
|
@.Hexadecimal file line...@>
|
@.Hexadecimal file line...@>
|
exit(-3);
|
exit(-3);
|
}
|
}
|
if (buffer[12]==':') @@;
|
if (buffer[12]==':') @@;
|
else if (buffer[0]==' ') @@;
|
else if (buffer[0]==' ') @@;
|
else {
|
else {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file line: `%s'!\n",buffer);
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file line: `%s'!\n",buffer);
|
@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
|
@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
|
exit(-3);
|
exit(-3);
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}
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
}
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}
|
|
|
@ @=
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@ @=
|
{
|
{
|
if (sscanf(buffer,"%4x%8x",&cur_loc.h,&cur_loc.l)!=2) {
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if (sscanf(buffer,"%4x%8x",&cur_loc.h,&cur_loc.l)!=2) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file location: `%s'!\n",buffer);
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file location: `%s'!\n",buffer);
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@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
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@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
|
exit(-3);
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exit(-3);
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}
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}
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new_chunk=true;
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new_chunk=true;
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}
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}
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|
|
@ @=
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@ @=
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{
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{
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if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%8x%8x",&cur_dat.h,&cur_dat.l)!=2) {
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if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%8x%8x",&cur_dat.h,&cur_dat.l)!=2) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file data: `%s'!\n",buffer);
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fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Improper hexadecimal file data: `%s'!\n",buffer);
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@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
|
@.Improper hexadecimal...@>
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exit(-3);
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exit(-3);
|
}
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}
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if (new_chunk) mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat);
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if (new_chunk) mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat);
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else mem_hash[last_h].chunk[(cur_loc.l&0xffff)>>3]=cur_dat;
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else mem_hash[last_h].chunk[(cur_loc.l&0xffff)>>3]=cur_dat;
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cur_loc.l+=8;
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cur_loc.l+=8;
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if ((cur_loc.l&0xfff8)!=0) new_chunk=false;
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if ((cur_loc.l&0xfff8)!=0) new_chunk=false;
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else {
|
else {
|
new_chunk=true;
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new_chunk=true;
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if ((cur_loc.l&0xffff0000)==0) cur_loc.h++;
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if ((cur_loc.l&0xffff0000)==0) cur_loc.h++;
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}
|
}
|
}
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}
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|
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@* Binary input to memory.
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@* Binary input to memory.
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When the program file was dumped by {\mc MMIX-SIM}, it
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When the program file was dumped by {\mc MMIX-SIM}, it
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has the simple format discussed in exercise 1.4.3$'$--20 of the \MMIX\ fascicle.
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has the simple format discussed in exercise 1.4.3$'$--20 of the \MMIX\ fascicle.
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@^binary files@>
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@^binary files@>
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@^segments@>
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@^segments@>
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In this case we assume that the user's program has text, data, pool, and stack
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In this case we assume that the user's program has text, data, pool, and stack
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segments, as in the conventions of that book.
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segments, as in the conventions of that book.
|
We load it into four
|
We load it into four
|
$2^{32}$-byte pages of physical memory, one for each segment; page zero of
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$2^{32}$-byte pages of physical memory, one for each segment; page zero of
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segment~$i$ is mapped to physical location $2^{32}i$. Page tables are kept in
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segment~$i$ is mapped to physical location $2^{32}i$. Page tables are kept in
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physical locations starting at $2^{32}\times4$; static traps begin at
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physical locations starting at $2^{32}\times4$; static traps begin at
|
$2^{32}\times 5$ and dynamic traps at $2^{32}\times6$. (These conventions
|
$2^{32}\times 5$ and dynamic traps at $2^{32}\times6$. (These conventions
|
agree with the special register settings
|
agree with the special register settings
|
$\rm rT=\Hex{8000000500000000}$,
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$\rm rT=\Hex{8000000500000000}$,
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$\rm rTT=\Hex{8000000600000000}$,
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$\rm rTT=\Hex{8000000600000000}$,
|
$\rm rV=\Hex{369c200400000000}$
|
$\rm rV=\Hex{369c200400000000}$
|
assumed by the stripped-down simulator.)
|
assumed by the stripped-down simulator.)
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
{
|
{
|
prog_file=fopen(prog_file_name,"rb");
|
prog_file=fopen(prog_file_name,"rb");
|
if (!prog_file) {
|
if (!prog_file) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Can't open MMIX binary file %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Can't open MMIX binary file %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
@.Can't open...@>
|
@.Can't open...@>
|
exit(-3);
|
exit(-3);
|
}
|
}
|
while (1) {
|
while (1) {
|
if (!undump_octa()) break;
|
if (!undump_octa()) break;
|
new_chunk=true;
|
new_chunk=true;
|
cur_loc=cur_dat;
|
cur_loc=cur_dat;
|
if (cur_loc.h&0x9fffffff) bad_address=true;
|
if (cur_loc.h&0x9fffffff) bad_address=true;
|
else bad_address=false, cur_loc.h >>= 29;
|
else bad_address=false, cur_loc.h >>= 29;
|
/* apply trivial mapping function for each segment */
|
/* apply trivial mapping function for each segment */
|
@;
|
@;
|
}
|
}
|
@;
|
@;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ The |undump_octa| routine reads eight bytes from the binary file
|
@ The |undump_octa| routine reads eight bytes from the binary file
|
|prog_file| into the global octabyte |cur_dat|,
|
|prog_file| into the global octabyte |cur_dat|,
|
taking care as usual to be big-endian regardless of the host computer's bias.
|
taking care as usual to be big-endian regardless of the host computer's bias.
|
@^big-endian versus little-endian@>
|
@^big-endian versus little-endian@>
|
@^little-endian versus big-endian@>
|
@^little-endian versus big-endian@>
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
static bool undump_octa @,@,@[ARGS((void))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
static bool undump_octa @,@,@[ARGS((void))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
static bool undump_octa()
|
static bool undump_octa()
|
{
|
{
|
register int t0,t1,t2,t3;
|
register int t0,t1,t2,t3;
|
t0=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t0==EOF) return false;
|
t0=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t0==EOF) return false;
|
t1=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t1==EOF) goto oops;
|
t1=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t1==EOF) goto oops;
|
t2=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t2==EOF) goto oops;
|
t2=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t2==EOF) goto oops;
|
t3=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t3==EOF) goto oops;
|
t3=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t3==EOF) goto oops;
|
cur_dat.h=(t0<<24)+(t1<<16)+(t2<<8)+t3;
|
cur_dat.h=(t0<<24)+(t1<<16)+(t2<<8)+t3;
|
t0=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t0==EOF) goto oops;
|
t0=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t0==EOF) goto oops;
|
t1=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t1==EOF) goto oops;
|
t1=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t1==EOF) goto oops;
|
t2=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t2==EOF) goto oops;
|
t2=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t2==EOF) goto oops;
|
t3=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t3==EOF) goto oops;
|
t3=fgetc(prog_file);@+ if (t3==EOF) goto oops;
|
cur_dat.l=(t0<<24)+(t1<<16)+(t2<<8)+t3;
|
cur_dat.l=(t0<<24)+(t1<<16)+(t2<<8)+t3;
|
return true;
|
return true;
|
oops: fprintf(stderr,"Premature end of file on %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
oops: fprintf(stderr,"Premature end of file on %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
@.Premature end of file...@>
|
@.Premature end of file...@>
|
return false;
|
return false;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
while (1) {
|
while (1) {
|
if (!undump_octa()) {
|
if (!undump_octa()) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Unexpected end of file on %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
fprintf(stderr,"Unexpected end of file on %s!\n",prog_file_name);
|
@.Unexpected end of file...@>
|
@.Unexpected end of file...@>
|
break;
|
break;
|
}
|
}
|
if (!(cur_dat.h || cur_dat.l)) break;
|
if (!(cur_dat.h || cur_dat.l)) break;
|
if (bad_address) {
|
if (bad_address) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Unsupported virtual address %08x%08x!\n",
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: Unsupported virtual address %08x%08x!\n",
|
@.Unsupported virtual address@>
|
@.Unsupported virtual address@>
|
cur_loc.h,cur_loc.l);
|
cur_loc.h,cur_loc.l);
|
exit(-5);
|
exit(-5);
|
}
|
}
|
if (new_chunk) mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat);
|
if (new_chunk) mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat);
|
else mem_hash[last_h].chunk[(cur_loc.l&0xffff)>>3]=cur_dat;
|
else mem_hash[last_h].chunk[(cur_loc.l&0xffff)>>3]=cur_dat;
|
cur_loc.l+=8;
|
cur_loc.l+=8;
|
if ((cur_loc.l&0xfff8)!=0) new_chunk=false;
|
if ((cur_loc.l&0xfff8)!=0) new_chunk=false;
|
else {
|
else {
|
new_chunk=true;
|
new_chunk=true;
|
if ((cur_loc.l&0xffff0000)==0) {
|
if ((cur_loc.l&0xffff0000)==0) {
|
bad_address=true; cur_loc.h=(cur_loc.h<<29)+1;
|
bad_address=true; cur_loc.h=(cur_loc.h<<29)+1;
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ The primitive operating system assumed in simple programs of {\sl The
|
@ The primitive operating system assumed in simple programs of {\sl The
|
Art of Computer Programming\/} will set up text segment, data segment,
|
Art of Computer Programming\/} will set up text segment, data segment,
|
pool segment, and stack segment as in {\mc MMIX-SIM}. The runtime stack
|
pool segment, and stack segment as in {\mc MMIX-SIM}. The runtime stack
|
will be initialized if we \.{UNSAVE} from the last location loaded
|
will be initialized if we \.{UNSAVE} from the last location loaded
|
in the \.{.mmb} file.
|
in the \.{.mmb} file.
|
|
|
@d rQ 16
|
@d rQ 16
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
if (cur_loc.h!=3) {
|
if (cur_loc.h!=3) {
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: MMIX binary file didn't set up the stack!\n");
|
fprintf(stderr,"Panic: MMIX binary file didn't set up the stack!\n");
|
@.MMIX binary file...@>
|
@.MMIX binary file...@>
|
exit(-6);
|
exit(-6);
|
}
|
}
|
inst_ptr.o=mem_read(incr(cur_loc,-8*14)); /* \.{Main} */
|
inst_ptr.o=mem_read(incr(cur_loc,-8*14)); /* \.{Main} */
|
inst_ptr.p=NULL;
|
inst_ptr.p=NULL;
|
cur_loc.h=0x60000000;
|
cur_loc.h=0x60000000;
|
g[255].o=incr(cur_loc,-8); /* place to \.{UNSAVE} */
|
g[255].o=incr(cur_loc,-8); /* place to \.{UNSAVE} */
|
cur_dat.l=0x90;
|
cur_dat.l=0x90;
|
if (mem_read(cur_dat).h) inst_ptr.o=cur_dat; /* start at |0x90| if nonzero */
|
if (mem_read(cur_dat).h) inst_ptr.o=cur_dat; /* start at |0x90| if nonzero */
|
head->inst=(UNSAVE<<24)+255, tail--; /* prefetch a fabricated command */
|
head->inst=(UNSAVE<<24)+255, tail--; /* prefetch a fabricated command */
|
head->loc=incr(inst_ptr.o,-4); /* in case the \.{UNSAVE} is interrupted */
|
head->loc=incr(inst_ptr.o,-4); /* in case the \.{UNSAVE} is interrupted */
|
g[rT].o.h=0x80000005, g[rTT].o.h=0x80000006;
|
g[rT].o.h=0x80000005, g[rTT].o.h=0x80000006;
|
cur_dat.h=(RESUME<<24)+1, cur_dat.l=0, cur_loc.h=5, cur_loc.l=0;
|
cur_dat.h=(RESUME<<24)+1, cur_dat.l=0, cur_loc.h=5, cur_loc.l=0;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* the primitive trap handler */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* the primitive trap handler */
|
cur_dat.l=cur_dat.h, cur_dat.h=(NEGI<<24)+(255<<16)+1;
|
cur_dat.l=cur_dat.h, cur_dat.h=(NEGI<<24)+(255<<16)+1;
|
cur_loc.h=6, cur_loc.l=8;
|
cur_loc.h=6, cur_loc.l=8;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* the primitive dynamic trap handler */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* the primitive dynamic trap handler */
|
cur_dat.h=(GET<<24)+rQ, cur_dat.l=(PUTI<<24)+(rQ<<16), cur_loc.l=0;
|
cur_dat.h=(GET<<24)+rQ, cur_dat.l=(PUTI<<24)+(rQ<<16), cur_loc.l=0;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* more of the primitive dynamic trap handler */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* more of the primitive dynamic trap handler */
|
cur_dat.h=0, cur_dat.l=7; /* generate a PTE with \.{rwx} permission */
|
cur_dat.h=0, cur_dat.l=7; /* generate a PTE with \.{rwx} permission */
|
cur_loc.h=4; /* beginning of skeleton page table */
|
cur_loc.h=4; /* beginning of skeleton page table */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the text segment */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the text segment */
|
ITcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
ITcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
ITcache->set[0][0].data[0]=cur_dat; /* prime the IT cache */
|
ITcache->set[0][0].data[0]=cur_dat; /* prime the IT cache */
|
cur_dat.l=6; /* PTE with read and write permission only */
|
cur_dat.l=6; /* PTE with read and write permission only */
|
cur_dat.h=1, cur_loc.l=3<<13;
|
cur_dat.h=1, cur_loc.l=3<<13;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the data segment */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the data segment */
|
cur_dat.h=2, cur_loc.l=6<<13;
|
cur_dat.h=2, cur_loc.l=6<<13;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the pool segment */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the pool segment */
|
cur_dat.h=3, cur_loc.l=9<<13;
|
cur_dat.h=3, cur_loc.l=9<<13;
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the stack segment */
|
mem_write(cur_loc,cur_dat); /* PTE for the stack segment */
|
g[rK].o=neg_one; /* enable all interrupts */
|
g[rK].o=neg_one; /* enable all interrupts */
|
g[rV].o.h=0x369c2004;
|
g[rV].o.h=0x369c2004;
|
page_bad=false, page_r=4<<(32-13), page_s=32, page_mask.l=0xffffffff;
|
page_bad=false, page_r=4<<(32-13), page_s=32, page_mask.l=0xffffffff;
|
page_b[1]=3, page_b[2]=6, page_b[3]=9, page_b[4]=12;
|
page_b[1]=3, page_b[2]=6, page_b[3]=9, page_b[4]=12;
|
|
|
@* Interaction. When prompted for instructions, this simulator
|
@* Interaction. When prompted for instructions, this simulator
|
@.mmmix>@>
|
@.mmmix>@>
|
understands the following terse commands:
|
understands the following terse commands:
|
|
|
\def\bull{\smallbreak\textindent{$\bullet$}}
|
\def\bull{\smallbreak\textindent{$\bullet$}}
|
\def\<#1>{$\langle\,$#1$\,\rangle$}
|
\def\<#1>{$\langle\,$#1$\,\rangle$}
|
\bull\: Run for this many clock cycles.
|
\bull\: Run for this many clock cycles.
|
|
|
\bull\.{@@}\: Set the instruction pointer
|
\bull\.{@@}\: Set the instruction pointer
|
to this virtual address; successive instructions will be fetched from here.
|
to this virtual address; successive instructions will be fetched from here.
|
|
|
\bull\.{b}\: Set the breakpoint
|
\bull\.{b}\: Set the breakpoint
|
to this virtual address; simulation will pause when an instruction from the
|
to this virtual address; simulation will pause when an instruction from the
|
breakpoint address enters the fetch buffer.
|
breakpoint address enters the fetch buffer.
|
|
|
\bull\.v\: Set the desired level of diagnostic
|
\bull\.v\: Set the desired level of diagnostic
|
output; each bit in the hexadecimal integer enables certain printouts
|
output; each bit in the hexadecimal integer enables certain printouts
|
when the simulator is running. Bit \Hex1 shows instructions when issued,
|
when the simulator is running. Bit \Hex1 shows instructions when issued,
|
deissued, or committed; \Hex2 shows the pipeline and locks after each cycle;
|
deissued, or committed; \Hex2 shows the pipeline and locks after each cycle;
|
\Hex4 shows each coroutine activation; \Hex8 each coroutine scheduling;
|
\Hex4 shows each coroutine activation; \Hex8 each coroutine scheduling;
|
\Hex{10} reports when reading from an uninitialized chunk of memory;
|
\Hex{10} reports when reading from an uninitialized chunk of memory;
|
\Hex{20} asks for online input when reading from addresses $\ge2^{48}$;
|
\Hex{20} asks for online input when reading from addresses $\ge2^{48}$;
|
\Hex{40} reports all I/O to memory address $\ge2^{48}$;
|
\Hex{40} reports all I/O to memory address $\ge2^{48}$;
|
\Hex{80} shows details of branch prediction;
|
\Hex{80} shows details of branch prediction;
|
\Hex{100} displays full cache contents including blocks with invalid tags.
|
\Hex{100} displays full cache contents including blocks with invalid tags.
|
|
|
\bull\.-\: Deissue this many instructions.
|
\bull\.-\: Deissue this many instructions.
|
|
|
\bull\.l\ or \.g\: Show current ``hot'' contents
|
\bull\.l\ or \.g\: Show current ``hot'' contents
|
of a local or global register.
|
of a local or global register.
|
|
|
\bull\.m\: Show current contents of a physical memory
|
\bull\.m\: Show current contents of a physical memory
|
address. (This value may not be up to date; newer values might appear
|
address. (This value may not be up to date; newer values might appear
|
in the write buffer and/or in the caches.)
|
in the write buffer and/or in the caches.)
|
|
|
\bull\.f\: Insert a tetrabyte into the fetch buffer.
|
\bull\.f\: Insert a tetrabyte into the fetch buffer.
|
(Use with care!)
|
(Use with care!)
|
|
|
\bull\.i\: Set the interval counter rI to the given value; this will
|
\bull\.i\: Set the interval counter rI to the given value; this will
|
trigger an interrupt after the specified number of cycles.
|
trigger an interrupt after the specified number of cycles.
|
|
|
\bull\.{IT}, \.{DT}, \.I, \.D, or \.S: Show current contents of a cache.
|
\bull\.{IT}, \.{DT}, \.I, \.D, or \.S: Show current contents of a cache.
|
|
|
\bull\.{D*} or \.{S*}: Show dirty blocks of a cache.
|
\bull\.{D*} or \.{S*}: Show dirty blocks of a cache.
|
|
|
\bull\.p: Show current contents of the pipeline.
|
\bull\.p: Show current contents of the pipeline.
|
|
|
\bull\.s: Show current statistics on branch prediction and
|
\bull\.s: Show current statistics on branch prediction and
|
speed of instruction issue.
|
speed of instruction issue.
|
|
|
\bull\.h: Help (show the possibilities for interaction).
|
\bull\.h: Help (show the possibilities for interaction).
|
|
|
\bull\.q: Quit.
|
\bull\.q: Quit.
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
while (1) {
|
while (1) {
|
printf("mmmix> ");@+fflush(stdout);
|
printf("mmmix> ");@+fflush(stdout);
|
@.mmmix>@>
|
@.mmmix>@>
|
fgets(buffer,BUF_SIZE,stdin);
|
fgets(buffer,BUF_SIZE,stdin);
|
switch (buffer[0]) {
|
switch (buffer[0]) {
|
default: what_say:
|
default: what_say:
|
printf("Eh? Sorry, I don't understand. (Type h for help)\n");
|
printf("Eh? Sorry, I don't understand. (Type h for help)\n");
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
case 'q': case 'x': goto done;
|
case 'q': case 'x': goto done;
|
@@;
|
@@;
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
}
|
done:@;
|
done:@;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
case 'h': case '?': printf("The interactive commands are as follows:\n");
|
case 'h': case '?': printf("The interactive commands are as follows:\n");
|
printf(" to run for n cycles\n");
|
printf(" to run for n cycles\n");
|
printf(" @@ to take next instruction from location x\n");
|
printf(" @@ to take next instruction from location x\n");
|
printf(" b to pause when location x is fetched\n");
|
printf(" b to pause when location x is fetched\n");
|
printf(" v to print specified diagnostics when running;\n");
|
printf(" v to print specified diagnostics when running;\n");
|
printf(" x=1[insts enter/leave pipe]+2[whole pipeline each cycle]+\n");
|
printf(" x=1[insts enter/leave pipe]+2[whole pipeline each cycle]+\n");
|
printf(" 4[coroutine activations]+8[coroutine scheduling]+\n");
|
printf(" 4[coroutine activations]+8[coroutine scheduling]+\n");
|
printf(" 10[uninitialized read]+20[online I/O read]+\n");
|
printf(" 10[uninitialized read]+20[online I/O read]+\n");
|
printf(" 40[I/O read/write]+80[branch prediction details]+\n");
|
printf(" 40[I/O read/write]+80[branch prediction details]+\n");
|
printf(" 100[invalid cache blocks displayed too]\n");
|
printf(" 100[invalid cache blocks displayed too]\n");
|
printf(" - to deissue n instructions\n");
|
printf(" - to deissue n instructions\n");
|
printf(" l to print current value of local register n\n");
|
printf(" l to print current value of local register n\n");
|
printf(" g to print current value of global register n\n");
|
printf(" g to print current value of global register n\n");
|
printf(" m to print current value of memory address x\n");
|
printf(" m to print current value of memory address x\n");
|
printf(" f to insert instruction x into the fetch buffer\n");
|
printf(" f to insert instruction x into the fetch buffer\n");
|
printf(" i to initiate a timer interrupt after n cycles\n");
|
printf(" i to initiate a timer interrupt after n cycles\n");
|
printf(" IT, DT, I, D, or S to print current cache contents\n");
|
printf(" IT, DT, I, D, or S to print current cache contents\n");
|
printf(" D* or S* to print dirty blocks of a cache\n");
|
printf(" D* or S* to print dirty blocks of a cache\n");
|
printf(" p to print current pipeline contents\n");
|
printf(" p to print current pipeline contents\n");
|
printf(" s to print current stats\n");
|
printf(" s to print current stats\n");
|
printf(" h to print this message\n");
|
printf(" h to print this message\n");
|
printf(" q to exit\n");
|
printf(" q to exit\n");
|
printf("(Here is a decimal integer, is hexadecimal.)\n");
|
printf("(Here is a decimal integer, is hexadecimal.)\n");
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
|
case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
|
case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
|
case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
|
if (sscanf(buffer,"%d",&n)!=1) goto what_say;
|
if (sscanf(buffer,"%d",&n)!=1) goto what_say;
|
printf("Running %d at time %d",n,ticks.l);
|
printf("Running %d at time %d",n,ticks.l);
|
if (bp.h==(tetra)-1 && bp.l==(tetra)-1) printf("\n");
|
if (bp.h==(tetra)-1 && bp.l==(tetra)-1) printf("\n");
|
else printf(" with breakpoint %08x%08x\n",bp.h,bp.l);
|
else printf(" with breakpoint %08x%08x\n",bp.h,bp.l);
|
MMIX_run(n,bp);@+continue;
|
MMIX_run(n,bp);@+continue;
|
case '@@': inst_ptr.o=read_hex(buffer+1);@+inst_ptr.p=NULL;@+continue;
|
case '@@': inst_ptr.o=read_hex(buffer+1);@+inst_ptr.p=NULL;@+continue;
|
case 'b': bp=read_hex(buffer+1);@+continue;
|
case 'b': bp=read_hex(buffer+1);@+continue;
|
case 'v': verbose=read_hex(buffer+1).l;@+continue;
|
case 'v': verbose=read_hex(buffer+1).l;@+continue;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
int n,m; /* temporary integer */
|
int n,m; /* temporary integer */
|
octa bp={-1,-1}; /* breakpoint */
|
octa bp={-1,-1}; /* breakpoint */
|
octa tmp; /* an octabyte of temporary interest */
|
octa tmp; /* an octabyte of temporary interest */
|
static unsigned char d[BUF_SIZE];
|
static unsigned char d[BUF_SIZE];
|
|
|
@ Here's a simple program to read an octabyte in hexadecimal notation
|
@ Here's a simple program to read an octabyte in hexadecimal notation
|
from a buffer. It changes the buffer by storing a null character
|
from a buffer. It changes the buffer by storing a null character
|
after the input.
|
after the input.
|
@^radix conversion@>
|
@^radix conversion@>
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
octa read_hex @,@,@[ARGS((char *))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
octa read_hex @,@,@[ARGS((char *))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
octa read_hex(p)
|
octa read_hex(p)
|
char *p;
|
char *p;
|
{
|
{
|
register int j,k;
|
register int j,k;
|
octa val;
|
octa val;
|
val.h=val.l=0;
|
val.h=val.l=0;
|
for (j=0;;j++) {
|
for (j=0;;j++) {
|
if (p[j]>='0' && p[j]<='9') d[j]=p[j]-'0';
|
if (p[j]>='0' && p[j]<='9') d[j]=p[j]-'0';
|
else if (p[j]>='a' && p[j]<='f') d[j]=p[j]-'a'+10;
|
else if (p[j]>='a' && p[j]<='f') d[j]=p[j]-'a'+10;
|
else if (p[j]>='A' && p[j]<='F') d[j]=p[j]-'A'+10;
|
else if (p[j]>='A' && p[j]<='F') d[j]=p[j]-'A'+10;
|
else break;
|
else break;
|
}
|
}
|
p[j]='\0';
|
p[j]='\0';
|
for (j--,k=0;k<=j;k++) {
|
for (j--,k=0;k<=j;k++) {
|
if (k>=8) val.h+=d[j-k]<<(4*k-32);
|
if (k>=8) val.h+=d[j-k]<<(4*k-32);
|
else val.l+=d[j-k]<<(4*k);
|
else val.l+=d[j-k]<<(4*k);
|
}
|
}
|
return val;
|
return val;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
case '-':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
case '-':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
if (cool<=hot) m=hot-cool;@+else m=(hot-reorder_bot)+1+(reorder_top-cool);
|
if (cool<=hot) m=hot-cool;@+else m=(hot-reorder_bot)+1+(reorder_top-cool);
|
if (n>m) deissues=m;@+else deissues=n;
|
if (n>m) deissues=m;@+else deissues=n;
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
case 'l':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
case 'l':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
if (n>=lring_size) goto what_say;
|
if (n>=lring_size) goto what_say;
|
printf(" l[%d]=%08x%08x\n",n,l[n].o.h,l[n].o.l);@+continue;
|
printf(" l[%d]=%08x%08x\n",n,l[n].o.h,l[n].o.l);@+continue;
|
case 'm': tmp=mem_read(read_hex(buffer+1));
|
case 'm': tmp=mem_read(read_hex(buffer+1));
|
printf(" m[%s]=%08x%08x\n",buffer+1,tmp.h,tmp.l);@+continue;
|
printf(" m[%s]=%08x%08x\n",buffer+1,tmp.h,tmp.l);@+continue;
|
|
|
@ The register stack pointers, rO and rS, are not kept up to date
|
@ The register stack pointers, rO and rS, are not kept up to date
|
in the |g| array. Therefore we have to deduce their values by
|
in the |g| array. Therefore we have to deduce their values by
|
examining the pipeline.
|
examining the pipeline.
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
case 'g':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
case 'g':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)!=1 || n<0) goto what_say;
|
if (n>=256) goto what_say;
|
if (n>=256) goto what_say;
|
if (n==rO || n==rS) {
|
if (n==rO || n==rS) {
|
if (hot==cool) /* pipeline empty */
|
if (hot==cool) /* pipeline empty */
|
g[rO].o=sl3(cool_O), g[rS].o=sl3(cool_S);
|
g[rO].o=sl3(cool_O), g[rS].o=sl3(cool_S);
|
else g[rO].o=sl3(hot->cur_O), g[rS].o=sl3(hot->cur_S);
|
else g[rO].o=sl3(hot->cur_O), g[rS].o=sl3(hot->cur_S);
|
}
|
}
|
printf(" g[%d]=%08x%08x\n",n,g[n].o.h,g[n].o.l);
|
printf(" g[%d]=%08x%08x\n",n,g[n].o.h,g[n].o.l);
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
static octa sl3 @,@,@[ARGS((octa))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
static octa sl3 @,@,@[ARGS((octa))@];@+@t}\6{@>
|
static octa sl3(y) /* shift left by 3 bits */
|
static octa sl3(y) /* shift left by 3 bits */
|
octa y;
|
octa y;
|
{
|
{
|
register tetra yhl=y.h<<3, ylh=y.l>>29;
|
register tetra yhl=y.h<<3, ylh=y.l>>29;
|
y.h=yhl+ylh;@+ y.l<<=3;
|
y.h=yhl+ylh;@+ y.l<<=3;
|
return y;
|
return y;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
case 'I': print_cache(buffer[1]=='T'? ITcache: Icache,false);@+continue;
|
case 'I': print_cache(buffer[1]=='T'? ITcache: Icache,false);@+continue;
|
case 'D': print_cache(buffer[1]=='T'? DTcache: Dcache,@/
|
case 'D': print_cache(buffer[1]=='T'? DTcache: Dcache,@/
|
buffer[1]=='*');@+continue;
|
buffer[1]=='*');@+continue;
|
case 'S': print_cache(Scache,buffer[1]=='*');@+continue;
|
case 'S': print_cache(Scache,buffer[1]=='*');@+continue;
|
case 'p': print_pipe();@+print_locks();@+continue;
|
case 'p': print_pipe();@+print_locks();@+continue;
|
case 's': print_stats();@+continue;
|
case 's': print_stats();@+continue;
|
case 'i':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)==1) g[rI].o=incr(zero_octa,n);
|
case 'i':@+ if (sscanf(buffer+1,"%d",&n)==1) g[rI].o=incr(zero_octa,n);
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
case 'f': tmp=read_hex(buffer+1);
|
case 'f': tmp=read_hex(buffer+1);
|
{
|
{
|
register fetch* new_tail;
|
register fetch* new_tail;
|
if (tail==fetch_bot) new_tail=fetch_top;
|
if (tail==fetch_bot) new_tail=fetch_top;
|
else new_tail=tail-1;
|
else new_tail=tail-1;
|
if (new_tail==head) printf("Sorry, the fetch buffer is full!\n");
|
if (new_tail==head) printf("Sorry, the fetch buffer is full!\n");
|
else {
|
else {
|
tail->loc=inst_ptr.o;
|
tail->loc=inst_ptr.o;
|
tail->inst=tmp.l;
|
tail->inst=tmp.l;
|
tail->interrupt=0;
|
tail->interrupt=0;
|
tail->noted=false;
|
tail->noted=false;
|
tail=new_tail;
|
tail=new_tail;
|
}
|
}
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
@ A hidden case here, for me when debugging.
|
@ A hidden case here, for me when debugging.
|
It essentially disables the translation caches, by mapping everything
|
It essentially disables the translation caches, by mapping everything
|
to zero.
|
to zero.
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
case 'd':@+if (ticks.l)
|
case 'd':@+if (ticks.l)
|
printf("Sorry: I disable ITcache and DTcache only at the beginning!\n");
|
printf("Sorry: I disable ITcache and DTcache only at the beginning!\n");
|
else {
|
else {
|
ITcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
ITcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
ITcache->set[0][0].data[0]=seven_octa;
|
ITcache->set[0][0].data[0]=seven_octa;
|
DTcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
DTcache->set[0][0].tag=zero_octa;
|
DTcache->set[0][0].data[0]=seven_octa;
|
DTcache->set[0][0].data[0]=seven_octa;
|
g[rK].o=neg_one;
|
g[rK].o=neg_one;
|
page_bad=false;
|
page_bad=false;
|
page_mask=neg_one;
|
page_mask=neg_one;
|
inst_ptr.p=(specnode*)1;
|
inst_ptr.p=(specnode*)1;
|
}@+continue;
|
}@+continue;
|
|
|
@ And another case, for me when kludging. At the moment,
|
@ And another case, for me when kludging. At the moment,
|
it simply lists the functional unit names.
|
it simply lists the functional unit names.
|
|
|
But I might decide to put other stuff here when giving a demo.
|
But I might decide to put other stuff here when giving a demo.
|
|
|
@=
|
@=
|
case 'k':@+ { register int j;
|
case 'k':@+ { register int j;
|
for (j=0;j
|
for (j=0;j
|
printf("unit %s %d\n",funit[j].name,funit[j].k);
|
printf("unit %s %d\n",funit[j].name,funit[j].k);
|
}
|
}
|
continue;
|
continue;
|
|
|
@ @=
|
@ @=
|
bool bad_address;
|
bool bad_address;
|
extern bool page_bad;
|
extern bool page_bad;
|
extern octa page_mask;
|
extern octa page_mask;
|
extern int page_r,page_s,page_b[5];
|
extern int page_r,page_s,page_b[5];
|
extern octa zero_octa;
|
extern octa zero_octa;
|
extern octa neg_one;
|
extern octa neg_one;
|
octa seven_octa={0,7};
|
octa seven_octa={0,7};
|
extern octa incr @,@,@[ARGS((octa y,int delta))@];
|
extern octa incr @,@,@[ARGS((octa y,int delta))@];
|
/* unsigned $y+\delta$ ($\delta$ is signed) */
|
/* unsigned $y+\delta$ ($\delta$ is signed) */
|
extern void mmix_io_init @,@,@[ARGS((void))@];
|
extern void mmix_io_init @,@,@[ARGS((void))@];
|
extern void MMIX_config @,@,@[ARGS((char*))@];
|
extern void MMIX_config @,@,@[ARGS((char*))@];
|
|
|
@* Index.
|
@* Index.
|
|
|
