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                README for BINUTILS
                README for BINUTILS
These are the GNU binutils.  These are utilities of use when dealing
These are the GNU binutils.  These are utilities of use when dealing
with binary files, either object files or executables.  These tools
with binary files, either object files or executables.  These tools
consist of the linker (ld), the assembler (gas), and the profiler
consist of the linker (ld), the assembler (gas), and the profiler
(gprof) each of which have their own sub-directory named after them.
(gprof) each of which have their own sub-directory named after them.
There is also a collection of other binary tools, including the
There is also a collection of other binary tools, including the
disassembler (objdump) in this directory.  These tools make use of a
disassembler (objdump) in this directory.  These tools make use of a
pair of libraries (bfd and opcodes) and a common set of header files
pair of libraries (bfd and opcodes) and a common set of header files
(include).
(include).
There are README and NEWS files in most of the program sub-directories
There are README and NEWS files in most of the program sub-directories
which give more information about those specific programs.
which give more information about those specific programs.
Unpacking and Installation -- quick overview
Unpacking and Installation -- quick overview
============================================
============================================
When you unpack the binutils archive file, you will get a directory
When you unpack the binutils archive file, you will get a directory
called something like `binutils-XXX', where XXX is the number of the
called something like `binutils-XXX', where XXX is the number of the
release.  (Probably 2.13 or higher).  This directory contains
release.  (Probably 2.13 or higher).  This directory contains
various files and sub-directories.  Most of the files in the top
various files and sub-directories.  Most of the files in the top
directory are for information and for configuration.  The actual
directory are for information and for configuration.  The actual
source code is in sub-directories.
source code is in sub-directories.
To build binutils, you can just do:
To build binutils, you can just do:
        cd binutils-XXX
        cd binutils-XXX
        ./configure [options]
        ./configure [options]
        make
        make
        make install # copies the programs files into /usr/local/bin
        make install # copies the programs files into /usr/local/bin
                     # by default.
                     # by default.
This will configure and build all the libraries as well as the
This will configure and build all the libraries as well as the
assembler, the binutils, and the linker.
assembler, the binutils, and the linker.
If you have GNU make, we recommend building in a different directory:
If you have GNU make, we recommend building in a different directory:
        mkdir objdir
        mkdir objdir
        cd objdir
        cd objdir
        ../binutils-XXX/configure [options]
        ../binutils-XXX/configure [options]
        make
        make
        make install
        make install
This relies on the VPATH feature of GNU make.
This relies on the VPATH feature of GNU make.
By default, the binutils will be configured to support the system on
By default, the binutils will be configured to support the system on
which they are built.  When doing cross development, use the --target
which they are built.  When doing cross development, use the --target
configure option to specify a different target, eg:
configure option to specify a different target, eg:
        ./configure --target=foo-elf
        ./configure --target=foo-elf
The --enable-targets option adds support for more binary file formats
The --enable-targets option adds support for more binary file formats
besides the default.  List them as the argument to --enable-targets,
besides the default.  List them as the argument to --enable-targets,
separated by commas.  For example:
separated by commas.  For example:
        ./configure --enable-targets=sun3,rs6000-aix,decstation
        ./configure --enable-targets=sun3,rs6000-aix,decstation
The name 'all' compiles in support for all valid BFD targets:
The name 'all' compiles in support for all valid BFD targets:
        ./configure --enable-targets=all
        ./configure --enable-targets=all
On 32-bit hosts though, this support will be restricted to 32-bit
On 32-bit hosts though, this support will be restricted to 32-bit
target unless the --enable-64-bit-bfd option is also used:
target unless the --enable-64-bit-bfd option is also used:
        ./configure --enable-64-bit-bfd --enable-targets=all
        ./configure --enable-64-bit-bfd --enable-targets=all
You can also specify the --enable-shared option when you run
You can also specify the --enable-shared option when you run
configure.  This will build the BFD and opcodes libraries as shared
configure.  This will build the BFD and opcodes libraries as shared
libraries.  You can use arguments with the --enable-shared option to
libraries.  You can use arguments with the --enable-shared option to
indicate that only certain libraries should be built shared; for
indicate that only certain libraries should be built shared; for
example, --enable-shared=bfd.  The only potential shared libraries in
example, --enable-shared=bfd.  The only potential shared libraries in
a binutils release are bfd and opcodes.
a binutils release are bfd and opcodes.
The binutils will be linked against the shared libraries.  The build
The binutils will be linked against the shared libraries.  The build
step will attempt to place the correct library in the run-time search
step will attempt to place the correct library in the run-time search
path for the binaries.  However, in some cases, after you install the
path for the binaries.  However, in some cases, after you install the
binaries, you may have to set an environment variable, normally
binaries, you may have to set an environment variable, normally
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so that the system can find the installed libbfd
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so that the system can find the installed libbfd
shared library.
shared library.
To build under openVMS/AXP, see the file makefile.vms in the top level
To build under openVMS/AXP, see the file makefile.vms in the top level
directory.
directory.
Native Language Support
Native Language Support
=======================
=======================
By default Native Language Support will be enabled for binutils.  On
By default Native Language Support will be enabled for binutils.  On
some systems however this support is not present and can lead to error
some systems however this support is not present and can lead to error
messages such as "undefined reference to `libintl_gettext'" when
messages such as "undefined reference to `libintl_gettext'" when
building there tools.  If that happens the NLS support can be disabled
building there tools.  If that happens the NLS support can be disabled
by adding the --disable-nls switch to the configure line like this:
by adding the --disable-nls switch to the configure line like this:
        ../binutils-XXX/configure --disable-nls
        ../binutils-XXX/configure --disable-nls
If you don't have ar
If you don't have ar
====================
====================
If your system does not already have an 'ar' program, the normal
If your system does not already have an 'ar' program, the normal
binutils build process will not work.  In this case, run configure as
binutils build process will not work.  In this case, run configure as
usual.  Before running make, run this script:
usual.  Before running make, run this script:
#!/bin/sh
#!/bin/sh
MAKE_PROG="${MAKE-make}"
MAKE_PROG="${MAKE-make}"
MAKE="${MAKE_PROG} AR=true LINK=true"
MAKE="${MAKE_PROG} AR=true LINK=true"
export MAKE
export MAKE
${MAKE} $* all-libiberty
${MAKE} $* all-libiberty
${MAKE} $* all-intl
${MAKE} $* all-intl
${MAKE} $* all-bfd
${MAKE} $* all-bfd
cd binutils
cd binutils
MAKE="${MAKE_PROG}"
MAKE="${MAKE_PROG}"
export MAKE
export MAKE
${MAKE} $* ar_DEPENDENCIES= ar_LDADD='../bfd/*.o ../libiberty/*.o `if test -f ../intl/gettext.o; then echo '../intl/*.o'; fi`' ar
${MAKE} $* ar_DEPENDENCIES= ar_LDADD='../bfd/*.o ../libiberty/*.o `if test -f ../intl/gettext.o; then echo '../intl/*.o'; fi`' ar
This script will build an ar program in binutils/ar.  Move binutils/ar
This script will build an ar program in binutils/ar.  Move binutils/ar
into a directory on your PATH.  After doing this, you can run make as
into a directory on your PATH.  After doing this, you can run make as
usual to build the complete binutils distribution.  You do not need
usual to build the complete binutils distribution.  You do not need
the ranlib program in order to build the distribution.
the ranlib program in order to build the distribution.
Porting
Porting
=======
=======
Binutils-2.13 supports many different architectures, but there
Binutils-2.13 supports many different architectures, but there
are many more not supported, including some that were supported
are many more not supported, including some that were supported
by earlier versions.  We are hoping for volunteers to improve this
by earlier versions.  We are hoping for volunteers to improve this
situation.
situation.
The major effort in porting binutils to a new host and/or target
The major effort in porting binutils to a new host and/or target
architecture involves the BFD library.  There is some documentation
architecture involves the BFD library.  There is some documentation
in ../bfd/doc.  The file ../gdb/doc/gdbint.texinfo (distributed
in ../bfd/doc.  The file ../gdb/doc/gdbint.texinfo (distributed
with gdb-5.x) may also be of help.
with gdb-5.x) may also be of help.
Reporting bugs
Reporting bugs
==============
==============
Send bug reports and patches to:
Send bug reports and patches to:
   bug-binutils@gnu.org.
   bug-binutils@gnu.org.
Please include the following in bug reports:
Please include the following in bug reports:
- A description of exactly what went wrong, and exactly what should have
- A description of exactly what went wrong, and exactly what should have
  happened instead.
  happened instead.
- The configuration name(s) given to the "configure" script.  The
- The configuration name(s) given to the "configure" script.  The
  "config.status" file should have this information.  This is assuming
  "config.status" file should have this information.  This is assuming
  you built binutils yourself.  If you didn't build binutils youself,
  you built binutils yourself.  If you didn't build binutils youself,
  then we need information regarding your machine and operating system,
  then we need information regarding your machine and operating system,
  and it may be more appropriate to report bugs to wherever you obtained
  and it may be more appropriate to report bugs to wherever you obtained
  binutils.
  binutils.
- The options given to the tool (gas, objcopy, ld etc.) at run time.
- The options given to the tool (gas, objcopy, ld etc.) at run time.
- The actual input file that caused the problem.
- The actual input file that caused the problem.
Always mention the version number you are running; this is printed by
Always mention the version number you are running; this is printed by
running any of the binutils with the --version option.  We appreciate
running any of the binutils with the --version option.  We appreciate
reports about bugs, but we do not promise to fix them, particularly so
reports about bugs, but we do not promise to fix them, particularly so
when the bug report is against an old version.  If you are able, please
when the bug report is against an old version.  If you are able, please
consider building the latest tools from CVS to check that your bug has
consider building the latest tools from CVS to check that your bug has
not already been fixed.
not already been fixed.
When reporting problems about gas and ld, it's useful to provide a
When reporting problems about gas and ld, it's useful to provide a
testcase that triggers the problem.  In the case of a gas problem, we
testcase that triggers the problem.  In the case of a gas problem, we
want input files to gas and command line switches used.  The inputs to
want input files to gas and command line switches used.  The inputs to
gas are _NOT_ .c or .i files, but rather .s files.  If your original
gas are _NOT_ .c or .i files, but rather .s files.  If your original
source was a C program, you can generate the .s file and see the command
source was a C program, you can generate the .s file and see the command
line options by passing -v -save-temps to gcc in addition to all the
line options by passing -v -save-temps to gcc in addition to all the
usual options you use.  The reason we don't want C files is that we
usual options you use.  The reason we don't want C files is that we
might not have a C compiler around for the target you use.  While it
might not have a C compiler around for the target you use.  While it
might be possible to build a compiler, that takes considerable time and
might be possible to build a compiler, that takes considerable time and
disk space, and we might not end up with exactly the same compiler you
disk space, and we might not end up with exactly the same compiler you
use.
use.
In the case of a ld problem, the input files are .o, .a and .so files,
In the case of a ld problem, the input files are .o, .a and .so files,
and possibly a linker script specified with -T.  Again, when using gcc
and possibly a linker script specified with -T.  Again, when using gcc
to link, you can see these files by adding options to the gcc command
to link, you can see these files by adding options to the gcc command
line.  Use -v -save-temps -Wl,-t, except that on targets that use gcc's
line.  Use -v -save-temps -Wl,-t, except that on targets that use gcc's
collect2, you would add -v -save-temps -Wl,-t,-debug.  The -t option
collect2, you would add -v -save-temps -Wl,-t,-debug.  The -t option
tells ld to print all files and libraries used, so that, for example,
tells ld to print all files and libraries used, so that, for example,
you can associate -lc on the ld command line with the actual libc used.
you can associate -lc on the ld command line with the actual libc used.
Note that your simple two line C program to trigger a problem typically
Note that your simple two line C program to trigger a problem typically
expands into several megabytes of objects by the time you include
expands into several megabytes of objects by the time you include
libraries.
libraries.
It is antisocial to post megabyte sized attachments to mailing lists, so
It is antisocial to post megabyte sized attachments to mailing lists, so
please put large testcases somewhere on an ftp or web site so that only
please put large testcases somewhere on an ftp or web site so that only
interested developers need to download them, or offer to email them on
interested developers need to download them, or offer to email them on
request.  Better still, try to reduce the testcase, for example, try to
request.  Better still, try to reduce the testcase, for example, try to
develop a ld testcase that doesn't use system libraries.  However,
develop a ld testcase that doesn't use system libraries.  However,
please be sure it is a complete testcase and that it really does
please be sure it is a complete testcase and that it really does
demonstrate the problem.  Also, don't bother paring it down if that will
demonstrate the problem.  Also, don't bother paring it down if that will
cause large delays in filing the bug report.
cause large delays in filing the bug report.
If you expect to be contributing a large number of test cases, it would
If you expect to be contributing a large number of test cases, it would
be helpful if you would look at the test suite included in the release
be helpful if you would look at the test suite included in the release
(based on the Deja Gnu testing framework, available from the usual ftp
(based on the Deja Gnu testing framework, available from the usual ftp
sites) and write test cases to fit into that framework.  This is
sites) and write test cases to fit into that framework.  This is
certainly not required.
certainly not required.
VMS
VMS
===
===
This section was written by Klaus K"ampf .  It
This section was written by Klaus K"ampf .  It
describes how to build and install the binutils on openVMS (Alpha and
describes how to build and install the binutils on openVMS (Alpha and
Vax).  (The BFD library only supports reading Vax object files.)
Vax).  (The BFD library only supports reading Vax object files.)
Compiling the release:
Compiling the release:
To compile the gnu binary utilities and the gnu assembler, you'll
To compile the gnu binary utilities and the gnu assembler, you'll
need DEC C or GNU C for openVMS/Alpha. You'll need *both* compilers
need DEC C or GNU C for openVMS/Alpha. You'll need *both* compilers
on openVMS/Vax.
on openVMS/Vax.
Compiling with either DEC C or GNU C works on openVMS/Alpha only. Some
Compiling with either DEC C or GNU C works on openVMS/Alpha only. Some
of the opcodes and binutils files trap a bug in the DEC C optimizer,
of the opcodes and binutils files trap a bug in the DEC C optimizer,
so these files must be compiled with /noopt.
so these files must be compiled with /noopt.
Compiling on openVMS/Vax is a bit complicated, as the bfd library traps
Compiling on openVMS/Vax is a bit complicated, as the bfd library traps
a bug in GNU C and the gnu assembler a bug in (my version of) DEC C.
a bug in GNU C and the gnu assembler a bug in (my version of) DEC C.
I never tried compiling with VAX C.
I never tried compiling with VAX C.
You further need GNU Make Version 3.76 or later. This is available
You further need GNU Make Version 3.76 or later. This is available
at ftp.progis.de or any GNU archive site. The makefiles assume that
at ftp.progis.de or any GNU archive site. The makefiles assume that
gmake starts gnu make as a foreign command.
gmake starts gnu make as a foreign command.
If you're compiling with DEC C or VAX C, you must run
If you're compiling with DEC C or VAX C, you must run
  $ @setup
  $ @setup
before starting gnu-make. This isn't needed with GNU C.
before starting gnu-make. This isn't needed with GNU C.
On the Alpha you can choose the compiler by editing the toplevel
On the Alpha you can choose the compiler by editing the toplevel
makefile.vms. Either select CC=cc (for DEC C) or CC=gcc (for GNU C)
makefile.vms. Either select CC=cc (for DEC C) or CC=gcc (for GNU C)
Installing the release
Installing the release
Provided that your directory setup conforms to the GNU on openVMS
Provided that your directory setup conforms to the GNU on openVMS
standard, you already have a concealed device named 'GNU_ROOT'.
standard, you already have a concealed device named 'GNU_ROOT'.
In this case, a simple
In this case, a simple
 $ gmake install
 $ gmake install
suffices to copy all programs and libraries to the proper directories.
suffices to copy all programs and libraries to the proper directories.
Define the programs as foreign commands by adding these lines to your
Define the programs as foreign commands by adding these lines to your
login.com:
login.com:
  $ gas :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]as.exe
  $ gas :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]as.exe
  $ size :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]size.exe
  $ size :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]size.exe
  $ nm :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]nm.exe
  $ nm :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]nm.exe
  $ objdump :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]objdump.exe
  $ objdump :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]objdump.exe
  $ strings :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]strings.exe
  $ strings :== $GNU_ROOT:[bin]strings.exe
If you have a different directory setup, copy the binary utilities
If you have a different directory setup, copy the binary utilities
([.binutils]size.exe, [.binutils]nm.exe, [.binutils]objdump.exe,
([.binutils]size.exe, [.binutils]nm.exe, [.binutils]objdump.exe,
and [.binutils]strings.exe) and the gnu assembler and preprocessor
and [.binutils]strings.exe) and the gnu assembler and preprocessor
([.gas]as.exe and [.gas]gasp.exe]) to a directory of your choice
([.gas]as.exe and [.gas]gasp.exe]) to a directory of your choice
and define all programs as foreign commands.
and define all programs as foreign commands.
If you're satisfied with the compilation, you may want to remove
If you're satisfied with the compilation, you may want to remove
unneeded objects and libraries:
unneeded objects and libraries:
  $ gmake clean
  $ gmake clean
If you have any problems or questions about the binutils on VMS, feel
If you have any problems or questions about the binutils on VMS, feel
free to mail me at kkaempf@rmi.de.
free to mail me at kkaempf@rmi.de.
 
 

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