Subversion Repositories openrisc

.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.14

.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.14

.\"

.\"

.\" Standard preamble:

.\" Standard preamble:

.\" ========================================================================

.\" ========================================================================

.de Sh \" Subsection heading

.de Sh \" Subsection heading

.br

.br

.if t .Sp

.if t .Sp

.ne 5

.ne 5

.PP

.PP

\fB\\$1\fR

\fB\\$1\fR

.PP

.PP

..

..

.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)

.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)

.if t .sp .5v

.if t .sp .5v

.if n .sp

.if n .sp

..

..

.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text

.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text

.ft CW

.ft CW

.nf

.nf

.ne \\$1

.ne \\$1

..

..

.de Ve \" End verbatim text

.de Ve \" End verbatim text

.ft R

.ft R

.fi

.fi

..

..

.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will

.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will

.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left

.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left

.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  | will give a

.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  | will give a

.\" real vertical bar.  \*(C+ will give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to

.\" real vertical bar.  \*(C+ will give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to

.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C'

.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C'

.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.

.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.

.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr

.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr

.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'

.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'

.ie n \{\

.ie n \{\

.    ds -- \(*W-

.    ds -- \(*W-

.    ds PI pi

.    ds PI pi

.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch

.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch

.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch

.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch

.    ds L" ""

.    ds L" ""

.    ds R" ""

.    ds R" ""

.    ds C` ""

.    ds C` ""

.    ds C' ""

.    ds C' ""

'br\}

'br\}

.el\{\

.el\{\

.    ds -- \|\(em\|

.    ds -- \|\(em\|

.    ds PI \(*p

.    ds PI \(*p

.    ds L" ``

.    ds L" ``

.    ds R" ''

.    ds R" ''

'br\}

'br\}

.\"

.\"

.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for

.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for

.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index

.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index

.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the

.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the

.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.

.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.

.if \nF \{\

.if \nF \{\

.    de IX

.    de IX

.    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"

.    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"

..

..

.    nr % 0

.    nr % 0

.    rr F

.    rr F

.\}

.\}

.\"

.\"

.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes

.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes

.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.

.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.

.hy 0

.hy 0

.\"

.\"

.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).

.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).

.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.

.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.

.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff

.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff

.if n \{\

.if n \{\

.    ds #H 0

.    ds #H 0

.    ds #V .8m

.    ds #V .8m

.    ds #F .3m

.    ds #F .3m

.    ds #[ \f1

.    ds #[ \f1

.    ds #] \fP

.    ds #] \fP

.\}

.\}

.if t \{\

.if t \{\

.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)

.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)

.    ds #V .6m

.    ds #V .6m

.    ds #F 0

.    ds #F 0

.    ds #[ \&

.    ds #[ \&

.    ds #] \&

.    ds #] \&

.\}

.\}

.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff

.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff

.if n \{\

.if n \{\

.    ds ' \&

.    ds ' \&

.    ds ` \&

.    ds ` \&

.    ds ^ \&

.    ds ^ \&

.    ds , \&

.    ds , \&

.    ds ~ ~

.    ds ~ ~

.    ds /

.    ds /

.\}

.\}

.if t \{\

.if t \{\

.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"

.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"

.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'

.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'

.\}

.\}

.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents

.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents

.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'

.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'

.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'

.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'

.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]

.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]

.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'

.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'

.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'

.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'

.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]

.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]

.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]

.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]

.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e

.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e

.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E

.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E

.    \" corrections for vroff

.    \" corrections for vroff

.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'

.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'

.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'

.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'

.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)

.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)

.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \

.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \

\{\

\{\

.    ds : e

.    ds : e

.    ds 8 ss

.    ds 8 ss

.    ds o a

.    ds o a

.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga

.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga

.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy

.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy

.    ds th \o'bp'

.    ds th \o'bp'

.    ds Th \o'LP'

.    ds Th \o'LP'

.    ds ae ae

.    ds ae ae

.    ds Ae AE

.    ds Ae AE

.\}

.\}

.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C

.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C

.\" ========================================================================

.\" ========================================================================

.\"

.\"

.IX Title "GPROF 1"

.IX Title "GPROF 1"

.TH GPROF 1 "2008-05-06" "binutils-2.18.50" "GNU"

.TH GPROF 1 "2008-05-06" "binutils-2.18.50" "GNU"

.SH "NAME"

.SH "NAME"

gprof \- display call graph profile data

gprof \- display call graph profile data

.SH "SYNOPSIS"

.SH "SYNOPSIS"

.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

gprof [ \-[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ]

gprof [ \-[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]

 [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]

 [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-R \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]

 [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-R \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]annotated\-source[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]annotated\-source[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]exec\-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]exec\-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]flat\-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no\-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]flat\-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no\-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all\-lines ] [ \-\-brief ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all\-lines ] [ \-\-brief ]

 [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function\-ordering ]

 [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function\-ordering ]

 [ \-\-file\-ordering \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-\-directory\-path=\fIdirs\fR ]

 [ \-\-file\-ordering \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-\-directory\-path=\fIdirs\fR ]

 [ \-\-display\-unused\-functions ] [ \-\-file\-format=\fIname\fR ]

 [ \-\-display\-unused\-functions ] [ \-\-file\-format=\fIname\fR ]

 [ \-\-file\-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min\-count=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-file\-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min\-count=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-no\-static ] [ \-\-print\-path ] [ \-\-separate\-files ]

 [ \-\-no\-static ] [ \-\-print\-path ] [ \-\-separate\-files ]

 [ \-\-static\-call\-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table\-length=\fIlen\fR ]

 [ \-\-static\-call\-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table\-length=\fIlen\fR ]

 [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-ignore\-non\-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]

 [ \-\-ignore\-non\-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]

 [ \-\-no\-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]

 [ \-\-no\-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]

.SH "DESCRIPTION"

.SH "DESCRIPTION"

.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77

programs.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile

programs.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile

of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file

of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file

(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs

(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs

that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of

that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of

\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.

\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.

The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines

The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines

that are compiled for profiling.  \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object

that are compiled for profiling.  \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object

file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between

file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between

its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.

its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.

If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.

output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.

.PP

.PP

\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.

\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.

Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.

Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.

Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time

Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time

of the cycle.

of the cycle.

.PP

.PP

Several forms of output are available from the analysis.

Several forms of output are available from the analysis.

.PP

.PP

The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,

The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,

and how many times that function was called.  If you simply want to know

and how many times that function was called.  If you simply want to know

which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.

which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.

.PP

.PP

The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which

The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which

other functions it called, and how many times.  There is also an estimate

other functions it called, and how many times.  There is also an estimate

of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function.  This can

of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function.  This can

suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a

suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a

lot of time.

lot of time.

.PP

.PP

The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's

The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's

source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the

source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the

program was executed.

program was executed.

.SH "OPTIONS"

.SH "OPTIONS"

.IX Header "OPTIONS"

.IX Header "OPTIONS"

These options specify which of several output formats

These options specify which of several output formats

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.

.PP

.PP

Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify

Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify

functions to be included or excluded.  These options can be

functions to be included or excluded.  These options can be

specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include

specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include

or exclude sets of symbols.

or exclude sets of symbols.

.PP

.PP

Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),

Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),

which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis

which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis

for all functions.

for all functions.

.ie n .IP """\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-A[symspec]"

.IX Item "-A[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.

The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-b""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-b""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-b\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-b\fR" 4

.IX Item "-b"

.IX Item "-b"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-brief""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-brief""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-brief\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-brief\fR" 4

.IX Item "--brief"

.IX Item "--brief"

.PD

.PD

If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the

If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the

verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in

verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in

the tables.  This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or

the tables.  This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or

are tired of seeing the blurbs.

are tired of seeing the blurbs.

.ie n .IP """\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-C[symspec]"

.IX Item "-C[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to

The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.

.Sp

.Sp

If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying

If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying

the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block

the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block

execution counts to be tallied and displayed.

execution counts to be tallied and displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-i""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-i""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-i\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-i\fR" 4

.IX Item "-i"

.IX Item "-i"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-info""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-info""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-info\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-info\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-info"

.IX Item "--file-info"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information

The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information

about the profile data file(s) and then exit.  The number of histogram,

about the profile data file(s) and then exit.  The number of histogram,

call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.

call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-I dirs"

.IX Item "-I dirs"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"

.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in

The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in

which to find source files.  Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR

which to find source files.  Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR

can also be used to convey this information.

can also be used to convey this information.

Used mostly for annotated source output.

Used mostly for annotated source output.

.ie n .IP """\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-J[symspec]"

.IX Item "-J[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print annotated source code.

print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,

but excludes matching symbols.

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-L""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-L""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-L\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-L\fR" 4

.IX Item "-L"

.IX Item "-L"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-print\-path""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-print\-path""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-print\-path\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-print\-path\fR" 4

.IX Item "--print-path"

.IX Item "--print-path"

.PD

.PD

Normally, source filenames are printed with the path

Normally, source filenames are printed with the path

component suppressed.  The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

component suppressed.  The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

to print the full pathname of

to print the full pathname of

source filenames, which is determined

source filenames, which is determined

from symbolic debugging information in the image file

from symbolic debugging information in the image file

and is relative to the directory in which the compiler

and is relative to the directory in which the compiler

was invoked.

was invoked.

.ie n .IP """\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-p[symspec]"

.IX Item "-p[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.

The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-P[symspec]"

.IX Item "-P[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.

The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,

but excludes matching symbols.

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-q[symspec]"

.IX Item "-q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.

The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols

and their children.

and their children.

.ie n .IP """\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"

.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the

The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the

call graph.

call graph.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,

but excludes matching symbols.

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-t""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-t""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-t\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-t\fR" 4

.IX Item "-t"

.IX Item "-t"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--table-length=num"

.IX Item "--table-length=num"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-t\fR option causes the \fInum\fR most active source lines in

The \fB\-t\fR option causes the \fInum\fR most active source lines in

each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled.  The

each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled.  The

default is 10.

default is 10.

.ie n .IP """\-y""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-y""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-y\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-y\fR" 4

.IX Item "-y"

.IX Item "-y"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-separate\-files""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-separate\-files""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-separate\-files\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-separate\-files\fR" 4

.IX Item "--separate-files"

.IX Item "--separate-files"

.PD

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

This option affects annotated source output only.

Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files

Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files

to standard\-output.  If this option is specified,

to standard\-output.  If this option is specified,

annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR

annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR

is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR.  If the underlying

is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR.  If the underlying

file system would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it

file system would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it

overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates

overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates

annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the

annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the

original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR

original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR

with \fI.ann\fR).

with \fI.ann\fR).

.ie n .IP """\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"

.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"

.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-r""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-r""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-r\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-r\fR" 4

.IX Item "-r"

.IX Item "-r"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-function\-ordering""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-function\-ordering""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-function\-ordering\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-function\-ordering\fR" 4

.IX Item "--function-ordering"

.IX Item "--function-ordering"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-\-function\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

The \fB\-\-function\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.

suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary

cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

.Sp

The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions

The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions

in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this

in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this

manual.

manual.

.ie n .IP """\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-R map_file"

.IX Item "-R map_file"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file"

.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-\-file\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

The \fB\-\-file\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.

suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary

cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

.Sp

Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option.

Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option.

.Sp

.Sp

The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides

The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides

function name to object file mappings.  The format of the file is similar to

function name to object file mappings.  The format of the file is similar to

the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR.

the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR.

.Sp

.Sp

.Vb 8

.Vb 8

\&        c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse

\&        c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse

\&        c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag

\&        c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type

\&        ...

\&        ...

.Ve

.Ve

.Sp

.Sp

To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like

To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like

\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR.

\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-T""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-T""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-T\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-T\fR" 4

.IX Item "-T"

.IX Item "-T"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-traditional""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-traditional""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-traditional\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-traditional\fR" 4

.IX Item "--traditional"

.IX Item "--traditional"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in

The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in

\&\*(L"traditional\*(R" \s-1BSD\s0 style.

\&\*(L"traditional\*(R" \s-1BSD\s0 style.

.ie n .IP """\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-w width"

.IX Item "-w width"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--width=width"

.IX Item "--width=width"

.PD

.PD

Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR.

Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR.

Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom

Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom

of the call graph.

of the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-x""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-x""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-x\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-x\fR" 4

.IX Item "-x"

.IX Item "-x"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-all\-lines""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-all\-lines""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-all\-lines\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-all\-lines\fR" 4

.IX Item "--all-lines"

.IX Item "--all-lines"

.PD

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

This option affects annotated source output only.

By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block

By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block

are annotated.  If this option is specified, every line in

are annotated.  If this option is specified, every line in

a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the

a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the

first line.  This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR.

first line.  This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"

.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-demangle""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-demangle""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-demangle"

.IX Item "--no-demangle"

.PD

.PD

These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when

These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when

printing output.  The default is to demangle symbols.  The

printing output.  The default is to demangle symbols.  The

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different

compilers have different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style

compilers have different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style

argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your

argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your

compiler.

compiler.

.Sh "Analysis Options"

.Sh "Analysis Options"

.IX Subsection "Analysis Options"

.IX Subsection "Analysis Options"

.ie n .IP """\-a""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-a""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-a\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-a\fR" 4

.IX Item "-a"

.IX Item "-a"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-static""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-static""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-static\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-static\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-static"

.IX Item "--no-static"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of

The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of

statically declared (private) functions.  (These are functions whose

statically declared (private) functions.  (These are functions whose

names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the

names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the

file/function/block where they were defined.)  Time spent in these

file/function/block where they were defined.)  Time spent in these

functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the

functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the

function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.

function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.

This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.

This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-c""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-c""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-c\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-c\fR" 4

.IX Item "-c"

.IX Item "-c"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-static\-call\-graph""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-static\-call\-graph""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-static\-call\-graph\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-static\-call\-graph\fR" 4

.IX Item "--static-call-graph"

.IX Item "--static-call-graph"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be

The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be

augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object

augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object

file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.

file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.

Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are

Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are

entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,

entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,

but never were.  Calls to functions that were not compiled with

but never were.  Calls to functions that were not compiled with

profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table

profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table

entries are present for them.

entries are present for them.

Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found

Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found

by this option.

by this option.

Parents or children identified via this heuristic

Parents or children identified via this heuristic

are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR.

are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-D""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-D""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-D\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-D\fR" 4

.IX Item "-D"

.IX Item "-D"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-ignore\-non\-functions""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-ignore\-non\-functions""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\fR" 4

.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions"

.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which

The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which

are not known to be functions.  This option will give more accurate

are not known to be functions.  This option will give more accurate

profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for

profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for

example).

example).

.ie n .IP """\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-k from/to"

.IX Item "-k from/to"

The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from

The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from

symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR.

symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-l""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-l""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-l\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-l\fR" 4

.IX Item "-l"

.IX Item "-l"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-line""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-line""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-line\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-line\fR" 4

.IX Item "--line"

.IX Item "--line"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-l\fR option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes

The \fB\-l\fR option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes

histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,

histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,

instead of functions.  This feature only works with programs compiled

instead of functions.  This feature only works with programs compiled

by older versions of the \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR compiler.  Newer versions of

by older versions of the \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR compiler.  Newer versions of

\&\f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR are designed to work with the \f(CW\*(C`gcov\*(C'\fR tool instead.

\&\f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR are designed to work with the \f(CW\*(C`gcov\*(C'\fR tool instead.

.Sp

.Sp

If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,

If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,

this option will also identify how many times each line of

this option will also identify how many times each line of

code was executed.

code was executed.

While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function

While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function

a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases

a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases

the running time of \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, and magnifies statistical

the running time of \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, and magnifies statistical

inaccuracies.

inaccuracies.

.ie n .IP """\-m \f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-m \f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-m \f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-m \f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-m num"

.IX Item "-m num"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--min-count=num"

.IX Item "--min-count=num"

.PD

.PD

This option affects execution count output only.

This option affects execution count output only.

Symbols that are executed less than \fInum\fR times are suppressed.

Symbols that are executed less than \fInum\fR times are suppressed.

.ie n .IP """\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-n\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-nsymspec"

.IX Item "-nsymspec"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--time=symspec"

.IX Item "--time=symspec"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

to only propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

to only propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-N\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Nsymspec"

.IX Item "-Nsymspec"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-time=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-time=symspec"

.IX Item "--no-time=symspec"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,

not to propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

not to propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-z""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-z""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-z\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-z\fR" 4

.IX Item "-z"

.IX Item "-z"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-display\-unused\-functions""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-display\-unused\-functions""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-display\-unused\-functions\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-display\-unused\-functions\fR" 4

.IX Item "--display-unused-functions"

.IX Item "--display-unused-functions"

.PD

.PD

If you give the \fB\-z\fR option, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR will mention all

If you give the \fB\-z\fR option, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR will mention all

functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and

functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and

that had no time spent in them.  This is useful in conjunction with the

that had no time spent in them.  This is useful in conjunction with the

\&\fB\-c\fR option for discovering which routines were never called.

\&\fB\-c\fR option for discovering which routines were never called.

.Sh "Miscellaneous Options"

.Sh "Miscellaneous Options"

.IX Subsection "Miscellaneous Options"

.IX Subsection "Miscellaneous Options"

.ie n .IP """\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-d[num]"

.IX Item "-d[num]"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--debug[=num]"

.IX Item "--debug[=num]"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-d\fR \fInum\fR option specifies debugging options.

The \fB\-d\fR \fInum\fR option specifies debugging options.

If \fInum\fR is not specified, enable all debugging.

If \fInum\fR is not specified, enable all debugging.

.ie n .IP """\-h""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-h""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-h\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-h\fR" 4

.IX Item "-h"

.IX Item "-h"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-help""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-help""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-help\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-help\fR" 4

.IX Item "--help"

.IX Item "--help"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-h\fR option prints command line usage.

The \fB\-h\fR option prints command line usage.

.ie n .IP """\-O\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-O\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-O\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-O\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Oname"

.IX Item "-Oname"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-format=name"

.IX Item "--file-format=name"

.PD

.PD

Selects the format of the profile data files.  Recognized formats are

Selects the format of the profile data files.  Recognized formats are

\&\fBauto\fR (the default), \fBbsd\fR, \fB4.4bsd\fR, \fBmagic\fR, and

\&\fBauto\fR (the default), \fBbsd\fR, \fB4.4bsd\fR, \fBmagic\fR, and

\&\fBprof\fR (not yet supported).

\&\fBprof\fR (not yet supported).

.ie n .IP """\-s""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-s""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-s\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-s\fR" 4

.IX Item "-s"

.IX Item "-s"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-sum""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-sum""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-sum\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-sum\fR" 4

.IX Item "--sum"

.IX Item "--sum"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-s\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to summarize the information

The \fB\-s\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to summarize the information

in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data

in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data

file called \fIgmon.sum\fR, which contains all the information from

file called \fIgmon.sum\fR, which contains all the information from

the profile data files that \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR read in.  The file \fIgmon.sum\fR

the profile data files that \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR read in.  The file \fIgmon.sum\fR

may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to

may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to

merge the data in the other input files into \fIgmon.sum\fR.

merge the data in the other input files into \fIgmon.sum\fR.

.Sp

.Sp

Eventually you can run \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR again without \fB\-s\fR to analyze the

Eventually you can run \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR again without \fB\-s\fR to analyze the

cumulative data in the file \fIgmon.sum\fR.

cumulative data in the file \fIgmon.sum\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-v""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-v""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-v\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-v\fR" 4

.IX Item "-v"

.IX Item "-v"

.PD 0

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-version""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-\-version""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-version\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-version\fR" 4

.IX Item "--version"

.IX Item "--version"

.PD

.PD

The \fB\-v\fR flag causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the current version

The \fB\-v\fR flag causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the current version

number, and then exit.

number, and then exit.

.Sh "Deprecated Options"

.Sh "Deprecated Options"

.IX Subsection "Deprecated Options"

.IX Subsection "Deprecated Options"

.RS 4

.RS 4

These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.

These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.

.RE

.RE

.ie n .IP """\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-e function_name"

.IX Item "-e function_name"

The \fB\-e\fR \fIfunction\fR option tells \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to not print

The \fB\-e\fR \fIfunction\fR option tells \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to not print

information about the function \fIfunction_name\fR (and its

information about the function \fIfunction_name\fR (and its

children...) in the call graph.  The function will still be listed

children...) in the call graph.  The function will still be listed

as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be

as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be

shown as \fB[not printed]\fR.  More than one \fB\-e\fR option may be

shown as \fB[not printed]\fR.  More than one \fB\-e\fR option may be

given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-e\fR

given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-e\fR

option.

option.

.ie n .IP """\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-E function_name"

.IX Item "-E function_name"

The \f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction\f(CW\*(C'\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-e\*(C'\fR option, but

The \f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction\f(CW\*(C'\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-e\*(C'\fR option, but

time spent in the function (and children who were not called from

time spent in the function (and children who were not called from

anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for

anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for

the call graph.  More than one \fB\-E\fR option may be given; only one

the call graph.  More than one \fB\-E\fR option may be given; only one

\&\fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-E\fR option.

\&\fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-E\fR option.

.ie n .IP """\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-f function_name"

.IX Item "-f function_name"

The \fB\-f\fR \fIfunction\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to limit the

The \fB\-f\fR \fIfunction\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to limit the

call graph to the function \fIfunction_name\fR and its children (and

call graph to the function \fIfunction_name\fR and its children (and

their children...).  More than one \fB\-f\fR option may be given;

their children...).  More than one \fB\-f\fR option may be given;

only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-f\fR

only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-f\fR

option.

option.

.ie n .IP """\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-F function_name"

.IX Item "-F function_name"

The \fB\-F\fR \fIfunction\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR option, but

The \fB\-F\fR \fIfunction\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR option, but

only time spent in the function and its children (and their

only time spent in the function and its children (and their

children...) will be used to determine total-time and

children...) will be used to determine total-time and

percentages-of-time for the call graph.  More than one \fB\-F\fR option

percentages-of-time for the call graph.  More than one \fB\-F\fR option

may be given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each

may be given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each

\&\fB\-F\fR option.  The \fB\-F\fR option overrides the \fB\-E\fR option.

\&\fB\-F\fR option.  The \fB\-F\fR option overrides the \fB\-E\fR option.

.SH "FILES"

.SH "FILES"

.IX Header "FILES"

.IX Header "FILES"

.ie n .IP """\f(CIa.out\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\f(CIa.out\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIa.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIa.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "a.out"

.IX Item "a.out"

the namelist and text space.

the namelist and text space.

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "gmon.out"

.IX Item "gmon.out"

dynamic call graph and profile.

dynamic call graph and profile.

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW""" 4

.ie n .IP """\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW\fR" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "gmon.sum"

.IX Item "gmon.sum"

summarized dynamic call graph and profile.

summarized dynamic call graph and profile.

.SH "BUGS"

.SH "BUGS"

.IX Header "BUGS"

.IX Header "BUGS"

The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains

The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains

statistical at best.

statistical at best.

We assume that the time for each execution of a function

We assume that the time for each execution of a function

can be expressed by the total time for the function divided

can be expressed by the total time for the function divided

by the number of times the function is called.

by the number of times the function is called.

Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's

Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's

parents is directly proportional to the number of times that

parents is directly proportional to the number of times that

arc is traversed.

arc is traversed.

.PP

.PP

Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of

Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of

their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear

their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear

to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will

to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will

not have their time propagated further.

not have their time propagated further.

Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear

Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear

to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons).

to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons).

Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times

Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times

propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during

propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during

the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost.

the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost.

.PP

.PP

The profiled program must call \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR(2)

The profiled program must call \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR(2)

or return normally for the profiling information to be saved

or return normally for the profiling information to be saved

in the \fIgmon.out\fR file.

in the \fIgmon.out\fR file.

.SH "SEE ALSO"

.SH "SEE ALSO"

.IX Header "SEE ALSO"

.IX Header "SEE ALSO"

\&\fImonitor\fR\|(3), \fIprofil\fR\|(2), \fIcc\fR\|(1), \fIprof\fR\|(1), and the Info entry for \fIgprof\fR.

\&\fImonitor\fR\|(3), \fIprofil\fR\|(2), \fIcc\fR\|(1), \fIprof\fR\|(1), and the Info entry for \fIgprof\fR.

.PP

.PP

\&\*(L"An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs\*(R",

\&\*(L"An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs\*(R",

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

Software \- Practice and Experience,

Software \- Practice and Experience,

Vol. 13, pp. 671\-685, 1983.

Vol. 13, pp. 671\-685, 1983.

.PP

.PP

\&\*(L"gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler\*(R",

\&\*(L"gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler\*(R",

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;

Proceedings of the \s-1SIGPLAN\s0 '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction,

Proceedings of the \s-1SIGPLAN\s0 '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction,

\&\s-1SIGPLAN\s0 Notices, Vol. 17, No  6, pp. 120\-126, June 1982.

\&\s-1SIGPLAN\s0 Notices, Vol. 17, No  6, pp. 120\-126, June 1982.

.SH "COPYRIGHT"

.SH "COPYRIGHT"

.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"

.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"

Copyright (c) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Copyright (c) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

.PP

.PP

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1

under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no

with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no

Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the

Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the

section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".

section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".