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@ignore
@ignore
This file documents the user interface to the GNU History library.
This file documents the user interface to the GNU History library.
 
 
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1988-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Authored by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
Authored by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
 
 
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
all copies.
all copies.
 
 
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
 
 
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
GNU Copyright statement is available to the distributee, and provided that
GNU Copyright statement is available to the distributee, and provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
permission notice identical to this one.
 
 
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end ignore
@end ignore
 
 
@node Using History Interactively
@node Using History Interactively
@chapter Using History Interactively
@chapter Using History Interactively
 
 
@ifclear BashFeatures
@ifclear BashFeatures
@defcodeindex bt
@defcodeindex bt
@end ifclear
@end ifclear
 
 
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library
interactively, from a user's standpoint.
interactively, from a user's standpoint.
It should be considered a user's guide.
It should be considered a user's guide.
For information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in other programs,
For information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in other programs,
see the @sc{gnu} Readline Library Manual.
see the @sc{gnu} Readline Library Manual.
@end ifset
@end ifset
@ifclear BashFeatures
@ifclear BashFeatures
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library interactively,
This chapter describes how to use the @sc{gnu} History Library interactively,
from a user's standpoint.  It should be considered a user's guide.  For
from a user's standpoint.  It should be considered a user's guide.  For
information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in your own programs,
information on using the @sc{gnu} History Library in your own programs,
@pxref{Programming with GNU History}.
@pxref{Programming with GNU History}.
@end ifclear
@end ifclear
 
 
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
@menu
@menu
* Bash History Facilities::     How Bash lets you manipulate your command
* Bash History Facilities::     How Bash lets you manipulate your command
                                history.
                                history.
* Bash History Builtins::       The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
* Bash History Builtins::       The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
                                the command history.
                                the command history.
* History Interaction::         What it feels like using History as a user.
* History Interaction::         What it feels like using History as a user.
@end menu
@end menu
@end ifset
@end ifset
@ifclear BashFeatures
@ifclear BashFeatures
@menu
@menu
* History Interaction::         What it feels like using History as a user.
* History Interaction::         What it feels like using History as a user.
@end menu
@end menu
@end ifclear
@end ifclear
 
 
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
@node Bash History Facilities
@node Bash History Facilities
@section Bash History Facilities
@section Bash History Facilities
@cindex command history
@cindex command history
@cindex history list
@cindex history list
 
 
When the @option{-o history} option to the @code{set} builtin
When the @option{-o history} option to the @code{set} builtin
is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}),
is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}),
the shell provides access to the @dfn{command history},
the shell provides access to the @dfn{command history},
the list of commands previously typed.
the list of commands previously typed.
The value of the @env{HISTSIZE} shell variable is used as the
The value of the @env{HISTSIZE} shell variable is used as the
number of commands to save in a history list.
number of commands to save in a history list.
The text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
The text of the last @env{$HISTSIZE}
commands (default 500) is saved.
commands (default 500) is saved.
The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
parameter and variable expansion
parameter and variable expansion
but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
values of the shell variables
values of the shell variables
@env{HISTIGNORE} and @env{HISTCONTROL}.
@env{HISTIGNORE} and @env{HISTCONTROL}.
 
 
When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
file named by the @env{HISTFILE} variable (default @file{~/.bash_history}).
file named by the @env{HISTFILE} variable (default @file{~/.bash_history}).
The file named by the value of @env{HISTFILE} is truncated, if
The file named by the value of @env{HISTFILE} is truncated, if
necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
the value of the @env{HISTFILESIZE} variable.
When an interactive shell exits, the last
When an interactive shell exits, the last
@env{$HISTSIZE} lines are copied from the history list to the file
@env{$HISTSIZE} lines are copied from the history list to the file
named by @env{$HISTFILE}.
named by @env{$HISTFILE}.
If the @code{histappend} shell option is set (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
If the @code{histappend} shell option is set (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
the lines are appended to the history file,
the lines are appended to the history file,
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
If @env{HISTFILE}
If @env{HISTFILE}
is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
not saved.  After saving the history, the history file is truncated
not saved.  After saving the history, the history file is truncated
to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE}
to contain no more than @env{$HISTFILESIZE}
lines.  If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is not set, no truncation is performed.
lines.  If @env{HISTFILESIZE} is not set, no truncation is performed.
 
 
If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set, the time stamp information
If the @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set, the time stamp information
associated with each history entry is written to the history file.
associated with each history entry is written to the history file.
 
 
The builtin command @code{fc} may be used to list or edit and re-execute
The builtin command @code{fc} may be used to list or edit and re-execute
a portion of the history list.
a portion of the history list.
The @code{history} builtin may be used to display or modify the history
The @code{history} builtin may be used to display or modify the history
list and manipulate the history file.
list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands
When using command-line editing, search commands
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
history list (@pxref{Commands For History}).
history list (@pxref{Commands For History}).
 
 
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
list.  The @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE}
list.  The @env{HISTCONTROL} and @env{HISTIGNORE}
variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
commands entered.
commands entered.
The @code{cmdhist}
The @code{cmdhist}
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
The @code{lithist}
The @code{lithist}
shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
instead of semicolons.
instead of semicolons.
The @code{shopt} builtin is used to set these options.
The @code{shopt} builtin is used to set these options.
@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of @code{shopt}.
@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of @code{shopt}.
 
 
@node Bash History Builtins
@node Bash History Builtins
@section Bash History Builtins
@section Bash History Builtins
@cindex history builtins
@cindex history builtins
 
 
Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
history list and history file.
history list and history file.
 
 
@table @code
@table @code
 
 
@item fc
@item fc
@btindex fc
@btindex fc
@example
@example
@code{fc [-e @var{ename}] [-nlr] [@var{first}] [@var{last}]}
@code{fc [-e @var{ename}] [-nlr] [@var{first}] [@var{last}]}
@code{fc -s [@var{pat}=@var{rep}] [@var{command}]}
@code{fc -s [@var{pat}=@var{rep}] [@var{command}]}
@end example
@end example
 
 
Fix Command.  In the first form, a range of commands from @var{first} to
Fix Command.  In the first form, a range of commands from @var{first} to
@var{last} is selected from the history list.  Both @var{first} and
@var{last} is selected from the history list.  Both @var{first} and
@var{last} may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
@var{last} may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
current command number).  If @var{last} is not specified it is set to
current command number).  If @var{last} is not specified it is set to
@var{first}.  If @var{first} is not specified it is set to the previous
@var{first}.  If @var{first} is not specified it is set to the previous
command for editing and @minus{}16 for listing.  If the @option{-l} flag is
command for editing and @minus{}16 for listing.  If the @option{-l} flag is
given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The @option{-n} flag
given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The @option{-n} flag
suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The @option{-r} flag
suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The @option{-r} flag
reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
@var{ename} is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If
@var{ename} is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If
@var{ename} is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
@var{ename} is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
is used: @code{$@{FCEDIT:-$@{EDITOR:-vi@}@}}.  This says to use the
is used: @code{$@{FCEDIT:-$@{EDITOR:-vi@}@}}.  This says to use the
value of the @env{FCEDIT} variable if set, or the value of the
value of the @env{FCEDIT} variable if set, or the value of the
@env{EDITOR} variable if that is set, or @code{vi} if neither is set.
@env{EDITOR} variable if that is set, or @code{vi} if neither is set.
When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
 
 
In the second form, @var{command} is re-executed after each instance
In the second form, @var{command} is re-executed after each instance
of @var{pat} in the selected command is replaced by @var{rep}.
of @var{pat} in the selected command is replaced by @var{rep}.
 
 
A useful alias to use with the @code{fc} command is @code{r='fc -s'}, so
A useful alias to use with the @code{fc} command is @code{r='fc -s'}, so
that typing @samp{r cc} runs the last command beginning with @code{cc}
that typing @samp{r cc} runs the last command beginning with @code{cc}
and typing @samp{r} re-executes the last command (@pxref{Aliases}).
and typing @samp{r} re-executes the last command (@pxref{Aliases}).
 
 
@item history
@item history
@btindex history
@btindex history
@example
@example
history [@var{n}]
history [@var{n}]
history -c
history -c
history -d @var{offset}
history -d @var{offset}
history [-anrw] [@var{filename}]
history [-anrw] [@var{filename}]
history -ps @var{arg}
history -ps @var{arg}
@end example
@end example
 
 
With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
Lines prefixed with a @samp{*} have been modified.
Lines prefixed with a @samp{*} have been modified.
An argument of @var{n} lists only the last @var{n} lines.
An argument of @var{n} lists only the last @var{n} lines.
If the shell variable @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set and not null,
If the shell variable @env{HISTTIMEFORMAT} is set and not null,
it is used as a format string for @var{strftime} to display
it is used as a format string for @var{strftime} to display
the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
and the history line.
and the history line.
 
 
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
 
 
@table @code
@table @code
@item -c
@item -c
Clear the history list.  This may be combined
Clear the history list.  This may be combined
with the other options to replace the history list completely.
with the other options to replace the history list completely.
 
 
@item -d @var{offset}
@item -d @var{offset}
Delete the history entry at position @var{offset}.
Delete the history entry at position @var{offset}.
@var{offset} should be specified as it appears when the history is
@var{offset} should be specified as it appears when the history is
displayed.
displayed.
 
 
@item -a
@item -a
Append the new
Append the new
history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the
history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the
current Bash session) to the history file.
current Bash session) to the history file.
 
 
@item -n
@item -n
Append the history lines not already read from the history file
Append the history lines not already read from the history file
to the current history list.  These are lines appended to the history
to the current history list.  These are lines appended to the history
file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
 
 
@item -r
@item -r
Read the current history file and append its contents to
Read the current history file and append its contents to
the history list.
the history list.
 
 
@item -w
@item -w
Write out the current history to the history file.
Write out the current history to the history file.
 
 
@item -p
@item -p
Perform history substitution on the @var{arg}s and display the result
Perform history substitution on the @var{arg}s and display the result
on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
 
 
@item -s
@item -s
The @var{arg}s are added to the end of
The @var{arg}s are added to the end of
the history list as a single entry.
the history list as a single entry.
 
 
@end table
@end table
 
 
When any of the @option{-w}, @option{-r}, @option{-a}, or @option{-n} options is
When any of the @option{-w}, @option{-r}, @option{-a}, or @option{-n} options is
used, if @var{filename}
used, if @var{filename}
is given, then it is used as the history file.  If not, then
is given, then it is used as the history file.  If not, then
the value of the @env{HISTFILE} variable is used.
the value of the @env{HISTFILE} variable is used.
 
 
@end table
@end table
@end ifset
@end ifset
 
 
@node History Interaction
@node History Interaction
@section History Expansion
@section History Expansion
@cindex history expansion
@cindex history expansion
 
 
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by @code{csh}.  This section
to the history expansion provided by @code{csh}.  This section
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
 
 
History expansions introduce words from the history list into
History expansions introduce words from the history list into
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
 
 
History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine
History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine
which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
current one.  The line selected from the history is called the
current one.  The line selected from the history is called the
@dfn{event}, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
@dfn{event}, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
called @dfn{words}.  Various @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate
called @dfn{words}.  Various @dfn{modifiers} are available to manipulate
the selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion
the selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion
that Bash does, so that several words
that Bash does, so that several words
surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is @samp{!} by default.
history expansion character, which is @samp{!} by default.
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
Only @samp{\} and @samp{'} may be used to escape the history expansion
Only @samp{\} and @samp{'} may be used to escape the history expansion
character.
character.
@end ifset
@end ifset
 
 
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
Several shell options settable with the @code{shopt}
Several shell options settable with the @code{shopt}
builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) may be used to tailor
builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) may be used to tailor
the behavior of history expansion.  If the
the behavior of history expansion.  If the
@code{histverify} shell option is enabled, and Readline
@code{histverify} shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
the shell parser.
the shell parser.
Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
editing buffer for further modification.
editing buffer for further modification.
If Readline is being used, and the @code{histreedit}
If Readline is being used, and the @code{histreedit}
shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
The @option{-p} option to the @code{history} builtin command
The @option{-p} option to the @code{history} builtin command
may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
The @option{-s} option to the @code{history} builtin may be used to
The @option{-s} option to the @code{history} builtin may be used to
add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
 
 
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
history expansion mechanism with the @code{histchars} variable.
history expansion mechanism with the @code{histchars} variable.
@end ifset
@end ifset
 
 
@menu
@menu
* Event Designators::   How to specify which history line to use.
* Event Designators::   How to specify which history line to use.
* Word Designators::    Specifying which words are of interest.
* Word Designators::    Specifying which words are of interest.
* Modifiers::           Modifying the results of substitution.
* Modifiers::           Modifying the results of substitution.
@end menu
@end menu
 
 
@node Event Designators
@node Event Designators
@subsection Event Designators
@subsection Event Designators
@cindex event designators
@cindex event designators
 
 
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
history list.
@cindex history events
@cindex history events
 
 
@table @asis
@table @asis
 
 
@item @code{!}
@item @code{!}
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
the end of the line, @samp{=} or @samp{(} (when the
the end of the line, @samp{=} or @samp{(} (when the
@code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin).
@code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin).
@end ifset
@end ifset
@ifclear BashFeatures
@ifclear BashFeatures
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
the end of the line, or @samp{=}.
the end of the line, or @samp{=}.
@end ifclear
@end ifclear
 
 
@item @code{!@var{n}}
@item @code{!@var{n}}
Refer to command line @var{n}.
Refer to command line @var{n}.
 
 
@item @code{!-@var{n}}
@item @code{!-@var{n}}
Refer to the command @var{n} lines back.
Refer to the command @var{n} lines back.
 
 
@item @code{!!}
@item @code{!!}
Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for @samp{!-1}.
Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for @samp{!-1}.
 
 
@item @code{!@var{string}}
@item @code{!@var{string}}
Refer to the most recent command starting with @var{string}.
Refer to the most recent command starting with @var{string}.
 
 
@item @code{!?@var{string}[?]}
@item @code{!?@var{string}[?]}
Refer to the most recent command containing @var{string}.  The trailing
Refer to the most recent command containing @var{string}.  The trailing
@samp{?} may be omitted if the @var{string} is followed immediately by
@samp{?} may be omitted if the @var{string} is followed immediately by
a newline.
a newline.
 
 
@item @code{^@var{string1}^@var{string2}^}
@item @code{^@var{string1}^@var{string2}^}
Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing @var{string1}
Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing @var{string1}
with @var{string2}.  Equivalent to
with @var{string2}.  Equivalent to
@code{!!:s/@var{string1}/@var{string2}/}.
@code{!!:s/@var{string1}/@var{string2}/}.
 
 
@item @code{!#}
@item @code{!#}
The entire command line typed so far.
The entire command line typed so far.
 
 
@end table
@end table
 
 
@node Word Designators
@node Word Designators
@subsection Word Designators
@subsection Word Designators
 
 
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
A @samp{:} separates the event specification from the word designator.  It
A @samp{:} separates the event specification from the word designator.  It
may be omitted if the word designator begins with a @samp{^}, @samp{$},
may be omitted if the word designator begins with a @samp{^}, @samp{$},
@samp{*}, @samp{-}, or @samp{%}.  Words are numbered from the beginning
@samp{*}, @samp{-}, or @samp{%}.  Words are numbered from the beginning
of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are
of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are
inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
 
 
@need 0.75
@need 0.75
For example,
For example,
 
 
@table @code
@table @code
@item !!
@item !!
designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the preceding
designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the preceding
command is repeated in toto.
command is repeated in toto.
 
 
@item !!:$
@item !!:$
designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
shortened to @code{!$}.
shortened to @code{!$}.
 
 
@item !fi:2
@item !fi:2
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
the letters @code{fi}.
the letters @code{fi}.
@end table
@end table
 
 
@need 0.75
@need 0.75
Here are the word designators:
Here are the word designators:
 
 
@table @code
@table @code
 
 
@item 0 (zero)
@item 0 (zero)
The @code{0}th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
The @code{0}th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
 
 
@item @var{n}
@item @var{n}
The @var{n}th word.
The @var{n}th word.
 
 
@item ^
@item ^
The first argument; that is, word 1.
The first argument; that is, word 1.
 
 
@item $
@item $
The last argument.
The last argument.
 
 
@item %
@item %
The word matched by the most recent @samp{?@var{string}?} search.
The word matched by the most recent @samp{?@var{string}?} search.
 
 
@item @var{x}-@var{y}
@item @var{x}-@var{y}
A range of words; @samp{-@var{y}} abbreviates @samp{0-@var{y}}.
A range of words; @samp{-@var{y}} abbreviates @samp{0-@var{y}}.
 
 
@item *
@item *
All of the words, except the @code{0}th.  This is a synonym for @samp{1-$}.
All of the words, except the @code{0}th.  This is a synonym for @samp{1-$}.
It is not an error to use @samp{*} if there is just one word in the event;
It is not an error to use @samp{*} if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
the empty string is returned in that case.
 
 
@item @var{x}*
@item @var{x}*
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$}
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$}
 
 
@item @var{x}-
@item @var{x}-
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$} like @samp{@var{x}*}, but omits the last word.
Abbreviates @samp{@var{x}-$} like @samp{@var{x}*}, but omits the last word.
 
 
@end table
@end table
 
 
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
previous command is used as the event.
 
 
@node Modifiers
@node Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers
 
 
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
of the following modifiers, each preceded by a @samp{:}.
of the following modifiers, each preceded by a @samp{:}.
 
 
@table @code
@table @code
 
 
@item h
@item h
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
 
 
@item t
@item t
Remove all leading  pathname  components, leaving the tail.
Remove all leading  pathname  components, leaving the tail.
 
 
@item r
@item r
Remove a trailing suffix of the form @samp{.@var{suffix}}, leaving
Remove a trailing suffix of the form @samp{.@var{suffix}}, leaving
the basename.
the basename.
 
 
@item e
@item e
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
 
 
@item p
@item p
Print the new command but do not execute it.
Print the new command but do not execute it.
 
 
@ifset BashFeatures
@ifset BashFeatures
@item q
@item q
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
 
 
@item x
@item x
Quote the substituted words as with @samp{q},
Quote the substituted words as with @samp{q},
but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
@end ifset
@end ifset
 
 
@item s/@var{old}/@var{new}/
@item s/@var{old}/@var{new}/
Substitute @var{new} for the first occurrence of @var{old} in the
Substitute @var{new} for the first occurrence of @var{old} in the
event line.  Any delimiter may be used in place of @samp{/}.
event line.  Any delimiter may be used in place of @samp{/}.
The delimiter may be quoted in @var{old} and @var{new}
The delimiter may be quoted in @var{old} and @var{new}
with a single backslash.  If @samp{&} appears in @var{new},
with a single backslash.  If @samp{&} appears in @var{new},
it is replaced by @var{old}.  A single backslash will quote
it is replaced by @var{old}.  A single backslash will quote
the @samp{&}.  The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
the @samp{&}.  The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
character on the input line.
character on the input line.
 
 
@item &
@item &
Repeat the previous substitution.
Repeat the previous substitution.
 
 
@item g
@item g
@itemx a
@itemx a
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
conjunction with @samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
conjunction with @samp{s}, as in @code{gs/@var{old}/@var{new}/},
or with @samp{&}.
or with @samp{&}.
 
 
@item G
@item G
Apply the following @samp{s} modifier once to each word in the event.
Apply the following @samp{s} modifier once to each word in the event.
 
 
@end table
@end table
 
 

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