This is binutils.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
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This is binutils.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
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binutils.texi.
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binutils.texi.
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Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
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Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
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2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software
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2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software
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Foundation, Inc.
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Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
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Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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Free Documentation License".
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
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* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line.
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* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line.
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* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives.
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* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives.
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* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.
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* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.
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* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt.
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* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt.
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* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs.
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* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs.
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* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM.
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* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM.
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* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files.
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* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files.
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* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files.
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* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files.
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* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files.
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* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files.
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* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents.
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* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents.
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* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
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* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
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* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size.
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* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size.
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* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files.
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* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files.
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* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols.
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* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols.
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* windmc: (binutils)windmc. Generator for Windows message resources.
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* windmc: (binutils)windmc. Generator for Windows message resources.
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* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources.
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* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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File: binutils.info, Node: Top, Next: ar, Up: (dir)
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File: binutils.info, Node: Top, Next: ar, Up: (dir)
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Introduction
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Introduction
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************
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************
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|
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This brief manual contains documentation for the GNU binary utilities
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This brief manual contains documentation for the GNU binary utilities
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(GNU Binutils) version 2.18.50:
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(GNU Binutils) version 2.18.50:
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|
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This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
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This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
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Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
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Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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* Menu:
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* Menu:
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|
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* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
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* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
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* nm:: List symbols from object files
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* nm:: List symbols from object files
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* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
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* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
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* objdump:: Display information from object files
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* objdump:: Display information from object files
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* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
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* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
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* readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files
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* readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files
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* size:: List section sizes and total size
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* size:: List section sizes and total size
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* strings:: List printable strings from files
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* strings:: List printable strings from files
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* strip:: Discard symbols
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* strip:: Discard symbols
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* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
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* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
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* cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
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* cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
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* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
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* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
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* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
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* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
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* windres:: Manipulate Windows resources
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* windres:: Manipulate Windows resources
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* windmc:: Generator for Windows message resources
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* windmc:: Generator for Windows message resources
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* dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs
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* dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs
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* Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities
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* Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities
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* Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target
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* Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target
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* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
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* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
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* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
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* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
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* Binutils Index:: Binutils Index
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* Binutils Index:: Binutils Index
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File: binutils.info, Node: ar, Next: nm, Prev: Top, Up: Top
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File: binutils.info, Node: ar, Next: nm, Prev: Top, Up: Top
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1 ar
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1 ar
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****
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****
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ar [-]P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]
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ar [-]P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]
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ar -M [
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ar -M [
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The GNU `ar' program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives.
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The GNU `ar' program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives.
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An "archive" is a single file holding a collection of other files in a
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An "archive" is a single file holding a collection of other files in a
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structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual
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structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual
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files (called "members" of the archive).
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files (called "members" of the archive).
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|
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The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner,
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The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner,
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and group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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and group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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extraction.
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extraction.
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|
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GNU `ar' can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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GNU `ar' can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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length; however, depending on how `ar' is configured on your system, a
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length; however, depending on how `ar' is configured on your system, a
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limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility with
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limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility with
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archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the limit
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archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the limit
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is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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`ar' is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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`ar' is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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are most often used as "libraries" holding commonly needed subroutines.
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are most often used as "libraries" holding commonly needed subroutines.
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|
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`ar' creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object
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`ar' creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object
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modules in the archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once
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modules in the archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once
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created, this index is updated in the archive whenever `ar' makes a
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created, this index is updated in the archive whenever `ar' makes a
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change to its contents (save for the `q' update operation). An archive
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change to its contents (save for the `q' update operation). An archive
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with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows
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with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows
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routines in the library to call each other without regard to their
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routines in the library to call each other without regard to their
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placement in the archive.
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placement in the archive.
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|
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You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table.
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You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table.
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If an archive lacks the table, another form of `ar' called `ranlib' can
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If an archive lacks the table, another form of `ar' called `ranlib' can
|
be used to add just the table.
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be used to add just the table.
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|
|
GNU `ar' can optionally create a _thin_ archive, which contains a
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GNU `ar' can optionally create a _thin_ archive, which contains a
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symbol index and references to the original copies of the member files
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symbol index and references to the original copies of the member files
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of the archives. Such an archive is useful for building libraries for
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of the archives. Such an archive is useful for building libraries for
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use within a local build, where the relocatable objects are expected to
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use within a local build, where the relocatable objects are expected to
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remain available, and copying the contents of each object would only
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remain available, and copying the contents of each object would only
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waste time and space. Thin archives are also _flattened_, so that
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waste time and space. Thin archives are also _flattened_, so that
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adding one or more archives to a thin archive will add the elements of
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adding one or more archives to a thin archive will add the elements of
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the nested archive individually. The paths to the elements of the
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the nested archive individually. The paths to the elements of the
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archive are stored relative to the archive itself.
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archive are stored relative to the archive itself.
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|
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GNU `ar' is designed to be compatible with two different facilities.
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GNU `ar' is designed to be compatible with two different facilities.
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You can control its activity using command-line options, like the
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You can control its activity using command-line options, like the
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different varieties of `ar' on Unix systems; or, if you specify the
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different varieties of `ar' on Unix systems; or, if you specify the
|
single command-line option `-M', you can control it with a script
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single command-line option `-M', you can control it with a script
|
supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian" program.
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supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian" program.
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* Menu:
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* Menu:
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|
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* ar cmdline:: Controlling `ar' on the command line
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* ar cmdline:: Controlling `ar' on the command line
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* ar scripts:: Controlling `ar' with a script
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* ar scripts:: Controlling `ar' with a script
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File: binutils.info, Node: ar cmdline, Next: ar scripts, Up: ar
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File: binutils.info, Node: ar cmdline, Next: ar scripts, Up: ar
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1.1 Controlling `ar' on the Command Line
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1.1 Controlling `ar' on the Command Line
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========================================
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========================================
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|
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ar [`-X32_64'] [`-']P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]
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ar [`-X32_64'] [`-']P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...]
|
|
|
When you use `ar' in the Unix style, `ar' insists on at least two
|
When you use `ar' in the Unix style, `ar' insists on at least two
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arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the _operation_
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arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the _operation_
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(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying _modifiers_),
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(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying _modifiers_),
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and the archive name to act on.
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and the archive name to act on.
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Most operations can also accept further MEMBER arguments, specifying
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Most operations can also accept further MEMBER arguments, specifying
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particular files to operate on.
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particular files to operate on.
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GNU `ar' allows you to mix the operation code P and modifier flags
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GNU `ar' allows you to mix the operation code P and modifier flags
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MOD in any order, within the first command-line argument.
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MOD in any order, within the first command-line argument.
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If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
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If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
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dash.
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dash.
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The P keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any
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The P keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any
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of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
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of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
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`d'
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`d'
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_Delete_ modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
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_Delete_ modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
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be deleted as MEMBER...; the archive is untouched if you specify
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be deleted as MEMBER...; the archive is untouched if you specify
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no files to delete.
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no files to delete.
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If you specify the `v' modifier, `ar' lists each module as it is
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If you specify the `v' modifier, `ar' lists each module as it is
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deleted.
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deleted.
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`m'
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`m'
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Use this operation to _move_ members in an archive.
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Use this operation to _move_ members in an archive.
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The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
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The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
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programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in
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programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in
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more than one member.
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more than one member.
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If no modifiers are used with `m', any members you name in the
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If no modifiers are used with `m', any members you name in the
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MEMBER arguments are moved to the _end_ of the archive; you can
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MEMBER arguments are moved to the _end_ of the archive; you can
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use the `a', `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified
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use the `a', `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified
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place instead.
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place instead.
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`p'
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`p'
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_Print_ the specified members of the archive, to the standard
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_Print_ the specified members of the archive, to the standard
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output file. If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member
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output file. If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member
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name before copying its contents to standard output.
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name before copying its contents to standard output.
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If you specify no MEMBER arguments, all the files in the archive
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If you specify no MEMBER arguments, all the files in the archive
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are printed.
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are printed.
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`q'
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`q'
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_Quick append_; Historically, add the files MEMBER... to the end of
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_Quick append_; Historically, add the files MEMBER... to the end of
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ARCHIVE, without checking for replacement.
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ARCHIVE, without checking for replacement.
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The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do _not_ affect this operation;
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The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do _not_ affect this operation;
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new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
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new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
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The modifier `v' makes `ar' list each file as it is appended.
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The modifier `v' makes `ar' list each file as it is appended.
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Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol
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Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol
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table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can
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table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can
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use `ar s' or `ranlib' explicitly to update the symbol table index.
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use `ar s' or `ranlib' explicitly to update the symbol table index.
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However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds
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However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds
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the index, so GNU `ar' implements `q' as a synonym for `r'.
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the index, so GNU `ar' implements `q' as a synonym for `r'.
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`r'
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`r'
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Insert the files MEMBER... into ARCHIVE (with _replacement_). This
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Insert the files MEMBER... into ARCHIVE (with _replacement_). This
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operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members
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operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members
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are deleted if their names match those being added.
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are deleted if their names match those being added.
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|
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If one of the files named in MEMBER... does not exist, `ar'
|
If one of the files named in MEMBER... does not exist, `ar'
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displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing
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displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing
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members of the archive matching that name.
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members of the archive matching that name.
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|
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By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you
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By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you
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may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement
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may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement
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relative to some existing member.
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relative to some existing member.
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The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output
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The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output
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for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r'
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for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r'
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to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted)
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to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted)
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or replaced.
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or replaced.
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`t'
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`t'
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Display a _table_ listing the contents of ARCHIVE, or those of the
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Display a _table_ listing the contents of ARCHIVE, or those of the
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files listed in MEMBER... that are present in the archive.
|
files listed in MEMBER... that are present in the archive.
|
Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see
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Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see
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the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
|
the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
|
request that by also specifying the `v' modifier.
|
request that by also specifying the `v' modifier.
|
|
|
If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are
|
If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are
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listed.
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listed.
|
|
|
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in
|
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in
|
an archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first
|
an archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first
|
instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing--in
|
instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing--in
|
our example, `ar t b.a'.
|
our example, `ar t b.a'.
|
|
|
`x'
|
`x'
|
_Extract_ members (named MEMBER) from the archive. You can use
|
_Extract_ members (named MEMBER) from the archive. You can use
|
the `v' modifier with this operation, to request that `ar' list
|
the `v' modifier with this operation, to request that `ar' list
|
each name as it extracts it.
|
each name as it extracts it.
|
|
|
If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are
|
If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are
|
extracted.
|
extracted.
|
|
|
Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive.
|
Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive.
|
|
|
|
|
A number of modifiers (MOD) may immediately follow the P keyletter,
|
A number of modifiers (MOD) may immediately follow the P keyletter,
|
to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
|
to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
|
|
|
`a'
|
`a'
|
Add new files _after_ an existing member of the archive. If you
|
Add new files _after_ an existing member of the archive. If you
|
use the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must
|
use the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must
|
be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
specification.
|
specification.
|
|
|
`b'
|
`b'
|
Add new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If you
|
Add new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If you
|
use the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must
|
use the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must
|
be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
specification. (same as `i').
|
specification. (same as `i').
|
|
|
`c'
|
`c'
|
_Create_ the archive. The specified ARCHIVE is always created if
|
_Create_ the archive. The specified ARCHIVE is always created if
|
it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
|
it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
|
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it,
|
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it,
|
by using this modifier.
|
by using this modifier.
|
|
|
`f'
|
`f'
|
Truncate names in the archive. GNU `ar' will normally permit file
|
Truncate names in the archive. GNU `ar' will normally permit file
|
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which
|
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which
|
are not compatible with the native `ar' program on some systems.
|
are not compatible with the native `ar' program on some systems.
|
If this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file
|
If this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file
|
names when putting them in the archive.
|
names when putting them in the archive.
|
|
|
`i'
|
`i'
|
Insert new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If
|
Insert new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If
|
you use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member
|
you use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member
|
must be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
must be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE
|
specification. (same as `b').
|
specification. (same as `b').
|
|
|
`l'
|
`l'
|
This modifier is accepted but not used.
|
This modifier is accepted but not used.
|
|
|
`N'
|
`N'
|
Uses the COUNT parameter. This is used if there are multiple
|
Uses the COUNT parameter. This is used if there are multiple
|
entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete
|
entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete
|
instance COUNT of the given name from the archive.
|
instance COUNT of the given name from the archive.
|
|
|
`o'
|
`o'
|
Preserve the _original_ dates of members when extracting them. If
|
Preserve the _original_ dates of members when extracting them. If
|
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
|
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
|
are stamped with the time of extraction.
|
are stamped with the time of extraction.
|
|
|
`P'
|
`P'
|
Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. GNU
|
Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. GNU
|
`ar' can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
|
`ar' can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
|
are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This
|
are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This
|
option will cause GNU `ar' to match file names using a complete
|
option will cause GNU `ar' to match file names using a complete
|
path name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file
|
path name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file
|
from an archive created by another tool.
|
from an archive created by another tool.
|
|
|
`s'
|
`s'
|
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing
|
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing
|
one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use
|
one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use
|
this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running
|
this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running
|
`ar s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it.
|
`ar s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it.
|
|
|
`S'
|
`S'
|
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up
|
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up
|
building a large library in several steps. The resulting archive
|
building a large library in several steps. The resulting archive
|
can not be used with the linker. In order to build a symbol
|
can not be used with the linker. In order to build a symbol
|
table, you must omit the `S' modifier on the last execution of
|
table, you must omit the `S' modifier on the last execution of
|
`ar', or you must run `ranlib' on the archive.
|
`ar', or you must run `ranlib' on the archive.
|
|
|
`T'
|
`T'
|
Make the specified ARCHIVE a _thin_ archive. If it already exists
|
Make the specified ARCHIVE a _thin_ archive. If it already exists
|
and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present in
|
and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present in
|
the same directory as ARCHIVE.
|
the same directory as ARCHIVE.
|
|
|
`u'
|
`u'
|
Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive. If
|
Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive. If
|
you would like to insert _only_ those of the files you list that
|
you would like to insert _only_ those of the files you list that
|
are newer than existing members of the same names, use this
|
are newer than existing members of the same names, use this
|
modifier. The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r'
|
modifier. The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r'
|
(replace). In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed,
|
(replace). In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed,
|
since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from
|
since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from
|
the operation `q'.
|
the operation `q'.
|
|
|
`v'
|
`v'
|
This modifier requests the _verbose_ version of an operation. Many
|
This modifier requests the _verbose_ version of an operation. Many
|
operations display additional information, such as filenames
|
operations display additional information, such as filenames
|
processed, when the modifier `v' is appended.
|
processed, when the modifier `v' is appended.
|
|
|
`V'
|
`V'
|
This modifier shows the version number of `ar'.
|
This modifier shows the version number of `ar'.
|
|
|
`ar' ignores an initial option spelt `-X32_64', for compatibility
|
`ar' ignores an initial option spelt `-X32_64', for compatibility
|
with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the default for GNU
|
with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the default for GNU
|
`ar'. `ar' does not support any of the other `-X' options; in
|
`ar'. `ar' does not support any of the other `-X' options; in
|
particular, it does not support `-X32' which is the default for AIX
|
particular, it does not support `-X32' which is the default for AIX
|
`ar'.
|
`ar'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: binutils.info, Node: ar scripts, Prev: ar cmdline, Up: ar
|
File: binutils.info, Node: ar scripts, Prev: ar cmdline, Up: ar
|
|
|
1.2 Controlling `ar' with a Script
|
1.2 Controlling `ar' with a Script
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
ar -M [
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