This is doc/gfortran.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.12 from
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This is doc/gfortran.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.12 from
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/space/rguenther/gcc-4.5.1/gcc-4.5.1/gcc/fortran/gfortran.texi.
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/space/rguenther/gcc-4.5.1/gcc-4.5.1/gcc/fortran/gfortran.texi.
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Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
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Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
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2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts
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Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts
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being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
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being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
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below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
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Free Documentation License".
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Free Documentation License".
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
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A GNU Manual
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A GNU Manual
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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funds for GNU development.
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funds for GNU development.
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* gfortran: (gfortran). The GNU Fortran Compiler.
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* gfortran: (gfortran). The GNU Fortran Compiler.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU Fortran
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This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU Fortran
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compiler, (`gfortran').
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compiler, (`gfortran').
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Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth
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Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth
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Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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|
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Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
|
Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
|
2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
|
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
|
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
|
Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts
|
Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts
|
being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
|
being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
|
below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
Free Documentation License".
|
Free Documentation License".
|
|
|
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
|
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
|
|
|
A GNU Manual
|
A GNU Manual
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|
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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|
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
|
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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funds for GNU development.
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funds for GNU development.
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
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Introduction
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Introduction
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************
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************
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This manual documents the use of `gfortran', the GNU Fortran compiler.
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This manual documents the use of `gfortran', the GNU Fortran compiler.
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You can find in this manual how to invoke `gfortran', as well as its
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You can find in this manual how to invoke `gfortran', as well as its
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features and incompatibilities.
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features and incompatibilities.
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* Menu:
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* Menu:
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* Introduction::
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* Introduction::
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Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran
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Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran
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* Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by `gfortran'.
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* Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by `gfortran'.
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* Runtime:: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables.
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* Runtime:: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables.
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Part II: Language Reference
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Part II: Language Reference
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* Fortran 2003 and 2008 status:: Fortran 2003 and 2008 features supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Fortran 2003 and 2008 status:: Fortran 2003 and 2008 features supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Compiler Characteristics:: User-visible implementation details.
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* Compiler Characteristics:: User-visible implementation details.
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* Mixed-Language Programming:: Interoperability with C
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* Mixed-Language Programming:: Interoperability with C
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* Extensions:: Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran.
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* Extensions:: Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran.
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* Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Intrinsic Modules:: Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Intrinsic Modules:: Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Contributing:: How you can help.
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* Contributing:: How you can help.
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* Copying:: GNU General Public License says
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* Copying:: GNU General Public License says
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how you can copy and share GNU Fortran.
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how you can copy and share GNU Fortran.
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* GNU Free Documentation License::
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* GNU Free Documentation License::
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How you can copy and share this manual.
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How you can copy and share this manual.
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* Funding:: How to help assure continued work for free software.
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* Funding:: How to help assure continued work for free software.
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* Option Index:: Index of command line options
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* Option Index:: Index of command line options
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* Keyword Index:: Index of concepts
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* Keyword Index:: Index of concepts
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking GNU Fortran, Prev: Top, Up: Top
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking GNU Fortran, Prev: Top, Up: Top
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1 Introduction
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1 Introduction
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**************
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**************
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The GNU Fortran compiler front end was designed initially as a free
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The GNU Fortran compiler front end was designed initially as a free
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replacement for, or alternative to, the unix `f95' command; `gfortran'
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replacement for, or alternative to, the unix `f95' command; `gfortran'
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is the command you'll use to invoke the compiler.
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is the command you'll use to invoke the compiler.
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* Menu:
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* Menu:
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* About GNU Fortran:: What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler.
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* About GNU Fortran:: What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler.
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* GNU Fortran and GCC:: You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs.
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* GNU Fortran and GCC:: You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs.
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* Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor
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* Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor
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* GNU Fortran and G77:: Why we chose to start from scratch.
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* GNU Fortran and G77:: Why we chose to start from scratch.
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* Project Status:: Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions.
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* Project Status:: Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions.
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* Standards:: Standards supported by GNU Fortran.
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* Standards:: Standards supported by GNU Fortran.
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File: gfortran.info, Node: About GNU Fortran, Next: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction
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File: gfortran.info, Node: About GNU Fortran, Next: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction
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1.1 About GNU Fortran
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1.1 About GNU Fortran
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=====================
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=====================
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The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards
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The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards
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completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and
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completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and
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several vendor extensions. The development goal is to provide the
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several vendor extensions. The development goal is to provide the
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following features:
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following features:
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* Read a user's program, stored in a file and containing
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* Read a user's program, stored in a file and containing
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instructions written in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95,
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instructions written in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95,
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Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008. This file contains "source code".
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Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008. This file contains "source code".
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* Translate the user's program into instructions a computer can
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* Translate the user's program into instructions a computer can
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carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions
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carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions
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in the first place. The result after compilation of a program is
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in the first place. The result after compilation of a program is
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"machine code", code designed to be efficiently translated and
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"machine code", code designed to be efficiently translated and
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processed by a machine such as your computer. Humans usually
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processed by a machine such as your computer. Humans usually
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aren't as good writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran
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aren't as good writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran
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(or C++, Ada, or Java), because it is easy to make tiny mistakes
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(or C++, Ada, or Java), because it is easy to make tiny mistakes
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writing machine code.
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writing machine code.
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* Provide the user with information about the reasons why the
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* Provide the user with information about the reasons why the
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compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code.
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compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code.
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Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed. The
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Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed. The
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Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out
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Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out
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mistakes to the user. An incorrect usage of the language causes
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mistakes to the user. An incorrect usage of the language causes
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an "error message".
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an "error message".
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The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the user's
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The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the user's
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program contains a correct usage of the language, but instructs
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program contains a correct usage of the language, but instructs
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the computer to do something questionable. This kind of
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the computer to do something questionable. This kind of
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diagnostics message is called a "warning message".
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diagnostics message is called a "warning message".
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* Provide optional information about the translation passes from the
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* Provide optional information about the translation passes from the
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source code to machine code. This can help a user of the compiler
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source code to machine code. This can help a user of the compiler
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to find the cause of certain bugs which may not be obvious in the
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to find the cause of certain bugs which may not be obvious in the
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source code, but may be more easily found at a lower level
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source code, but may be more easily found at a lower level
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compiler output. It also helps developers to find bugs in the
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compiler output. It also helps developers to find bugs in the
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compiler itself.
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compiler itself.
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* Provide information in the generated machine code that can make it
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* Provide information in the generated machine code that can make it
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easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool, called
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easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool, called
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a "debugger", such as the GNU Debugger `gdb').
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a "debugger", such as the GNU Debugger `gdb').
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* Locate and gather machine code already generated to perform
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* Locate and gather machine code already generated to perform
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actions requested by statements in the user's program. This
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actions requested by statements in the user's program. This
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machine code is organized into "modules" and is located and
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machine code is organized into "modules" and is located and
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"linked" to the user program.
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"linked" to the user program.
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The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components:
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The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components:
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* A version of the `gcc' command (which also might be installed as
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* A version of the `gcc' command (which also might be installed as
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the system's `cc' command) that also understands and accepts
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the system's `cc' command) that also understands and accepts
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Fortran source code. The `gcc' command is the "driver" program for
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Fortran source code. The `gcc' command is the "driver" program for
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all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC); With `gcc',
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all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC); With `gcc',
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you can compile the source code of any language for which a front
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you can compile the source code of any language for which a front
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end is available in GCC.
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end is available in GCC.
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* The `gfortran' command itself, which also might be installed as the
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* The `gfortran' command itself, which also might be installed as the
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system's `f95' command. `gfortran' is just another driver program,
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system's `f95' command. `gfortran' is just another driver program,
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but specifically for the Fortran compiler only. The difference
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but specifically for the Fortran compiler only. The difference
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with `gcc' is that `gfortran' will automatically link the correct
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with `gcc' is that `gfortran' will automatically link the correct
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libraries to your program.
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libraries to your program.
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* A collection of run-time libraries. These libraries contain the
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* A collection of run-time libraries. These libraries contain the
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machine code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran
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machine code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran
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language that are not directly provided by the machine code
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language that are not directly provided by the machine code
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generated by the `gfortran' compilation phase, such as intrinsic
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generated by the `gfortran' compilation phase, such as intrinsic
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functions and subroutines, and routines for interaction with files
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functions and subroutines, and routines for interaction with files
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and the operating system.
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and the operating system.
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* The Fortran compiler itself, (`f951'). This is the GNU Fortran
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* The Fortran compiler itself, (`f951'). This is the GNU Fortran
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parser and code generator, linked to and interfaced with the GCC
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parser and code generator, linked to and interfaced with the GCC
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backend library. `f951' "translates" the source code to assembler
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backend library. `f951' "translates" the source code to assembler
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code. You would typically not use this program directly; instead,
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code. You would typically not use this program directly; instead,
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the `gcc' or `gfortran' driver programs will call it for you.
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the `gcc' or `gfortran' driver programs will call it for you.
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File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and GCC, Next: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Prev: About GNU Fortran, Up: Introduction
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File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and GCC, Next: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Prev: About GNU Fortran, Up: Introduction
|
|
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1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC
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1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC
|
=======================
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=======================
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|
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GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the "GNU Compiler Collection". GCC
|
GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the "GNU Compiler Collection". GCC
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consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which
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consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which
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translate the source code into a language-independent form called
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translate the source code into a language-independent form called
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"GENERIC". This is then processed by a common middle end which
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"GENERIC". This is then processed by a common middle end which
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provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back
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provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back
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ends which generate code for different computer architectures and
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ends which generate code for different computer architectures and
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operating systems.
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operating systems.
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|
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Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (`gcc')
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Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (`gcc')
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which provides the command-line interface for the compiler. It calls
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which provides the command-line interface for the compiler. It calls
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the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., `f951' for Fortran) for
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the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., `f951' for Fortran) for
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each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler and linker
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each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler and linker
|
as appropriate to produce the compiled output. In a copy of GCC which
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as appropriate to produce the compiled output. In a copy of GCC which
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has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled, `gcc' will
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has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled, `gcc' will
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recognize files with `.f', `.for', `.ftn', `.f90', `.f95', `.f03' and
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recognize files with `.f', `.for', `.ftn', `.f90', `.f95', `.f03' and
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`.f08' extensions as Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly. A
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`.f08' extensions as Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly. A
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`gfortran' driver program is also provided, which is identical to `gcc'
|
`gfortran' driver program is also provided, which is identical to `gcc'
|
except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries into
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except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries into
|
the compiled program.
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the compiled program.
|
|
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Source files with `.f', `.for', `.fpp', `.ftn', `.F', `.FOR',
|
Source files with `.f', `.for', `.fpp', `.ftn', `.F', `.FOR',
|
`.FPP', and `.FTN' extensions are treated as fixed form. Source files
|
`.FPP', and `.FTN' extensions are treated as fixed form. Source files
|
with `.f90', `.f95', `.f03', `.f08', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' and `.F08'
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with `.f90', `.f95', `.f03', `.f08', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' and `.F08'
|
extensions are treated as free form. The capitalized versions of
|
extensions are treated as free form. The capitalized versions of
|
either form are run through preprocessing. Source files with the lower
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either form are run through preprocessing. Source files with the lower
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case `.fpp' extension are also run through preprocessing.
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case `.fpp' extension are also run through preprocessing.
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|
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This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which
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This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which
|
handles the programming language's syntax and semantics. The aspects
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handles the programming language's syntax and semantics. The aspects
|
of GCC which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code
|
of GCC which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code
|
generation are documented in the GCC manual; see *note Introduction:
|
generation are documented in the GCC manual; see *note Introduction:
|
(gcc)Top. The two manuals together provide a complete reference for
|
(gcc)Top. The two manuals together provide a complete reference for
|
the GNU Fortran compiler.
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the GNU Fortran compiler.
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Next: GNU Fortran and G77, Prev: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Next: GNU Fortran and G77, Prev: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction
|
|
|
1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation
|
1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source
|
Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source
|
code through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran
|
code through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran
|
preprocessor, FPP) to allow for conditional compilation. In the case of
|
preprocessor, FPP) to allow for conditional compilation. In the case of
|
GNU Fortran, this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode. On
|
GNU Fortran, this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode. On
|
systems with case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is
|
systems with case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is
|
automatically invoked if the filename extension is `.F', `.FOR',
|
automatically invoked if the filename extension is `.F', `.FOR',
|
`.FTN', `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. To manually
|
`.FTN', `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. To manually
|
invoke the preprocessor on any file, use `-cpp', to disable
|
invoke the preprocessor on any file, use `-cpp', to disable
|
preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use
|
preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use
|
`-nocpp'.
|
`-nocpp'.
|
|
|
If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran
|
If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran
|
`INCLUDE' statement, the included file is not preprocessed. To
|
`INCLUDE' statement, the included file is not preprocessed. To
|
preprocess included files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement
|
preprocess included files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement
|
`#include'.
|
`#include'.
|
|
|
If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, `__GFORTRAN__' is defined
|
If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, `__GFORTRAN__' is defined
|
and `__GNUC__', `__GNUC_MINOR__' and `__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__' can be used
|
and `__GNUC__', `__GNUC_MINOR__' and `__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__' can be used
|
to determine the version of the compiler. See *note Overview: (cpp)Top.
|
to determine the version of the compiler. See *note Overview: (cpp)Top.
|
for details.
|
for details.
|
|
|
While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code,
|
While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code,
|
Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines
|
Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines
|
Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly
|
Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly
|
supported by the GNU Fortran compiler. You can use the program coco to
|
supported by the GNU Fortran compiler. You can use the program coco to
|
preprocess such files (`http://users.erols.com/dnagle/coco.html').
|
preprocess such files (`http://users.erols.com/dnagle/coco.html').
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and G77, Next: Project Status, Prev: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Up: Introduction
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and G77, Next: Project Status, Prev: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Up: Introduction
|
|
|
1.4 GNU Fortran and G77
|
1.4 GNU Fortran and G77
|
=======================
|
=======================
|
|
|
The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to `g77', the Fortran 77
|
The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to `g77', the Fortran 77
|
front end included in GCC prior to version 4. It is an entirely new
|
front end included in GCC prior to version 4. It is an entirely new
|
program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and
|
program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and
|
extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as
|
extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as
|
providing backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the
|
providing backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the
|
GNU language extensions supported by `g77'.
|
GNU language extensions supported by `g77'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Project Status, Next: Standards, Prev: GNU Fortran and G77, Up: Introduction
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Project Status, Next: Standards, Prev: GNU Fortran and G77, Up: Introduction
|
|
|
1.5 Project Status
|
1.5 Project Status
|
==================
|
==================
|
|
|
As soon as `gfortran' can parse all of the statements correctly,
|
As soon as `gfortran' can parse all of the statements correctly,
|
it will be in the "larva" state. When we generate code, the
|
it will be in the "larva" state. When we generate code, the
|
"puppa" state. When `gfortran' is done, we'll see if it will be a
|
"puppa" state. When `gfortran' is done, we'll see if it will be a
|
beautiful butterfly, or just a big bug....
|
beautiful butterfly, or just a big bug....
|
|
|
-Andy Vaught, April 2000
|
-Andy Vaught, April 2000
|
|
|
The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on the GCC
|
The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on the GCC
|
homepage in March 18, 2000 (even though Andy had already been working
|
homepage in March 18, 2000 (even though Andy had already been working
|
on it for a while, of course).
|
on it for a while, of course).
|
|
|
The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all
|
The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all
|
standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs,
|
standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs,
|
including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be
|
including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be
|
used on real-world programs. In particular, the supported extensions
|
used on real-world programs. In particular, the supported extensions
|
include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and
|
include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and
|
Fortran 2008 features such as enumeration, stream I/O, and some of the
|
Fortran 2008 features such as enumeration, stream I/O, and some of the
|
enhancements to allocatable array support from TR 15581. However, it is
|
enhancements to allocatable array support from TR 15581. However, it is
|
still under development and has a few remaining rough edges.
|
still under development and has a few remaining rough edges.
|
|
|
At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the NIST Fortran 77 Test
|
At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the NIST Fortran 77 Test
|
Suite (http://www.fortran-2000.com/ArnaudRecipes/fcvs21_f95.html), and
|
Suite (http://www.fortran-2000.com/ArnaudRecipes/fcvs21_f95.html), and
|
produces acceptable results on the LAPACK Test Suite
|
produces acceptable results on the LAPACK Test Suite
|
(http://www.netlib.org/lapack/faq.html#1.21). It also provides
|
(http://www.netlib.org/lapack/faq.html#1.21). It also provides
|
respectable performance on the Polyhedron Fortran compiler benchmarks
|
respectable performance on the Polyhedron Fortran compiler benchmarks
|
(http://www.polyhedron.com/pb05.html) and the Livermore Fortran Kernels
|
(http://www.polyhedron.com/pb05.html) and the Livermore Fortran Kernels
|
test
|
test
|
(http://www.llnl.gov/asci_benchmarks/asci/limited/lfk/README.html). It
|
(http://www.llnl.gov/asci_benchmarks/asci/limited/lfk/README.html). It
|
has been used to compile a number of large real-world programs,
|
has been used to compile a number of large real-world programs,
|
including the HIRLAM weather-forecasting code
|
including the HIRLAM weather-forecasting code
|
(http://mysite.verizon.net/serveall/moene.pdf) and the Tonto quantum
|
(http://mysite.verizon.net/serveall/moene.pdf) and the Tonto quantum
|
chemistry package (http://www.theochem.uwa.edu.au/tonto/); see
|
chemistry package (http://www.theochem.uwa.edu.au/tonto/); see
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GfortranApps' for an extended list.
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GfortranApps' for an extended list.
|
|
|
Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a
|
Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a
|
replacement for G77. At this point, nearly all programs that could be
|
replacement for G77. At this point, nearly all programs that could be
|
compiled with G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are
|
compiled with G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are
|
a few minor known regressions.
|
a few minor known regressions.
|
|
|
The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three
|
The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three
|
categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid
|
categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid
|
code and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler
|
code and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler
|
optimizations and the performance of compiled code, and extending the
|
optimizations and the performance of compiled code, and extending the
|
compiler to support future standards--in particular, Fortran 2003 and
|
compiler to support future standards--in particular, Fortran 2003 and
|
Fortran 2008.
|
Fortran 2008.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Standards, Prev: Project Status, Up: Introduction
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Standards, Prev: Project Status, Up: Introduction
|
|
|
1.6 Standards
|
1.6 Standards
|
=============
|
=============
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Varying Length Character Strings::
|
* Varying Length Character Strings::
|
|
|
The GNU Fortran compiler implements ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95).
|
The GNU Fortran compiler implements ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95).
|
As such, it can also compile essentially all standard-compliant Fortran
|
As such, it can also compile essentially all standard-compliant Fortran
|
90 and Fortran 77 programs. It also supports the ISO/IEC TR-15581
|
90 and Fortran 77 programs. It also supports the ISO/IEC TR-15581
|
enhancements to allocatable arrays, and the OpenMP Application Program
|
enhancements to allocatable arrays, and the OpenMP Application Program
|
Interface v2.5 (http://www.openmp.org/drupal/mp-documents/spec25.pdf)
|
Interface v2.5 (http://www.openmp.org/drupal/mp-documents/spec25.pdf)
|
specification.
|
specification.
|
|
|
In the future, the GNU Fortran compiler will also support ISO/IEC
|
In the future, the GNU Fortran compiler will also support ISO/IEC
|
1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003) and future Fortran standards. Partial support
|
1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003) and future Fortran standards. Partial support
|
of that standard is already provided; the current status of Fortran 2003
|
of that standard is already provided; the current status of Fortran 2003
|
support is reported in the *note Fortran 2003 status:: section of the
|
support is reported in the *note Fortran 2003 status:: section of the
|
documentation.
|
documentation.
|
|
|
The next version of the Fortran standard (Fortran 2008) is currently
|
The next version of the Fortran standard (Fortran 2008) is currently
|
being developed and the GNU Fortran compiler supports some of its new
|
being developed and the GNU Fortran compiler supports some of its new
|
features. This support is based on the latest draft of the standard
|
features. This support is based on the latest draft of the standard
|
(available from `http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/') and no guarantee of
|
(available from `http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/') and no guarantee of
|
future compatibility is made, as the final standard might differ from
|
future compatibility is made, as the final standard might differ from
|
the draft. For more information, see the *note Fortran 2008 status::
|
the draft. For more information, see the *note Fortran 2008 status::
|
section.
|
section.
|
|
|
Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP
|
Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP
|
specification (version 3.0,
|
specification (version 3.0,
|
`http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/').
|
`http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/').
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Varying Length Character Strings, Up: Standards
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Varying Length Character Strings, Up: Standards
|
|
|
1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings
|
1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings
|
--------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------
|
|
|
The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000)
|
The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000)
|
varying length character strings. While GNU Fortran currently does not
|
varying length character strings. While GNU Fortran currently does not
|
support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations
|
support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations
|
for them, which work with GNU Fortran. They can be found at
|
for them, which work with GNU Fortran. They can be found at
|
`http://www.fortran.com/iso_varying_string.f95' and at
|
`http://www.fortran.com/iso_varying_string.f95' and at
|
`ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/ISO_VARYING_STRING/'.
|
`ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/ISO_VARYING_STRING/'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Invoking GNU Fortran, Next: Runtime, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Invoking GNU Fortran, Next: Runtime, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
|
|
|
2 GNU Fortran Command Options
|
2 GNU Fortran Command Options
|
*****************************
|
*****************************
|
|
|
The `gfortran' command supports all the options supported by the `gcc'
|
The `gfortran' command supports all the options supported by the `gcc'
|
command. Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here.
|
command. Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here.
|
|
|
*Note GCC Command Options: (gcc)Invoking GCC, for information on the
|
*Note GCC Command Options: (gcc)Invoking GCC, for information on the
|
non-Fortran-specific aspects of the `gcc' command (and, therefore, the
|
non-Fortran-specific aspects of the `gcc' command (and, therefore, the
|
`gfortran' command).
|
`gfortran' command).
|
|
|
All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by `gfortran' and
|
All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by `gfortran' and
|
by `gcc' (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as
|
by `gcc' (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as
|
`g++'), since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables
|
`g++'), since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables
|
acceptance of GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers.
|
acceptance of GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers.
|
|
|
In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the
|
In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the
|
negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents
|
negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents
|
only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default.
|
only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Option Summary:: Brief list of all `gfortran' options,
|
* Option Summary:: Brief list of all `gfortran' options,
|
without explanations.
|
without explanations.
|
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
|
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
|
compiled.
|
compiled.
|
* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing.
|
* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing.
|
* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
|
* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
|
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
|
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
|
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
|
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
|
* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step
|
* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step
|
* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior
|
* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior
|
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
|
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
|
and register usage.
|
and register usage.
|
* Environment Variables:: Environment variables that affect `gfortran'.
|
* Environment Variables:: Environment variables that affect `gfortran'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.1 Option summary
|
2.1 Option summary
|
==================
|
==================
|
|
|
Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped
|
Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped
|
by type. Explanations are in the following sections.
|
by type. Explanations are in the following sections.
|
|
|
_Fortran Language Options_
|
_Fortran Language Options_
|
*Note Options controlling Fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options.
|
*Note Options controlling Fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options.
|
-fall-intrinsics -ffree-form -fno-fixed-form
|
-fall-intrinsics -ffree-form -fno-fixed-form
|
-fdollar-ok -fimplicit-none -fmax-identifier-length
|
-fdollar-ok -fimplicit-none -fmax-identifier-length
|
-std=STD -fd-lines-as-code -fd-lines-as-comments
|
-std=STD -fd-lines-as-code -fd-lines-as-comments
|
-ffixed-line-length-N -ffixed-line-length-none
|
-ffixed-line-length-N -ffixed-line-length-none
|
-ffree-line-length-N -ffree-line-length-none
|
-ffree-line-length-N -ffree-line-length-none
|
-fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8
|
-fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8
|
-fcray-pointer -fopenmp -fno-range-check -fbackslash -fmodule-private
|
-fcray-pointer -fopenmp -fno-range-check -fbackslash -fmodule-private
|
|
|
_Preprocessing Options_
|
_Preprocessing Options_
|
*Note Enable and customize preprocessing: Preprocessing Options.
|
*Note Enable and customize preprocessing: Preprocessing Options.
|
-cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory
|
-cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory
|
-imultilib DIR -iprefix FILE -isysroot DIR
|
-imultilib DIR -iprefix FILE -isysroot DIR
|
-iquote -isystem DIR -nocpp -nostdinc -undef
|
-iquote -isystem DIR -nocpp -nostdinc -undef
|
-AQUESTION=ANSWER -A-QUESTION[=ANSWER]
|
-AQUESTION=ANSWER -A-QUESTION[=ANSWER]
|
-C -CC -DMACRO[=DEFN] -UMACRO -H -P
|
-C -CC -DMACRO[=DEFN] -UMACRO -H -P
|
|
|
_Error and Warning Options_
|
_Error and Warning Options_
|
*Note Options to request or suppress errors and warnings: Error
|
*Note Options to request or suppress errors and warnings: Error
|
and Warning Options.
|
and Warning Options.
|
-fmax-errors=N
|
-fmax-errors=N
|
-fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors
|
-fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors
|
-Wall -Waliasing -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wcharacter-truncation
|
-Wall -Waliasing -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wcharacter-truncation
|
-Wconversion -Wimplicit-interface -Wimplicit-procedure -Wline-truncation
|
-Wconversion -Wimplicit-interface -Wimplicit-procedure -Wline-truncation
|
-Wintrinsics-std -Wsurprising -Wno-tabs -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter
|
-Wintrinsics-std -Wsurprising -Wno-tabs -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter
|
-Wintrinsics-shadow -Wno-align-commons
|
-Wintrinsics-shadow -Wno-align-commons
|
|
|
_Debugging Options_
|
_Debugging Options_
|
*Note Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran: Debugging
|
*Note Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran: Debugging
|
Options.
|
Options.
|
-fdump-parse-tree -ffpe-trap=LIST
|
-fdump-parse-tree -ffpe-trap=LIST
|
-fdump-core -fbacktrace
|
-fdump-core -fbacktrace
|
|
|
_Directory Options_
|
_Directory Options_
|
*Note Options for directory search: Directory Options.
|
*Note Options for directory search: Directory Options.
|
-IDIR -JDIR -MDIR
|
-IDIR -JDIR -MDIR
|
-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR
|
-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR
|
|
|
_Link Options_
|
_Link Options_
|
*Note Options for influencing the linking step: Link Options.
|
*Note Options for influencing the linking step: Link Options.
|
-static-libgfortran
|
-static-libgfortran
|
|
|
_Runtime Options_
|
_Runtime Options_
|
*Note Options for influencing runtime behavior: Runtime Options.
|
*Note Options for influencing runtime behavior: Runtime Options.
|
-fconvert=CONVERSION -fno-range-check
|
-fconvert=CONVERSION -fno-range-check
|
-frecord-marker=LENGTH -fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH
|
-frecord-marker=LENGTH -fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH
|
-fsign-zero
|
-fsign-zero
|
|
|
_Code Generation Options_
|
_Code Generation Options_
|
*Note Options for code generation conventions: Code Gen Options.
|
*Note Options for code generation conventions: Code Gen Options.
|
-fno-automatic -ff2c -fno-underscoring
|
-fno-automatic -ff2c -fno-underscoring
|
-fwhole-file -fsecond-underscore
|
-fwhole-file -fsecond-underscore
|
-fbounds-check -fcheck-array-temporaries -fmax-array-constructor =N
|
-fbounds-check -fcheck-array-temporaries -fmax-array-constructor =N
|
-fcheck=
|
-fcheck=
|
-fmax-stack-var-size=N
|
-fmax-stack-var-size=N
|
-fpack-derived -frepack-arrays -fshort-enums -fexternal-blas
|
-fpack-derived -frepack-arrays -fshort-enums -fexternal-blas
|
-fblas-matmul-limit=N -frecursive -finit-local-zero
|
-fblas-matmul-limit=N -frecursive -finit-local-zero
|
-finit-integer=N -finit-real=
|
-finit-integer=N -finit-real=
|
-finit-logical= -finit-character=N
|
-finit-logical= -finit-character=N
|
-fno-align-commons -fno-protect-parens
|
-fno-align-commons -fno-protect-parens
|
|
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
|
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
|
compiled.
|
compiled.
|
* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing.
|
* Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing.
|
* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
|
* Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
|
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
|
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
|
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
|
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
|
* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step
|
* Link Options :: Influencing the linking step
|
* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior
|
* Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior
|
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
|
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
|
and register usage.
|
and register usage.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran Dialect Options, Next: Preprocessing Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran Dialect Options, Next: Preprocessing Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.2 Options controlling Fortran dialect
|
2.2 Options controlling Fortran dialect
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect
|
The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect
|
accepted by the compiler:
|
accepted by the compiler:
|
|
|
`-ffree-form'
|
`-ffree-form'
|
|
|
`-ffixed-form'
|
`-ffixed-form'
|
Specify the layout used by the source file. The free form layout
|
Specify the layout used by the source file. The free form layout
|
was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in
|
was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in
|
older Fortran programs. When neither option is specified, the
|
older Fortran programs. When neither option is specified, the
|
source form is determined by the file extension.
|
source form is determined by the file extension.
|
|
|
`-fall-intrinsics'
|
`-fall-intrinsics'
|
This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the
|
This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the
|
GNU-specific extensions) to be accepted. This can be useful with
|
GNU-specific extensions) to be accepted. This can be useful with
|
`-std=f95' to force standard-compliance but get access to the full
|
`-std=f95' to force standard-compliance but get access to the full
|
range of intrinsics available with `gfortran'. As a consequence,
|
range of intrinsics available with `gfortran'. As a consequence,
|
`-Wintrinsics-std' will be ignored and no user-defined procedure
|
`-Wintrinsics-std' will be ignored and no user-defined procedure
|
with the same name as any intrinsic will be called except when it
|
with the same name as any intrinsic will be called except when it
|
is explicitly declared `EXTERNAL'.
|
is explicitly declared `EXTERNAL'.
|
|
|
`-fd-lines-as-code'
|
`-fd-lines-as-code'
|
|
|
`-fd-lines-as-comments'
|
`-fd-lines-as-comments'
|
Enable special treatment for lines beginning with `d' or `D' in
|
Enable special treatment for lines beginning with `d' or `D' in
|
fixed form sources. If the `-fd-lines-as-code' option is given
|
fixed form sources. If the `-fd-lines-as-code' option is given
|
they are treated as if the first column contained a blank. If the
|
they are treated as if the first column contained a blank. If the
|
`-fd-lines-as-comments' option is given, they are treated as
|
`-fd-lines-as-comments' option is given, they are treated as
|
comment lines.
|
comment lines.
|
|
|
`-fdefault-double-8'
|
`-fdefault-double-8'
|
Set the `DOUBLE PRECISION' type to an 8 byte wide type. If
|
Set the `DOUBLE PRECISION' type to an 8 byte wide type. If
|
`-fdefault-real-8' is given, `DOUBLE PRECISION' would instead be
|
`-fdefault-real-8' is given, `DOUBLE PRECISION' would instead be
|
promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and `-fdefault-double-8' can be
|
promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and `-fdefault-double-8' can be
|
used to prevent this. The kind of real constants like `1.d0' will
|
used to prevent this. The kind of real constants like `1.d0' will
|
not be changed by `-fdefault-real-8' though, so also
|
not be changed by `-fdefault-real-8' though, so also
|
`-fdefault-double-8' does not affect it.
|
`-fdefault-double-8' does not affect it.
|
|
|
`-fdefault-integer-8'
|
`-fdefault-integer-8'
|
Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type.
|
Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type.
|
Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also
|
Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also
|
affects the kind of integer constants like `42'.
|
affects the kind of integer constants like `42'.
|
|
|
`-fdefault-real-8'
|
`-fdefault-real-8'
|
Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type. Do nothing if
|
Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type. Do nothing if
|
this is already the default. This option also affects the kind of
|
this is already the default. This option also affects the kind of
|
non-double real constants like `1.0', and does promote the default
|
non-double real constants like `1.0', and does promote the default
|
width of `DOUBLE PRECISION' to 16 bytes if possible, unless
|
width of `DOUBLE PRECISION' to 16 bytes if possible, unless
|
`-fdefault-double-8' is given, too.
|
`-fdefault-double-8' is given, too.
|
|
|
`-fdollar-ok'
|
`-fdollar-ok'
|
Allow `$' as a valid non-first character in a symbol name. Symbols
|
Allow `$' as a valid non-first character in a symbol name. Symbols
|
that start with `$' are rejected since it is unclear which rules to
|
that start with `$' are rejected since it is unclear which rules to
|
apply to implicit typing as different vendors implement different
|
apply to implicit typing as different vendors implement different
|
rules. Using `$' in `IMPLICIT' statements is also rejected.
|
rules. Using `$' in `IMPLICIT' statements is also rejected.
|
|
|
`-fbackslash'
|
`-fbackslash'
|
Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a
|
Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a
|
single backslash character to "C-style" escape characters. The
|
single backslash character to "C-style" escape characters. The
|
following combinations are expanded `\a', `\b', `\f', `\n', `\r',
|
following combinations are expanded `\a', `\b', `\f', `\n', `\r',
|
`\t', `\v', `\\', and `\0' to the ASCII characters alert,
|
`\t', `\v', `\\', and `\0' to the ASCII characters alert,
|
backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab,
|
backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab,
|
vertical tab, backslash, and NUL, respectively. Additionally,
|
vertical tab, backslash, and NUL, respectively. Additionally,
|
`\x'NN, `\u'NNNN and `\U'NNNNNNNN (where each N is a hexadecimal
|
`\x'NN, `\u'NNNN and `\U'NNNNNNNN (where each N is a hexadecimal
|
digit) are translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to
|
digit) are translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to
|
the specified code points. All other combinations of a character
|
the specified code points. All other combinations of a character
|
preceded by \ are unexpanded.
|
preceded by \ are unexpanded.
|
|
|
`-fmodule-private'
|
`-fmodule-private'
|
Set the default accessibility of module entities to `PRIVATE'.
|
Set the default accessibility of module entities to `PRIVATE'.
|
Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are
|
Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are
|
explicitly declared as `PUBLIC'.
|
explicitly declared as `PUBLIC'.
|
|
|
`-ffixed-line-length-N'
|
`-ffixed-line-length-N'
|
Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
|
Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
|
lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
|
lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
|
if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.
|
if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.
|
|
|
Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80
|
Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80
|
(card image), and 132 (corresponding to "extended-source" options
|
(card image), and 132 (corresponding to "extended-source" options
|
in some popular compilers). N may also be `none', meaning that
|
in some popular compilers). N may also be `none', meaning that
|
the entire line is meaningful and that continued character
|
the entire line is meaningful and that continued character
|
constants never have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out
|
constants never have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out
|
the line. `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as
|
the line. `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as
|
`-ffixed-line-length-none'.
|
`-ffixed-line-length-none'.
|
|
|
`-ffree-line-length-N'
|
`-ffree-line-length-N'
|
Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form
|
Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form
|
lines in the source file. The default value is 132. N may be
|
lines in the source file. The default value is 132. N may be
|
`none', meaning that the entire line is meaningful.
|
`none', meaning that the entire line is meaningful.
|
`-ffree-line-length-0' means the same thing as
|
`-ffree-line-length-0' means the same thing as
|
`-ffree-line-length-none'.
|
`-ffree-line-length-none'.
|
|
|
`-fmax-identifier-length=N'
|
`-fmax-identifier-length=N'
|
Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are
|
Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are
|
31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008).
|
31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008).
|
|
|
`-fimplicit-none'
|
`-fimplicit-none'
|
Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by
|
Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by
|
explicit `IMPLICIT' statements. This is the equivalent of adding
|
explicit `IMPLICIT' statements. This is the equivalent of adding
|
`implicit none' to the start of every procedure.
|
`implicit none' to the start of every procedure.
|
|
|
`-fcray-pointer'
|
`-fcray-pointer'
|
Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C-like pointer
|
Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C-like pointer
|
functionality.
|
functionality.
|
|
|
`-fopenmp'
|
`-fopenmp'
|
Enable the OpenMP extensions. This includes OpenMP `!$omp'
|
Enable the OpenMP extensions. This includes OpenMP `!$omp'
|
directives in free form and `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp'
|
directives in free form and `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp'
|
directives in fixed form, `!$' conditional compilation sentinels
|
directives in fixed form, `!$' conditional compilation sentinels
|
in free form and `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, and
|
in free form and `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, and
|
when linking arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked
|
when linking arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked
|
in. The option `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive'.
|
in. The option `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive'.
|
|
|
`-fno-range-check'
|
`-fno-range-check'
|
Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant
|
Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant
|
expressions during compilation. For example, GNU Fortran will give
|
expressions during compilation. For example, GNU Fortran will give
|
an error at compile time when simplifying `a = 1. / 0'. With this
|
an error at compile time when simplifying `a = 1. / 0'. With this
|
option, no error will be given and `a' will be assigned the value
|
option, no error will be given and `a' will be assigned the value
|
`+Infinity'. If an expression evaluates to a value outside of the
|
`+Infinity'. If an expression evaluates to a value outside of the
|
relevant range of [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()'], then the expression will
|
relevant range of [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()'], then the expression will
|
be replaced by `-Inf' or `+Inf' as appropriate. Similarly, `DATA
|
be replaced by `-Inf' or `+Inf' as appropriate. Similarly, `DATA
|
i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will result in an integer overflow on most
|
i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will result in an integer overflow on most
|
systems, but with `-fno-range-check' the value will "wrap around"
|
systems, but with `-fno-range-check' the value will "wrap around"
|
and `i' will be initialized to -1 instead.
|
and `i' will be initialized to -1 instead.
|
|
|
`-std=STD'
|
`-std=STD'
|
Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform,
|
Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform,
|
which may be one of `f95', `f2003', `f2008', `gnu', or `legacy'.
|
which may be one of `f95', `f2003', `f2008', `gnu', or `legacy'.
|
The default value for STD is `gnu', which specifies a superset of
|
The default value for STD is `gnu', which specifies a superset of
|
the Fortran 95 standard that includes all of the extensions
|
the Fortran 95 standard that includes all of the extensions
|
supported by GNU Fortran, although warnings will be given for
|
supported by GNU Fortran, although warnings will be given for
|
obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. The
|
obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. The
|
`legacy' value is equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete
|
`legacy' value is equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete
|
extensions, and may be useful for old non-standard programs. The
|
extensions, and may be useful for old non-standard programs. The
|
`f95', `f2003' and `f2008' values specify strict conformance to
|
`f95', `f2003' and `f2008' values specify strict conformance to
|
the Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards,
|
the Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards,
|
respectively; errors are given for all extensions beyond the
|
respectively; errors are given for all extensions beyond the
|
relevant language standard, and warnings are given for the Fortran
|
relevant language standard, and warnings are given for the Fortran
|
77 features that are permitted but obsolescent in later standards.
|
77 features that are permitted but obsolescent in later standards.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing Options, Next: Error and Warning Options, Prev: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing Options, Next: Error and Warning Options, Prev: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.3 Enable and customize preprocessing
|
2.3 Enable and customize preprocessing
|
======================================
|
======================================
|
|
|
Preprocessor related options. See section *note Preprocessing and
|
Preprocessor related options. See section *note Preprocessing and
|
conditional compilation:: for more detailed information on
|
conditional compilation:: for more detailed information on
|
preprocessing in `gfortran'.
|
preprocessing in `gfortran'.
|
|
|
`-cpp'
|
`-cpp'
|
|
|
`-nocpp'
|
`-nocpp'
|
Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if
|
Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if
|
the file extension is `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F', `.FOR', `.FTN',
|
the file extension is `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F', `.FOR', `.FTN',
|
`.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. Use this option to manually
|
`.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. Use this option to manually
|
enable preprocessing of any kind of Fortran file.
|
enable preprocessing of any kind of Fortran file.
|
|
|
To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed
|
To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed
|
extensions, use the negative form: `-nocpp'.
|
extensions, use the negative form: `-nocpp'.
|
|
|
The preprocessor is run in traditional mode, be aware that any
|
The preprocessor is run in traditional mode, be aware that any
|
restrictions of the file-format, e.g. fixed-form line width, apply
|
restrictions of the file-format, e.g. fixed-form line width, apply
|
for preprocessed output as well.
|
for preprocessed output as well.
|
|
|
`-dM'
|
`-dM'
|
Instead of the normal output, generate a list of `'#define''
|
Instead of the normal output, generate a list of `'#define''
|
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
|
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
|
preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of
|
preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of
|
finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor.
|
finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor.
|
Assuming you have no file `foo.f90', the command
|
Assuming you have no file `foo.f90', the command
|
touch foo.f90; gfortran -cpp -dM foo.f90
|
touch foo.f90; gfortran -cpp -dM foo.f90
|
will show all the predefined macros.
|
will show all the predefined macros.
|
|
|
`-dD'
|
`-dD'
|
Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does not include the
|
Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does not include the
|
predefined macros, and it outputs both the `#define' directives
|
predefined macros, and it outputs both the `#define' directives
|
and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the
|
and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the
|
standard output file.
|
standard output file.
|
|
|
`-dN'
|
`-dN'
|
Like `-dD', but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
|
Like `-dD', but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
|
|
|
`-dU'
|
`-dU'
|
Like `dD' except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
|
Like `dD' except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
|
definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the
|
definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the
|
output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
|
output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
|
`'#undef'' directives are also output for macros tested but
|
`'#undef'' directives are also output for macros tested but
|
undefined at the time.
|
undefined at the time.
|
|
|
`-dI'
|
`-dI'
|
Output `'#include'' directives in addition to the result of
|
Output `'#include'' directives in addition to the result of
|
preprocessing.
|
preprocessing.
|
|
|
`-fworking-directory'
|
`-fworking-directory'
|
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
|
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
|
will let the compiler know the current working directory at the
|
will let the compiler know the current working directory at the
|
time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the
|
time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the
|
preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second
|
preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second
|
linemarker with the current working directory followed by two
|
linemarker with the current working directory followed by two
|
slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it's present in the
|
slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it's present in the
|
preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current
|
preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current
|
working directory in some debugging information formats. This
|
working directory in some debugging information formats. This
|
option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled,
|
option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled,
|
but this can be inhibited with the negated form
|
but this can be inhibited with the negated form
|
`-fno-working-directory'. If the `-P' flag is present in the
|
`-fno-working-directory'. If the `-P' flag is present in the
|
command line, this option has no effect, since no `#line'
|
command line, this option has no effect, since no `#line'
|
directives are emitted whatsoever.
|
directives are emitted whatsoever.
|
|
|
`-idirafter DIR'
|
`-idirafter DIR'
|
Search DIR for include files, but do it after all directories
|
Search DIR for include files, but do it after all directories
|
specified with `-I' and the standard system directories have been
|
specified with `-I' and the standard system directories have been
|
exhausted. DIR is treated as a system include directory. If dir
|
exhausted. DIR is treated as a system include directory. If dir
|
begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot
|
begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot
|
prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
|
|
`-imultilib DIR'
|
`-imultilib DIR'
|
Use DIR as a subdirectory of the directory containing
|
Use DIR as a subdirectory of the directory containing
|
target-specific C++ headers.
|
target-specific C++ headers.
|
|
|
`-iprefix PREFIX'
|
`-iprefix PREFIX'
|
Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix'
|
Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix'
|
options. If the PREFIX represents a directory, you should include
|
options. If the PREFIX represents a directory, you should include
|
the final `'/''.
|
the final `'/''.
|
|
|
`-isysroot DIR'
|
`-isysroot DIR'
|
This option is like the `--sysroot' option, but applies only to
|
This option is like the `--sysroot' option, but applies only to
|
header files. See the `--sysroot' option for more information.
|
header files. See the `--sysroot' option for more information.
|
|
|
`-iquote DIR'
|
`-iquote DIR'
|
Search DIR only for header files requested with `#include "file"';
|
Search DIR only for header files requested with `#include "file"';
|
they are not searched for `#include ', before all directories
|
they are not searched for `#include ', before all directories
|
specified by `-I' and before the standard system directories. If
|
specified by `-I' and before the standard system directories. If
|
DIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot
|
DIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot
|
prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
|
|
`-isystem DIR'
|
`-isystem DIR'
|
Search DIR for header files, after all directories specified by
|
Search DIR for header files, after all directories specified by
|
`-I' but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a
|
`-I' but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a
|
system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is
|
system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is
|
applied to the standard system directories. If DIR begins with
|
applied to the standard system directories. If DIR begins with
|
`=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see
|
`=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see
|
`--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
`--sysroot' and `-isysroot'.
|
|
|
`-nostdinc'
|
`-nostdinc'
|
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
|
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
|
Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the
|
Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the
|
directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.
|
directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.
|
|
|
`-undef'
|
`-undef'
|
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
|
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
|
standard predefined macros remain defined.
|
standard predefined macros remain defined.
|
|
|
`-APREDICATE=ANSWER'
|
`-APREDICATE=ANSWER'
|
Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
|
Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
|
This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
|
This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
|
which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
|
which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
|
characters.
|
characters.
|
|
|
`-A-PREDICATE=ANSWER'
|
`-A-PREDICATE=ANSWER'
|
Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
|
Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
|
|
|
`-C'
|
`-C'
|
Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
|
Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
|
output file, except for comments in processed directives, which
|
output file, except for comments in processed directives, which
|
are deleted along with the directive.
|
are deleted along with the directive.
|
|
|
You should be prepared for side effects when using `-C'; it causes
|
You should be prepared for side effects when using `-C'; it causes
|
the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
|
the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
|
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
|
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
|
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
|
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
|
ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
|
ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
|
longer a `'#''.
|
longer a `'#''.
|
|
|
Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The
|
Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The
|
preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
|
|
`-CC'
|
`-CC'
|
Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
|
Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
|
like `-C', except that comments contained within macros are also
|
like `-C', except that comments contained within macros are also
|
passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
|
passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
|
|
|
In addition to the side-effects of the `-C' option, the `-CC'
|
In addition to the side-effects of the `-C' option, the `-CC'
|
option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be
|
option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be
|
converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of
|
converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of
|
that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the
|
that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the
|
source line. The `-CC' option is generally used to support lint
|
source line. The `-CC' option is generally used to support lint
|
comments.
|
comments.
|
|
|
Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The
|
Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The
|
preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
|
|
`-DNAME'
|
`-DNAME'
|
Predefine name as a macro, with definition `1'.
|
Predefine name as a macro, with definition `1'.
|
|
|
`-DNAME=DEFINITION'
|
`-DNAME=DEFINITION'
|
The contents of DEFINITION are tokenized and processed as if they
|
The contents of DEFINITION are tokenized and processed as if they
|
appeared during translation phase three in a `'#define'' directive.
|
appeared during translation phase three in a `'#define'' directive.
|
In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline
|
In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline
|
characters.
|
characters.
|
|
|
If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
|
If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
|
program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
|
program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
|
characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
|
characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
|
|
|
If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
|
If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
|
write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
|
write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
|
equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
|
equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
|
so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh,
|
so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh,
|
`-D'name(args...)=definition'' works.
|
`-D'name(args...)=definition'' works.
|
|
|
`-D' and `-U' options are processed in the order they are given on
|
`-D' and `-U' options are processed in the order they are given on
|
the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are
|
the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are
|
processed after all -D and -U options.
|
processed after all -D and -U options.
|
|
|
`-H'
|
`-H'
|
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
|
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
|
normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
|
normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
|
`'#include'' stack it is.
|
`'#include'' stack it is.
|
|
|
`-P'
|
`-P'
|
Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
|
Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
|
preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
|
preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
|
on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
|
on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
|
which might be confused by the linemarkers.
|
which might be confused by the linemarkers.
|
|
|
`-UNAME'
|
`-UNAME'
|
Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided
|
Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided
|
with a `-D' option.
|
with a `-D' option.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Error and Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Preprocessing Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Error and Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Preprocessing Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings
|
2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran compiler
|
Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran compiler
|
cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will
|
cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will
|
continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors
|
continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors
|
to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output.
|
to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output.
|
|
|
Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are
|
Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are
|
not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely
|
not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely
|
to be a bug in the program. Unless `-Werror' is specified, they do not
|
to be a bug in the program. Unless `-Werror' is specified, they do not
|
prevent compilation of the program.
|
prevent compilation of the program.
|
|
|
You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W',
|
You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W',
|
for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations.
|
for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations.
|
Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form
|
Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form
|
beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'.
|
beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'.
|
This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the
|
This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the
|
default.
|
default.
|
|
|
These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings
|
These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings
|
produced by GNU Fortran:
|
produced by GNU Fortran:
|
|
|
`-fmax-errors=N'
|
`-fmax-errors=N'
|
Limits the maximum number of error messages to N, at which point
|
Limits the maximum number of error messages to N, at which point
|
GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue
|
GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue
|
processing the source code. If N is 0, there is no limit on the
|
processing the source code. If N is 0, there is no limit on the
|
number of error messages produced.
|
number of error messages produced.
|
|
|
`-fsyntax-only'
|
`-fsyntax-only'
|
Check the code for syntax errors, but don't actually compile it.
|
Check the code for syntax errors, but don't actually compile it.
|
This will generate module files for each module present in the
|
This will generate module files for each module present in the
|
code, but no other output file.
|
code, but no other output file.
|
|
|
`-pedantic'
|
`-pedantic'
|
Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95. `-pedantic'
|
Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95. `-pedantic'
|
also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU
|
also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU
|
Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character constant
|
Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character constant
|
within a directive like `#include'.
|
within a directive like `#include'.
|
|
|
Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without
|
Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without
|
this option. However, without this option, certain GNU extensions
|
this option. However, without this option, certain GNU extensions
|
and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. With this
|
and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. With this
|
option, many of them are rejected.
|
option, many of them are rejected.
|
|
|
Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for
|
Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for
|
conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they
|
conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they
|
want--it finds some nonstandard practices, but not all. However,
|
want--it finds some nonstandard practices, but not all. However,
|
improvements to GNU Fortran in this area are welcome.
|
improvements to GNU Fortran in this area are welcome.
|
|
|
This should be used in conjunction with `-std=f95', `-std=f2003'
|
This should be used in conjunction with `-std=f95', `-std=f2003'
|
or `-std=f2008'.
|
or `-std=f2008'.
|
|
|
`-pedantic-errors'
|
`-pedantic-errors'
|
Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than
|
Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than
|
warnings.
|
warnings.
|
|
|
`-Wall'
|
`-Wall'
|
Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we
|
Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we
|
recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid. This
|
recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid. This
|
currently includes `-Waliasing', `-Wampersand', `-Wsurprising',
|
currently includes `-Waliasing', `-Wampersand', `-Wsurprising',
|
`-Wintrinsics-std', `-Wno-tabs', `-Wintrinsic-shadow' and
|
`-Wintrinsics-std', `-Wno-tabs', `-Wintrinsic-shadow' and
|
`-Wline-truncation'.
|
`-Wline-truncation'.
|
|
|
`-Waliasing'
|
`-Waliasing'
|
Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it
|
Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it
|
warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy
|
warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy
|
argument with `INTENT(IN)' and a dummy argument with `INTENT(OUT)'
|
argument with `INTENT(IN)' and a dummy argument with `INTENT(OUT)'
|
in a call with an explicit interface.
|
in a call with an explicit interface.
|
|
|
The following example will trigger the warning.
|
The following example will trigger the warning.
|
interface
|
interface
|
subroutine bar(a,b)
|
subroutine bar(a,b)
|
integer, intent(in) :: a
|
integer, intent(in) :: a
|
integer, intent(out) :: b
|
integer, intent(out) :: b
|
end subroutine
|
end subroutine
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
integer :: a
|
integer :: a
|
|
|
call bar(a,a)
|
call bar(a,a)
|
|
|
`-Wampersand'
|
`-Wampersand'
|
Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The
|
Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The
|
warning is given with `-Wampersand', `-pedantic', `-std=f95',
|
warning is given with `-Wampersand', `-pedantic', `-std=f95',
|
`-std=f2003' and `-std=f2008'. Note: With no ampersand given in a
|
`-std=f2003' and `-std=f2008'. Note: With no ampersand given in a
|
continued character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at
|
continued character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at
|
the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand
|
the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand
|
that initiated the continuation.
|
that initiated the continuation.
|
|
|
`-Warray-temporaries'
|
`-Warray-temporaries'
|
Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The
|
Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The
|
information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in
|
information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in
|
optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.
|
optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.
|
|
|
`-Wcharacter-truncation'
|
`-Wcharacter-truncation'
|
Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string.
|
Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string.
|
|
|
`-Wline-truncation'
|
`-Wline-truncation'
|
Warn when a source code line will be truncated.
|
Warn when a source code line will be truncated.
|
|
|
`-Wconversion'
|
`-Wconversion'
|
Warn about implicit conversions between different types.
|
Warn about implicit conversions between different types.
|
|
|
`-Wimplicit-interface'
|
`-Wimplicit-interface'
|
Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface. Note
|
Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface. Note
|
this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does
|
this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does
|
not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across
|
not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across
|
program units.
|
program units.
|
|
|
`-Wimplicit-procedure'
|
`-Wimplicit-procedure'
|
Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit
|
Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit
|
interface nor has been declared as `EXTERNAL'.
|
interface nor has been declared as `EXTERNAL'.
|
|
|
`-Wintrinsics-std'
|
`-Wintrinsics-std'
|
Warn if `gfortran' finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not
|
Warn if `gfortran' finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not
|
available in the currently selected standard (with `-std') and
|
available in the currently selected standard (with `-std') and
|
treats it as `EXTERNAL' procedure because of this.
|
treats it as `EXTERNAL' procedure because of this.
|
`-fall-intrinsics' can be used to never trigger this behavior and
|
`-fall-intrinsics' can be used to never trigger this behavior and
|
always link to the intrinsic regardless of the selected standard.
|
always link to the intrinsic regardless of the selected standard.
|
|
|
`-Wsurprising'
|
`-Wsurprising'
|
Produce a warning when "suspicious" code constructs are
|
Produce a warning when "suspicious" code constructs are
|
encountered. While technically legal these usually indicate that
|
encountered. While technically legal these usually indicate that
|
an error has been made.
|
an error has been made.
|
|
|
This currently produces a warning under the following
|
This currently produces a warning under the following
|
circumstances:
|
circumstances:
|
|
|
* An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be
|
* An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be
|
matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value.
|
matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value.
|
|
|
* A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements.
|
* A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements.
|
|
|
* A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the
|
* A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the
|
destination.
|
destination.
|
|
|
* The type of a function result is declared more than once with
|
* The type of a function result is declared more than once with
|
the same type. If `-pedantic' or standard-conforming mode is
|
the same type. If `-pedantic' or standard-conforming mode is
|
enabled, this is an error.
|
enabled, this is an error.
|
|
|
* A `CHARACTER' variable is declared with negative length.
|
* A `CHARACTER' variable is declared with negative length.
|
|
|
`-Wtabs'
|
`-Wtabs'
|
By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not
|
By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not
|
members of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a
|
members of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a
|
tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. `-Wno-tabs'
|
tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. `-Wno-tabs'
|
will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note,
|
will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note,
|
`-Wno-tabs' is active for `-pedantic', `-std=f95', `-std=f2003',
|
`-Wno-tabs' is active for `-pedantic', `-std=f95', `-std=f2003',
|
`-std=f2008' and `-Wall'.
|
`-std=f2008' and `-Wall'.
|
|
|
`-Wunderflow'
|
`-Wunderflow'
|
Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are
|
Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are
|
encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation.
|
encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation.
|
|
|
`-Wintrinsic-shadow'
|
`-Wintrinsic-shadow'
|
Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same
|
Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same
|
name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or
|
name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or
|
`EXTERNAL' or `INTRINSIC' declaration might be needed to get calls
|
`EXTERNAL' or `INTRINSIC' declaration might be needed to get calls
|
later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure.
|
later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure.
|
|
|
`-Wunused-parameter'
|
`-Wunused-parameter'
|
Contrary to `gcc''s meaning of `-Wunused-parameter', `gfortran''s
|
Contrary to `gcc''s meaning of `-Wunused-parameter', `gfortran''s
|
implementation of this option does not warn about unused dummy
|
implementation of this option does not warn about unused dummy
|
arguments, but about unused `PARAMETER' values.
|
arguments, but about unused `PARAMETER' values.
|
`-Wunused-parameter' is not included in `-Wall' but is implied by
|
`-Wunused-parameter' is not included in `-Wall' but is implied by
|
`-Wall -Wextra'.
|
`-Wall -Wextra'.
|
|
|
`-Walign-commons'
|
`-Walign-commons'
|
By default, `gfortran' warns about any occasion of variables being
|
By default, `gfortran' warns about any occasion of variables being
|
padded for proper alignment inside a COMMON block. This warning
|
padded for proper alignment inside a COMMON block. This warning
|
can be turned off via `-Wno-align-commons'. See also
|
can be turned off via `-Wno-align-commons'. See also
|
`-falign-commons'.
|
`-falign-commons'.
|
|
|
`-Werror'
|
`-Werror'
|
Turns all warnings into errors.
|
Turns all warnings into errors.
|
|
|
*Note Options to Request or Suppress Errors and Warnings: (gcc)Error
|
*Note Options to Request or Suppress Errors and Warnings: (gcc)Error
|
and Warning Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE
|
and Warning Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE
|
shared by `gfortran', `gcc' and other GNU compilers.
|
shared by `gfortran', `gcc' and other GNU compilers.
|
|
|
Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in
|
Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in
|
Fortran.
|
Fortran.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Error and Warning Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Error and Warning Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran
|
2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
|
GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
|
either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler.
|
either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler.
|
|
|
`-fdump-parse-tree'
|
`-fdump-parse-tree'
|
Output the internal parse tree before starting code generation.
|
Output the internal parse tree before starting code generation.
|
Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself.
|
Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself.
|
|
|
`-ffpe-trap=LIST'
|
`-ffpe-trap=LIST'
|
Specify a list of IEEE exceptions when a Floating Point Exception
|
Specify a list of IEEE exceptions when a Floating Point Exception
|
(FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this will result in a
|
(FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this will result in a
|
SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being interrupted,
|
SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being interrupted,
|
producing a core file useful for debugging. LIST is a (possibly
|
producing a core file useful for debugging. LIST is a (possibly
|
empty) comma-separated list of the following IEEE exceptions:
|
empty) comma-separated list of the following IEEE exceptions:
|
`invalid' (invalid floating point operation, such as
|
`invalid' (invalid floating point operation, such as
|
`SQRT(-1.0)'), `zero' (division by zero), `overflow' (overflow in
|
`SQRT(-1.0)'), `zero' (division by zero), `overflow' (overflow in
|
a floating point operation), `underflow' (underflow in a floating
|
a floating point operation), `underflow' (underflow in a floating
|
point operation), `precision' (loss of precision during operation)
|
point operation), `precision' (loss of precision during operation)
|
and `denormal' (operation produced a denormal value).
|
and `denormal' (operation produced a denormal value).
|
|
|
Some of the routines in the Fortran runtime library, like
|
Some of the routines in the Fortran runtime library, like
|
`CPU_TIME', are likely to trigger floating point exceptions when
|
`CPU_TIME', are likely to trigger floating point exceptions when
|
`ffpe-trap=precision' is used. For this reason, the use of
|
`ffpe-trap=precision' is used. For this reason, the use of
|
`ffpe-trap=precision' is not recommended.
|
`ffpe-trap=precision' is not recommended.
|
|
|
`-fbacktrace'
|
`-fbacktrace'
|
Specify that, when a runtime error is encountered or a deadly
|
Specify that, when a runtime error is encountered or a deadly
|
signal is emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus
|
signal is emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus
|
error or floating-point exception), the Fortran runtime library
|
error or floating-point exception), the Fortran runtime library
|
should output a backtrace of the error. This option only has
|
should output a backtrace of the error. This option only has
|
influence for compilation of the Fortran main program.
|
influence for compilation of the Fortran main program.
|
|
|
`-fdump-core'
|
`-fdump-core'
|
Request that a core-dump file is written to disk when a runtime
|
Request that a core-dump file is written to disk when a runtime
|
error is encountered on systems that support core dumps. This
|
error is encountered on systems that support core dumps. This
|
option is only effective for the compilation of the Fortran main
|
option is only effective for the compilation of the Fortran main
|
program.
|
program.
|
|
|
*Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: (gcc)Debugging
|
*Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: (gcc)Debugging
|
Options, for more information on debugging options.
|
Options, for more information on debugging options.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.6 Options for directory search
|
2.6 Options for directory search
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by
|
These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by
|
the `INCLUDE' directive and where it searches for previously compiled
|
the `INCLUDE' directive and where it searches for previously compiled
|
modules.
|
modules.
|
|
|
It also affects the search paths used by `cpp' when used to
|
It also affects the search paths used by `cpp' when used to
|
preprocess Fortran source.
|
preprocess Fortran source.
|
|
|
`-IDIR'
|
`-IDIR'
|
These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' directive (as well as
|
These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' directive (as well as
|
of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor).
|
of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor).
|
|
|
Also note that the general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is
|
Also note that the general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is
|
pretty much the same as of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp'
|
pretty much the same as of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp'
|
preprocessor, with regard to looking for `header.gcc' files and
|
preprocessor, with regard to looking for `header.gcc' files and
|
other such things.
|
other such things.
|
|
|
This path is also used to search for `.mod' files when previously
|
This path is also used to search for `.mod' files when previously
|
compiled modules are required by a `USE' statement.
|
compiled modules are required by a `USE' statement.
|
|
|
*Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Options, for
|
*Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Options, for
|
information on the `-I' option.
|
information on the `-I' option.
|
|
|
`-JDIR'
|
`-JDIR'
|
|
|
`-MDIR'
|
`-MDIR'
|
This option specifies where to put `.mod' files for compiled
|
This option specifies where to put `.mod' files for compiled
|
modules. It is also added to the list of directories to searched
|
modules. It is also added to the list of directories to searched
|
by an `USE' statement.
|
by an `USE' statement.
|
|
|
The default is the current directory.
|
The default is the current directory.
|
|
|
`-M' is deprecated to avoid conflicts with existing GCC options.
|
`-M' is deprecated to avoid conflicts with existing GCC options.
|
|
|
`-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR'
|
`-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR'
|
This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic
|
This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic
|
modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the
|
modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the
|
compiler.
|
compiler.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Runtime Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Runtime Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.7 Influencing the linking step
|
2.7 Influencing the linking step
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
|
These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
|
an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
|
an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
|
doing a link step.
|
doing a link step.
|
|
|
`-static-libgfortran'
|
`-static-libgfortran'
|
On systems that provide `libgfortran' as a shared and a static
|
On systems that provide `libgfortran' as a shared and a static
|
library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no
|
library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no
|
shared version of `libgfortran' was built when the compiler was
|
shared version of `libgfortran' was built when the compiler was
|
configured, this option has no effect.
|
configured, this option has no effect.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.8 Influencing runtime behavior
|
2.8 Influencing runtime behavior
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU
|
These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU
|
Fortran.
|
Fortran.
|
`-fconvert=CONVERSION'
|
`-fconvert=CONVERSION'
|
Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid
|
Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid
|
values for conversion are: `native', the default; `swap', swap
|
values for conversion are: `native', the default; `swap', swap
|
between big- and little-endian; `big-endian', use big-endian
|
between big- and little-endian; `big-endian', use big-endian
|
representation for unformatted files; `little-endian', use
|
representation for unformatted files; `little-endian', use
|
little-endian representation for unformatted files.
|
little-endian representation for unformatted files.
|
|
|
_This option has an effect only when used in the main program.
|
_This option has an effect only when used in the main program.
|
The `CONVERT' specifier and the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment
|
The `CONVERT' specifier and the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment
|
variable override the default specified by `-fconvert'._
|
variable override the default specified by `-fconvert'._
|
|
|
`-fno-range-check'
|
`-fno-range-check'
|
Disable range checking of input values during integer `READ'
|
Disable range checking of input values during integer `READ'
|
operations. For example, GNU Fortran will give an error if an
|
operations. For example, GNU Fortran will give an error if an
|
input value is outside of the relevant range of
|
input value is outside of the relevant range of
|
[`-HUGE()':`HUGE()']. In other words, with `INTEGER (kind=4) :: i'
|
[`-HUGE()':`HUGE()']. In other words, with `INTEGER (kind=4) :: i'
|
, attempting to read -2147483648 will give an error unless
|
, attempting to read -2147483648 will give an error unless
|
`-fno-range-check' is given.
|
`-fno-range-check' is given.
|
|
|
`-frecord-marker=LENGTH'
|
`-frecord-marker=LENGTH'
|
Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files. Valid
|
Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files. Valid
|
values for LENGTH are 4 and 8. Default is 4. _This is different
|
values for LENGTH are 4 and 8. Default is 4. _This is different
|
from previous versions of `gfortran'_, which specified a default
|
from previous versions of `gfortran'_, which specified a default
|
record marker length of 8 on most systems. If you want to read or
|
record marker length of 8 on most systems. If you want to read or
|
write files compatible with earlier versions of `gfortran', use
|
write files compatible with earlier versions of `gfortran', use
|
`-frecord-marker=8'.
|
`-frecord-marker=8'.
|
|
|
`-fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH'
|
`-fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH'
|
Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted
|
Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted
|
value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only
|
value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only
|
really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite.
|
really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite.
|
|
|
`-fsign-zero'
|
`-fsign-zero'
|
When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign
|
When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign
|
bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and
|
bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and
|
treated as negative in the `SIGN' intrinsic. `fno-sign-zero' does
|
treated as negative in the `SIGN' intrinsic. `fno-sign-zero' does
|
not print the negative sign of zero values and regards zero as
|
not print the negative sign of zero values and regards zero as
|
positive number in the `SIGN' intrinsic for compatibility with F77.
|
positive number in the `SIGN' intrinsic for compatibility with F77.
|
Default behavior is to show the negative sign.
|
Default behavior is to show the negative sign.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Runtime Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Runtime Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.9 Options for code generation conventions
|
2.9 Options for code generation conventions
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
|
These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
|
used in code generation.
|
used in code generation.
|
|
|
Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
|
Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
|
of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the
|
of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the
|
forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out
|
forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out
|
the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it.
|
the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it.
|
|
|
`-fno-automatic'
|
`-fno-automatic'
|
Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if
|
Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if
|
the `SAVE' statement were specified for every local variable and
|
the `SAVE' statement were specified for every local variable and
|
array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some
|
array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some
|
Fortran compilers provide this option under the name `-static' or
|
Fortran compilers provide this option under the name `-static' or
|
`-save'.) The default, which is `-fautomatic', uses the stack for
|
`-save'.) The default, which is `-fautomatic', uses the stack for
|
local variables smaller than the value given by
|
local variables smaller than the value given by
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size'. Use the option `-frecursive' to use no
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size'. Use the option `-frecursive' to use no
|
static memory.
|
static memory.
|
|
|
`-ff2c'
|
`-ff2c'
|
Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by
|
Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by
|
`g77' and `f2c'.
|
`g77' and `f2c'.
|
|
|
The calling conventions used by `g77' (originally implemented in
|
The calling conventions used by `g77' (originally implemented in
|
`f2c') require functions that return type default `REAL' to
|
`f2c') require functions that return type default `REAL' to
|
actually return the C type `double', and functions that return
|
actually return the C type `double', and functions that return
|
type `COMPLEX' to return the values via an extra argument in the
|
type `COMPLEX' to return the values via an extra argument in the
|
calling sequence that points to where to store the return value.
|
calling sequence that points to where to store the return value.
|
Under the default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply
|
Under the default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply
|
return their results as they would in GNU C--default `REAL'
|
return their results as they would in GNU C--default `REAL'
|
functions return the C type `float', and `COMPLEX' functions
|
functions return the C type `float', and `COMPLEX' functions
|
return the GNU C type `complex'. Additionally, this option
|
return the GNU C type `complex'. Additionally, this option
|
implies the `-fsecond-underscore' option, unless
|
implies the `-fsecond-underscore' option, unless
|
`-fno-second-underscore' is explicitly requested.
|
`-fno-second-underscore' is explicitly requested.
|
|
|
This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
|
This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
|
the `libgfortran' library.
|
the `libgfortran' library.
|
|
|
_Caution:_ It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with
|
_Caution:_ It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with
|
`-ff2c' with code compiled with the default `-fno-f2c' calling
|
`-ff2c' with code compiled with the default `-fno-f2c' calling
|
conventions as, calling `COMPLEX' or default `REAL' functions
|
conventions as, calling `COMPLEX' or default `REAL' functions
|
between program parts which were compiled with different calling
|
between program parts which were compiled with different calling
|
conventions will break at execution time.
|
conventions will break at execution time.
|
|
|
_Caution:_ This will break code which passes intrinsic functions
|
_Caution:_ This will break code which passes intrinsic functions
|
of type default `REAL' or `COMPLEX' as actual arguments, as the
|
of type default `REAL' or `COMPLEX' as actual arguments, as the
|
library implementations use the `-fno-f2c' calling conventions.
|
library implementations use the `-fno-f2c' calling conventions.
|
|
|
`-fno-underscoring'
|
`-fno-underscoring'
|
Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source
|
Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source
|
file by appending underscores to them.
|
file by appending underscores to them.
|
|
|
With `-funderscoring' in effect, GNU Fortran appends one
|
With `-funderscoring' in effect, GNU Fortran appends one
|
underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to
|
underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to
|
ensure compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran
|
ensure compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran
|
compilers.
|
compilers.
|
|
|
_Caution_: The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible
|
_Caution_: The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible
|
with `f2c' and `g77', please use the `-ff2c' option if you want
|
with `f2c' and `g77', please use the `-ff2c' option if you want
|
object files compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with
|
object files compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with
|
object code created with these tools.
|
object code created with these tools.
|
|
|
Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are
|
Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are
|
experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into
|
experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into
|
existing system environments (vis-a`-vis existing libraries, tools,
|
existing system environments (vis-a`-vis existing libraries, tools,
|
and so on).
|
and so on).
|
|
|
For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults
|
For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults
|
like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external
|
like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external
|
functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a
|
functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a
|
statement like
|
statement like
|
I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)
|
I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)
|
is implemented as something akin to:
|
is implemented as something akin to:
|
i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);
|
i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);
|
|
|
With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as:
|
With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as:
|
|
|
i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);
|
i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);
|
|
|
Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of
|
Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of
|
user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran
|
user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran
|
code with other languages.
|
code with other languages.
|
|
|
Note that just because the names match does _not_ mean that the
|
Note that just because the names match does _not_ mean that the
|
interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches
|
interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches
|
the interface implemented by some other language for that same
|
the interface implemented by some other language for that same
|
name. That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to
|
name. That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to
|
code produced by some other compiler using this or any other
|
code produced by some other compiler using this or any other
|
method can be only a small part of the overall solution--getting
|
method can be only a small part of the overall solution--getting
|
the code generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than
|
the code generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than
|
naming can require significant effort, and, unlike naming
|
naming can require significant effort, and, unlike naming
|
disagreements, linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in
|
disagreements, linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in
|
these other areas.
|
these other areas.
|
|
|
Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended
|
Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended
|
underscores introduces the very real possibility that a
|
underscores introduces the very real possibility that a
|
user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system
|
user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system
|
library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite
|
library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite
|
difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and
|
difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and
|
show up only as buggy behavior at run time.
|
show up only as buggy behavior at run time.
|
|
|
In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and
|
In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and
|
linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names
|
linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names
|
as they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the
|
as they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the
|
linker are mangled to prevent accidental linking between
|
linker are mangled to prevent accidental linking between
|
procedures with incompatible interfaces.
|
procedures with incompatible interfaces.
|
|
|
`-fwhole-file'
|
`-fwhole-file'
|
By default, GNU Fortran parses, resolves and translates each
|
By default, GNU Fortran parses, resolves and translates each
|
procedure in a file separately. Using this option modifies this
|
procedure in a file separately. Using this option modifies this
|
such that the whole file is parsed and placed in a single
|
such that the whole file is parsed and placed in a single
|
front-end tree. During resolution, in addition to all the usual
|
front-end tree. During resolution, in addition to all the usual
|
checks and fixups, references to external procedures that are in
|
checks and fixups, references to external procedures that are in
|
the same file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already
|
the same file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already
|
done, and a check of the interfaces. The dependences are resolved
|
done, and a check of the interfaces. The dependences are resolved
|
by changing the order in which the file is translated into the
|
by changing the order in which the file is translated into the
|
backend tree. Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated
|
backend tree. Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated
|
before the reference and the duplication of backend tree
|
before the reference and the duplication of backend tree
|
declarations eliminated.
|
declarations eliminated.
|
|
|
`-fsecond-underscore'
|
`-fsecond-underscore'
|
By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names.
|
By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names.
|
If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to
|
If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to
|
names with underscores and one underscore to external names with
|
names with underscores and one underscore to external names with
|
no underscores. GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to
|
no underscores. GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to
|
internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with
|
internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with
|
external names.
|
external names.
|
|
|
This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is in effect. It
|
This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is in effect. It
|
is implied by the `-ff2c' option.
|
is implied by the `-ff2c' option.
|
|
|
Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT'
|
Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT'
|
is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
|
is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
|
`max_count__', instead of `max_count_'. This is required for
|
`max_count__', instead of `max_count_'. This is required for
|
compatibility with `g77' and `f2c', and is implied by use of the
|
compatibility with `g77' and `f2c', and is implied by use of the
|
`-ff2c' option.
|
`-ff2c' option.
|
|
|
`-fcheck='
|
`-fcheck='
|
Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a
|
Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a
|
comma-delimited list of the following keywords.
|
comma-delimited list of the following keywords.
|
|
|
`all'
|
`all'
|
Enable all run-time test of `-fcheck'.
|
Enable all run-time test of `-fcheck'.
|
|
|
`array-temps'
|
`array-temps'
|
Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a
|
Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a
|
temporary array had to be generated. The information
|
temporary array had to be generated. The information
|
generated by this warning is sometimes useful in
|
generated by this warning is sometimes useful in
|
optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.
|
optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.
|
|
|
Note: The warning is only printed once per location.
|
Note: The warning is only printed once per location.
|
|
|
`bounds'
|
`bounds'
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and
|
against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also
|
against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also
|
checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays
|
checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays
|
against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all
|
against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all
|
string lengths are equal for character array constructors
|
string lengths are equal for character array constructors
|
without an explicit typespec.
|
without an explicit typespec.
|
|
|
Some checks require that `-fcheck=bounds' is set for the
|
Some checks require that `-fcheck=bounds' is set for the
|
compilation of the main program.
|
compilation of the main program.
|
|
|
Note: In the future this may also include other forms of
|
Note: In the future this may also include other forms of
|
checking, e.g., checking substring references.
|
checking, e.g., checking substring references.
|
|
|
`do'
|
`do'
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification
|
of loop iteration variables.
|
of loop iteration variables.
|
|
|
`mem'
|
`mem'
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation.
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation.
|
Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using
|
Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using
|
the `ALLOCATE' statement, which will be always checked.
|
the `ALLOCATE' statement, which will be always checked.
|
|
|
`pointer'
|
`pointer'
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and
|
allocatables.
|
allocatables.
|
|
|
`recursion'
|
`recursion'
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called
|
Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called
|
subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive.
|
subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive.
|
See also `-frecursive'. Note: This check does not work for
|
See also `-frecursive'. Note: This check does not work for
|
OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with
|
OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with
|
`-frecursive' and `-fopenmp'.
|
`-frecursive' and `-fopenmp'.
|
|
|
`-fbounds-check'
|
`-fbounds-check'
|
Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=bounds'.
|
Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=bounds'.
|
|
|
`-fcheck-array-temporaries'
|
`-fcheck-array-temporaries'
|
Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=array-temps'.
|
Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=array-temps'.
|
|
|
`-fmax-array-constructor=N'
|
`-fmax-array-constructor=N'
|
This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in
|
This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in
|
array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand
|
array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand
|
the array at compile time.
|
the array at compile time.
|
|
|
`program test'
|
`program test'
|
`implicit none'
|
`implicit none'
|
`integer j'
|
`integer j'
|
`integer, parameter :: n = 100000'
|
`integer, parameter :: n = 100000'
|
`integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /)'
|
`integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /)'
|
`print '(10(I0,1X))', i'
|
`print '(10(I0,1X))', i'
|
`end program test'
|
`end program test'
|
|
|
_Caution: This option can lead to long compile times and
|
_Caution: This option can lead to long compile times and
|
excessively large object files._
|
excessively large object files._
|
|
|
The default value for N is 65535.
|
The default value for N is 65535.
|
|
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size=N'
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size=N'
|
This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that
|
This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that
|
will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is
|
will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is
|
used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option
|
used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option
|
`-frecursive' to allow for recursive procedures which do not have
|
`-frecursive' to allow for recursive procedures which do not have
|
a RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use
|
a RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use
|
`-fno-automatic' to never use the stack.
|
`-fno-automatic' to never use the stack.
|
|
|
This option currently only affects local arrays declared with
|
This option currently only affects local arrays declared with
|
constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables.
|
constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables.
|
Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior.
|
Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior.
|
|
|
The default value for N is 32768.
|
The default value for N is 32768.
|
|
|
`-fpack-derived'
|
`-fpack-derived'
|
This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as
|
This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as
|
closely as possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to
|
closely as possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to
|
be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may
|
be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may
|
execute slower.
|
execute slower.
|
|
|
`-frepack-arrays'
|
`-frepack-arrays'
|
In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array
|
In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array
|
sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of
|
sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of
|
memory. This option adds code to the function prologue to repack
|
memory. This option adds code to the function prologue to repack
|
the data into a contiguous block at runtime.
|
the data into a contiguous block at runtime.
|
|
|
This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it
|
This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it
|
can introduce significant overhead to the function call,
|
can introduce significant overhead to the function call,
|
especially when the passed data is noncontiguous.
|
especially when the passed data is noncontiguous.
|
|
|
`-fshort-enums'
|
`-fshort-enums'
|
This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was
|
This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was
|
compiled with the `-fshort-enums' option. It will make GNU
|
compiled with the `-fshort-enums' option. It will make GNU
|
Fortran choose the smallest `INTEGER' kind a given enumerator set
|
Fortran choose the smallest `INTEGER' kind a given enumerator set
|
will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind.
|
will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind.
|
|
|
`-fexternal-blas'
|
`-fexternal-blas'
|
This option will make `gfortran' generate calls to BLAS functions
|
This option will make `gfortran' generate calls to BLAS functions
|
for some matrix operations like `MATMUL', instead of using our own
|
for some matrix operations like `MATMUL', instead of using our own
|
algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a
|
algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a
|
given limit (see `-fblas-matmul-limit'). This may be profitable
|
given limit (see `-fblas-matmul-limit'). This may be profitable
|
if an optimized vendor BLAS library is available. The BLAS
|
if an optimized vendor BLAS library is available. The BLAS
|
library will have to be specified at link time.
|
library will have to be specified at link time.
|
|
|
`-fblas-matmul-limit=N'
|
`-fblas-matmul-limit=N'
|
Only significant when `-fexternal-blas' is in effect. Matrix
|
Only significant when `-fexternal-blas' is in effect. Matrix
|
multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) N
|
multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) N
|
will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be
|
will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be
|
handled by `gfortran' internal algorithms. If the matrices
|
handled by `gfortran' internal algorithms. If the matrices
|
involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the
|
involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the
|
geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result
|
geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result
|
matrices.
|
matrices.
|
|
|
The default value for N is 30.
|
The default value for N is 30.
|
|
|
`-frecursive'
|
`-frecursive'
|
Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be
|
Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be
|
allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with
|
allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size=' or `-fno-automatic'.
|
`-fmax-stack-var-size=' or `-fno-automatic'.
|
|
|
`-finit-local-zero'
|
`-finit-local-zero'
|
|
|
`-finit-integer=N'
|
`-finit-integer=N'
|
|
|
`-finit-real='
|
`-finit-real='
|
|
|
`-finit-logical='
|
`-finit-logical='
|
|
|
`-finit-character=N'
|
`-finit-character=N'
|
The `-finit-local-zero' option instructs the compiler to
|
The `-finit-local-zero' option instructs the compiler to
|
initialize local `INTEGER', `REAL', and `COMPLEX' variables to
|
initialize local `INTEGER', `REAL', and `COMPLEX' variables to
|
zero, `LOGICAL' variables to false, and `CHARACTER' variables to a
|
zero, `LOGICAL' variables to false, and `CHARACTER' variables to a
|
string of null bytes. Finer-grained initialization options are
|
string of null bytes. Finer-grained initialization options are
|
provided by the `-finit-integer=N',
|
provided by the `-finit-integer=N',
|
`-finit-real=' (which also initializes the
|
`-finit-real=' (which also initializes the
|
real and imaginary parts of local `COMPLEX' variables),
|
real and imaginary parts of local `COMPLEX' variables),
|
`-finit-logical=', and `-finit-character=N' (where N
|
`-finit-logical=', and `-finit-character=N' (where N
|
is an ASCII character value) options. These options do not
|
is an ASCII character value) options. These options do not
|
initialize components of derived type variables, nor do they
|
initialize components of derived type variables, nor do they
|
initialize variables that appear in an `EQUIVALENCE' statement.
|
initialize variables that appear in an `EQUIVALENCE' statement.
|
(This limitation may be removed in future releases).
|
(This limitation may be removed in future releases).
|
|
|
Note that the `-finit-real=nan' option initializes `REAL' and
|
Note that the `-finit-real=nan' option initializes `REAL' and
|
`COMPLEX' variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use
|
`COMPLEX' variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use
|
`-finit-real=snan'; note, however, that compile-time optimizations
|
`-finit-real=snan'; note, however, that compile-time optimizations
|
may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be
|
may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be
|
enabled (e.g. via `-ffpe-trap').
|
enabled (e.g. via `-ffpe-trap').
|
|
|
`-falign-commons'
|
`-falign-commons'
|
By default, `gfortran' enforces proper alignment of all variables
|
By default, `gfortran' enforces proper alignment of all variables
|
in a COMMON block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms
|
in a COMMON block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms
|
this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. If a COMMON
|
this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. If a COMMON
|
block is not declared with consistent data types everywhere, this
|
block is not declared with consistent data types everywhere, this
|
padding can cause trouble, and `-fno-align-commons ' can be used
|
padding can cause trouble, and `-fno-align-commons ' can be used
|
to disable automatic alignment. The same form of this option
|
to disable automatic alignment. The same form of this option
|
should be used for all files that share a COMMON block. To avoid
|
should be used for all files that share a COMMON block. To avoid
|
potential alignment issues in COMMON blocks, it is recommended to
|
potential alignment issues in COMMON blocks, it is recommended to
|
order objects from largests to smallest.
|
order objects from largests to smallest.
|
|
|
`-fno-protect-parens'
|
`-fno-protect-parens'
|
By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all
|
By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all
|
optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any
|
optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any
|
re-association. Using `-fno-protect-parens' allows the compiler to
|
re-association. Using `-fno-protect-parens' allows the compiler to
|
reorder REAL and COMPLEX expressions to produce faster code. Note
|
reorder REAL and COMPLEX expressions to produce faster code. Note
|
that for the re-association optimization `-fno-signed-zeros' and
|
that for the re-association optimization `-fno-signed-zeros' and
|
`-fno-trapping-math' need to be in effect.
|
`-fno-trapping-math' need to be in effect.
|
|
|
*Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen
|
*Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen
|
Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by
|
Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by
|
`gfortran', `gcc', and other GNU compilers.
|
`gfortran', `gcc', and other GNU compilers.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran
|
|
|
2.10 Environment variables affecting `gfortran'
|
2.10 Environment variables affecting `gfortran'
|
===============================================
|
===============================================
|
|
|
The `gfortran' compiler currently does not make use of any environment
|
The `gfortran' compiler currently does not make use of any environment
|
variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect
|
variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect
|
the operation of `gcc'.
|
the operation of `gcc'.
|
|
|
*Note Environment Variables Affecting GCC: (gcc)Environment
|
*Note Environment Variables Affecting GCC: (gcc)Environment
|
Variables, for information on environment variables.
|
Variables, for information on environment variables.
|
|
|
*Note Runtime::, for environment variables that affect the run-time
|
*Note Runtime::, for environment variables that affect the run-time
|
behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran.
|
behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime, Next: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Prev: Invoking GNU Fortran, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime, Next: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Prev: Invoking GNU Fortran, Up: Top
|
|
|
3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables
|
3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables
|
*******************************************************************
|
*******************************************************************
|
|
|
The behavior of the `gfortran' can be influenced by environment
|
The behavior of the `gfortran' can be influenced by environment
|
variables.
|
variables.
|
|
|
Malformed environment variables are silently ignored.
|
Malformed environment variables are silently ignored.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT:: Unit number for standard input
|
* GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT:: Unit number for standard input
|
* GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT:: Unit number for standard output
|
* GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT:: Unit number for standard output
|
* GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT:: Unit number for standard error
|
* GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT:: Unit number for standard error
|
* GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR:: Send library output to standard error
|
* GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR:: Send library output to standard error
|
* GFORTRAN_TMPDIR:: Directory for scratch files
|
* GFORTRAN_TMPDIR:: Directory for scratch files
|
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL:: Don't buffer I/O for all units.
|
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL:: Don't buffer I/O for all units.
|
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED:: Don't buffer I/O for preconnected units.
|
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED:: Don't buffer I/O for preconnected units.
|
* GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS:: Show location for runtime errors
|
* GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS:: Show location for runtime errors
|
* GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS:: Print leading + where permitted
|
* GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS:: Print leading + where permitted
|
* GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL:: Default record length for new files
|
* GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL:: Default record length for new files
|
* GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR:: Separator for list output
|
* GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR:: Separator for list output
|
* GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT:: Set endianness for unformatted I/O
|
* GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT:: Set endianness for unformatted I/O
|
* GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE:: Dump core on run-time errors
|
* GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE:: Dump core on run-time errors
|
* GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE:: Show backtrace on run-time errors
|
* GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE:: Show backtrace on run-time errors
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.1 `GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT'--Unit number for standard input
|
3.1 `GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT'--Unit number for standard input
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
preconnected to standard input. This must be a positive integer. The
|
preconnected to standard input. This must be a positive integer. The
|
default value is 5.
|
default value is 5.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.2 `GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT'--Unit number for standard output
|
3.2 `GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT'--Unit number for standard output
|
===========================================================
|
===========================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
preconnected to standard output. This must be a positive integer. The
|
preconnected to standard output. This must be a positive integer. The
|
default value is 6.
|
default value is 6.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.3 `GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT'--Unit number for standard error
|
3.3 `GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT'--Unit number for standard error
|
==========================================================
|
==========================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
|
preconnected to standard error. This must be a positive integer. The
|
preconnected to standard error. This must be a positive integer. The
|
default value is 0.
|
default value is 0.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Next: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Next: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.4 `GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR'--Send library output to standard error
|
3.4 `GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR'--Send library output to standard error
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable controls where library output is sent. If
|
This environment variable controls where library output is sent. If
|
the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', standard error is used. If the
|
the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', standard error is used. If the
|
first letter is `n', `N' or `0', standard output is used.
|
first letter is `n', `N' or `0', standard output is used.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Prev: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Prev: GFORTRAN_USE_STDERR, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.5 `GFORTRAN_TMPDIR'--Directory for scratch files
|
3.5 `GFORTRAN_TMPDIR'--Directory for scratch files
|
==================================================
|
==================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable controls where scratch files are created. If
|
This environment variable controls where scratch files are created. If
|
this environment variable is missing, GNU Fortran searches for the
|
this environment variable is missing, GNU Fortran searches for the
|
environment variable `TMP'. If this is also missing, the default is
|
environment variable `TMP'. If this is also missing, the default is
|
`/tmp'.
|
`/tmp'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Prev: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Prev: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.6 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL'--Don't buffer I/O on all units
|
3.6 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL'--Don't buffer I/O on all units
|
============================================================
|
============================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered. If
|
This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered. If
|
the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', all I/O is unbuffered. This will
|
the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', all I/O is unbuffered. This will
|
slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is
|
slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is
|
`n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.
|
`n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Next: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Next: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.7 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'--Don't buffer I/O on preconnected units
|
3.7 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'--Don't buffer I/O on preconnected units
|
==============================================================================
|
==============================================================================
|
|
|
The environment variable named `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'
|
The environment variable named `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'
|
controls whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e. STDOUT or STDERR) is
|
controls whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e. STDOUT or STDERR) is
|
unbuffered. If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', I/O is unbuffered.
|
unbuffered. If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', I/O is unbuffered.
|
This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first
|
This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first
|
letter is `n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.
|
letter is `n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Next: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Next: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.8 `GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS'--Show location for runtime errors
|
3.8 `GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS'--Show location for runtime errors
|
===========================================================
|
===========================================================
|
|
|
If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', filename and line numbers for
|
If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', filename and line numbers for
|
runtime errors are printed. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0',
|
runtime errors are printed. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0',
|
don't print filename and line numbers for runtime errors. The default
|
don't print filename and line numbers for runtime errors. The default
|
is to print the location.
|
is to print the location.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Next: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Prev: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Next: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Prev: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.9 `GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS'--Print leading + where permitted
|
3.9 `GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS'--Print leading + where permitted
|
=============================================================
|
=============================================================
|
|
|
If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', a plus sign is printed where
|
If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', a plus sign is printed where
|
permitted by the Fortran standard. If the first letter is `n', `N' or
|
permitted by the Fortran standard. If the first letter is `n', `N' or
|
`0', a plus sign is not printed in most cases. Default is not to print
|
`0', a plus sign is not printed in most cases. Default is not to print
|
plus signs.
|
plus signs.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Next: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Prev: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Next: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Prev: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.10 `GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL'--Default record length for new files
|
3.10 `GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL'--Default record length for new files
|
=================================================================
|
=================================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable specifies the default record length, in
|
This environment variable specifies the default record length, in
|
bytes, for files which are opened without a `RECL' tag in the `OPEN'
|
bytes, for files which are opened without a `RECL' tag in the `OPEN'
|
statement. This must be a positive integer. The default value is
|
statement. This must be a positive integer. The default value is
|
1073741824 bytes (1 GB).
|
1073741824 bytes (1 GB).
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Next: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Next: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.11 `GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR'--Separator for list output
|
3.11 `GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR'--Separator for list output
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
This environment variable specifies the separator when writing
|
This environment variable specifies the separator when writing
|
list-directed output. It may contain any number of spaces and at most
|
list-directed output. It may contain any number of spaces and at most
|
one comma. If you specify this on the command line, be sure to quote
|
one comma. If you specify this on the command line, be sure to quote
|
spaces, as in
|
spaces, as in
|
$ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR=' , ' ./a.out
|
$ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR=' , ' ./a.out
|
when `a.out' is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run.
|
when `a.out' is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run.
|
Default is a single space.
|
Default is a single space.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Prev: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Prev: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.12 `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT'--Set endianness for unformatted I/O
|
3.12 `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT'--Set endianness for unformatted I/O
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
By setting the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable, it is possible to
|
By setting the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable, it is possible to
|
change the representation of data for unformatted files. The syntax
|
change the representation of data for unformatted files. The syntax
|
for the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable is:
|
for the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable is:
|
GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ';' exception | exception ;
|
GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ';' exception | exception ;
|
mode: 'native' | 'swap' | 'big_endian' | 'little_endian' ;
|
mode: 'native' | 'swap' | 'big_endian' | 'little_endian' ;
|
exception: mode ':' unit_list | unit_list ;
|
exception: mode ':' unit_list | unit_list ;
|
unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ;
|
unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ;
|
unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER '-' INTEGER ;
|
unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER '-' INTEGER ;
|
The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by a
|
The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by a
|
list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons from the
|
list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons from the
|
preceding default and each other. Each exception consists of a format
|
preceding default and each other. Each exception consists of a format
|
and a comma-separated list of units. Valid values for the modes are
|
and a comma-separated list of units. Valid values for the modes are
|
the same as for the `CONVERT' specifier:
|
the same as for the `CONVERT' specifier:
|
|
|
`NATIVE' Use the native format. This is the default.
|
`NATIVE' Use the native format. This is the default.
|
|
|
`SWAP' Swap between little- and big-endian.
|
`SWAP' Swap between little- and big-endian.
|
|
|
`LITTLE_ENDIAN' Use the little-endian format for unformatted files.
|
`LITTLE_ENDIAN' Use the little-endian format for unformatted files.
|
|
|
`BIG_ENDIAN' Use the big-endian format for unformatted files.
|
`BIG_ENDIAN' Use the big-endian format for unformatted files.
|
A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean `BIG_ENDIAN'.
|
A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean `BIG_ENDIAN'.
|
Examples of values for `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' are:
|
Examples of values for `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' are:
|
`'big_endian'' Do all unformatted I/O in big_endian mode.
|
`'big_endian'' Do all unformatted I/O in big_endian mode.
|
|
|
`'little_endian;native:10-20,25'' Do all unformatted I/O in
|
`'little_endian;native:10-20,25'' Do all unformatted I/O in
|
little_endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in
|
little_endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in
|
native format.
|
native format.
|
|
|
`'10-20'' Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native.
|
`'10-20'' Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native.
|
|
|
Setting the environment variables should be done on the command line
|
Setting the environment variables should be done on the command line
|
or via the `export' command for `sh'-compatible shells and via `setenv'
|
or via the `export' command for `sh'-compatible shells and via `setenv'
|
for `csh'-compatible shells.
|
for `csh'-compatible shells.
|
|
|
Example for `sh':
|
Example for `sh':
|
$ gfortran foo.f90
|
$ gfortran foo.f90
|
$ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT='big_endian;native:10-20' ./a.out
|
$ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT='big_endian;native:10-20' ./a.out
|
|
|
Example code for `csh':
|
Example code for `csh':
|
% gfortran foo.f90
|
% gfortran foo.f90
|
% setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT 'big_endian;native:10-20'
|
% setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT 'big_endian;native:10-20'
|
% ./a.out
|
% ./a.out
|
|
|
Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
|
Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
|
carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to
|
carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to
|
you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.
|
you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.
|
|
|
*Note CONVERT specifier::, for an alternative way to specify the
|
*Note CONVERT specifier::, for an alternative way to specify the
|
data representation for unformatted files. *Note Runtime Options::, for
|
data representation for unformatted files. *Note Runtime Options::, for
|
setting a default data representation for the whole program. The
|
setting a default data representation for the whole program. The
|
`CONVERT' specifier overrides the `-fconvert' compile options.
|
`CONVERT' specifier overrides the `-fconvert' compile options.
|
|
|
_Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
|
_Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
|
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open
|
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open
|
statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do
|
statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do
|
not have the source code of their program available.
|
not have the source code of their program available.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.13 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE'--Dump core on run-time errors
|
3.13 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE'--Dump core on run-time errors
|
============================================================
|
============================================================
|
|
|
If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1'
|
If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1'
|
(only the first letter is relevant) then library run-time errors cause
|
(only the first letter is relevant) then library run-time errors cause
|
core dumps. To disable the core dumps, set the variable to `n', `N',
|
core dumps. To disable the core dumps, set the variable to `n', `N',
|
`0'. Default is not to core dump unless the `-fdump-core' compile option
|
`0'. Default is not to core dump unless the `-fdump-core' compile option
|
was used.
|
was used.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Up: Runtime
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_ERROR_DUMPCORE, Up: Runtime
|
|
|
3.14 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE'--Show backtrace on run-time errors
|
3.14 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE'--Show backtrace on run-time errors
|
==================================================================
|
==================================================================
|
|
|
If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1'
|
If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1'
|
(only the first letter is relevant) then a backtrace is printed when a
|
(only the first letter is relevant) then a backtrace is printed when a
|
run-time error occurs. To disable the backtracing, set the variable to
|
run-time error occurs. To disable the backtracing, set the variable to
|
`n', `N', `0'. Default is not to print a backtrace unless the
|
`n', `N', `0'. Default is not to print a backtrace unless the
|
`-fbacktrace' compile option was used.
|
`-fbacktrace' compile option was used.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Next: Compiler Characteristics, Prev: Runtime, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Next: Compiler Characteristics, Prev: Runtime, Up: Top
|
|
|
4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status
|
4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status
|
******************************
|
******************************
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Fortran 2003 status::
|
* Fortran 2003 status::
|
* Fortran 2008 status::
|
* Fortran 2008 status::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 status, Next: Fortran 2008 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 status, Next: Fortran 2008 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status
|
|
|
4.1 Fortran 2003 status
|
4.1 Fortran 2003 status
|
=======================
|
=======================
|
|
|
GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete list
|
GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete list
|
can be found below. See also the wiki page
|
can be found below. See also the wiki page
|
(http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003) about Fortran 2003.
|
(http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003) about Fortran 2003.
|
|
|
* Intrinsics `command_argument_count', `get_command',
|
* Intrinsics `command_argument_count', `get_command',
|
`get_command_argument', `get_environment_variable', and
|
`get_command_argument', `get_environment_variable', and
|
`move_alloc'.
|
`move_alloc'.
|
|
|
* Array constructors using square brackets. That is, `[...]' rather
|
* Array constructors using square brackets. That is, `[...]' rather
|
than `(/.../)'. Type-specification for array constructors like
|
than `(/.../)'. Type-specification for array constructors like
|
`(/ some-type :: ... /)'.
|
`(/ some-type :: ... /)'.
|
|
|
* `FLUSH' statement.
|
* `FLUSH' statement.
|
|
|
* `IOMSG=' specifier for I/O statements.
|
* `IOMSG=' specifier for I/O statements.
|
|
|
* Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the
|
* Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the
|
`ENUM' and `ENUMERATOR' statements. Interoperability with `gcc'
|
`ENUM' and `ENUMERATOR' statements. Interoperability with `gcc'
|
is guaranteed also for the case where the `-fshort-enums' command
|
is guaranteed also for the case where the `-fshort-enums' command
|
line option is given.
|
line option is given.
|
|
|
* TR 15581:
|
* TR 15581:
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' dummy arguments.
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' dummy arguments.
|
|
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' function results
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' function results
|
|
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' components of derived types
|
* `ALLOCATABLE' components of derived types
|
|
|
* The `ERRMSG=' tag is now supported in `ALLOCATE' and `DEALLOCATE'
|
* The `ERRMSG=' tag is now supported in `ALLOCATE' and `DEALLOCATE'
|
statements. The `SOURCE=' tag is supported in an `ALLOCATE'
|
statements. The `SOURCE=' tag is supported in an `ALLOCATE'
|
statement. An _intrinsic-type-spec_ can be used as the
|
statement. An _intrinsic-type-spec_ can be used as the
|
_type-spec_ in an `ALLOCATE' statement; while the use of a
|
_type-spec_ in an `ALLOCATE' statement; while the use of a
|
_derived-type-name_ is currently unsupported.
|
_derived-type-name_ is currently unsupported.
|
|
|
* The `OPEN' statement supports the `ACCESS='STREAM'' specifier,
|
* The `OPEN' statement supports the `ACCESS='STREAM'' specifier,
|
allowing I/O without any record structure.
|
allowing I/O without any record structure.
|
|
|
* Namelist input/output for internal files.
|
* Namelist input/output for internal files.
|
|
|
* The `PROTECTED' statement and attribute.
|
* The `PROTECTED' statement and attribute.
|
|
|
* The `VALUE' statement and attribute.
|
* The `VALUE' statement and attribute.
|
|
|
* The `VOLATILE' statement and attribute.
|
* The `VOLATILE' statement and attribute.
|
|
|
* The `IMPORT' statement, allowing to import host-associated derived
|
* The `IMPORT' statement, allowing to import host-associated derived
|
types.
|
types.
|
|
|
* `USE' statement with `INTRINSIC' and `NON_INTRINSIC' attribute;
|
* `USE' statement with `INTRINSIC' and `NON_INTRINSIC' attribute;
|
supported intrinsic modules: `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV', `OMP_LIB' and
|
supported intrinsic modules: `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV', `OMP_LIB' and
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS'.
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS'.
|
|
|
* Renaming of operators in the `USE' statement.
|
* Renaming of operators in the `USE' statement.
|
|
|
* Interoperability with C (ISO C Bindings)
|
* Interoperability with C (ISO C Bindings)
|
|
|
* BOZ as argument of `INT', `REAL', `DBLE' and `CMPLX'.
|
* BOZ as argument of `INT', `REAL', `DBLE' and `CMPLX'.
|
|
|
* Type-bound procedures with `PROCEDURE' or `GENERIC', and operators
|
* Type-bound procedures with `PROCEDURE' or `GENERIC', and operators
|
bound to a derived-type.
|
bound to a derived-type.
|
|
|
* Extension of derived-types (the `EXTENDS(...)' syntax).
|
* Extension of derived-types (the `EXTENDS(...)' syntax).
|
|
|
* `ABSTRACT' derived-types and declaring procedure bindings
|
* `ABSTRACT' derived-types and declaring procedure bindings
|
`DEFERRED'.
|
`DEFERRED'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2008 status, Prev: Fortran 2003 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2008 status, Prev: Fortran 2003 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status
|
|
|
4.2 Fortran 2008 status
|
4.2 Fortran 2008 status
|
=======================
|
=======================
|
|
|
The next version of the Fortran standard after Fortran 2003 is currently
|
The next version of the Fortran standard after Fortran 2003 is currently
|
being worked on by the Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint
|
being worked on by the Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint
|
Technical Committee 1 of the International Organization for
|
Technical Committee 1 of the International Organization for
|
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission
|
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission
|
(IEC). This group is known as WG5 (http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/). The
|
(IEC). This group is known as WG5 (http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/). The
|
next revision of the Fortran standard is informally referred to as
|
next revision of the Fortran standard is informally referred to as
|
Fortran 2008, reflecting its planned release year. The GNU Fortran
|
Fortran 2008, reflecting its planned release year. The GNU Fortran
|
compiler has support for some of the new features in Fortran 2008. This
|
compiler has support for some of the new features in Fortran 2008. This
|
support is based on the latest draft, available from
|
support is based on the latest draft, available from
|
`http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/'. However, as the final standard may
|
`http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/'. However, as the final standard may
|
differ from the drafts, no guarantee of backward compatibility can be
|
differ from the drafts, no guarantee of backward compatibility can be
|
made and you should only use it for experimental purposes.
|
made and you should only use it for experimental purposes.
|
|
|
The wiki (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status) has some
|
The wiki (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status) has some
|
information about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status.
|
information about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Compiler Characteristics, Next: Mixed-Language Programming, Prev: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Compiler Characteristics, Next: Mixed-Language Programming, Prev: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Up: Top
|
|
|
5 Compiler Characteristics
|
5 Compiler Characteristics
|
**************************
|
**************************
|
|
|
This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran
|
This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran
|
compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which
|
compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which
|
might in some way or another become visible to the programmer.
|
might in some way or another become visible to the programmer.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* KIND Type Parameters::
|
* KIND Type Parameters::
|
* Internal representation of LOGICAL variables::
|
* Internal representation of LOGICAL variables::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND Type Parameters, Next: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND Type Parameters, Next: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics
|
|
|
5.1 KIND Type Parameters
|
5.1 KIND Type Parameters
|
========================
|
========================
|
|
|
The `KIND' type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive
|
The `KIND' type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive
|
data types are:
|
data types are:
|
|
|
`INTEGER'
|
`INTEGER'
|
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1)
|
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1)
|
|
|
`LOGICAL'
|
`LOGICAL'
|
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1)
|
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1)
|
|
|
`REAL'
|
`REAL'
|
4, 8, 10**, 16**, default: 4 (2)
|
4, 8, 10**, 16**, default: 4 (2)
|
|
|
`COMPLEX'
|
`COMPLEX'
|
4, 8, 10**, 16**, default: 4 (2)
|
4, 8, 10**, 16**, default: 4 (2)
|
|
|
`CHARACTER'
|
`CHARACTER'
|
1, 4, default: 1
|
1, 4, default: 1
|
|
|
|
|
* = not available on all systems
|
* = not available on all systems
|
** = not available on all systems; additionally 10 and 16 are never
|
** = not available on all systems; additionally 10 and 16 are never
|
available at the same time
|
available at the same time
|
(1) Unless -fdefault-integer-8 is used
|
(1) Unless -fdefault-integer-8 is used
|
(2) Unless -fdefault-real-8 is used
|
(2) Unless -fdefault-real-8 is used
|
|
|
The `KIND' value matches the storage size in bytes, except for
|
The `KIND' value matches the storage size in bytes, except for
|
`COMPLEX' where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and
|
`COMPLEX' where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and
|
imaginary part are a real value of the given size). It is recommended
|
imaginary part are a real value of the given size). It is recommended
|
to use the `SELECT_*_KIND' intrinsics instead of the concrete values.
|
to use the `SELECT_*_KIND' intrinsics instead of the concrete values.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Prev: KIND Type Parameters, Up: Compiler Characteristics
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Prev: KIND Type Parameters, Up: Compiler Characteristics
|
|
|
5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables
|
5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of `LOGICAL' type
|
The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of `LOGICAL' type
|
are represented, beyond requiring that `LOGICAL' variables of default
|
are represented, beyond requiring that `LOGICAL' variables of default
|
kind have the same storage size as default `INTEGER' and `REAL'
|
kind have the same storage size as default `INTEGER' and `REAL'
|
variables. The GNU Fortran internal representation is as follows.
|
variables. The GNU Fortran internal representation is as follows.
|
|
|
A `LOGICAL(KIND=N)' variable is represented as an `INTEGER(KIND=N)'
|
A `LOGICAL(KIND=N)' variable is represented as an `INTEGER(KIND=N)'
|
variable, however, with only two permissible values: `1' for `.TRUE.'
|
variable, however, with only two permissible values: `1' for `.TRUE.'
|
and `0' for `.FALSE.'. Any other integer value results in undefined
|
and `0' for `.FALSE.'. Any other integer value results in undefined
|
behavior.
|
behavior.
|
|
|
Note that for mixed-language programming using the `ISO_C_BINDING'
|
Note that for mixed-language programming using the `ISO_C_BINDING'
|
feature, there is a `C_BOOL' kind that can be used to create
|
feature, there is a `C_BOOL' kind that can be used to create
|
`LOGICAL(KIND=C_BOOL)' variables which are interoperable with the C99
|
`LOGICAL(KIND=C_BOOL)' variables which are interoperable with the C99
|
_Bool type. The C99 _Bool type has an internal representation
|
_Bool type. The C99 _Bool type has an internal representation
|
described in the C99 standard, which is identical to the above
|
described in the C99 standard, which is identical to the above
|
description, i.e. with 1 for true and 0 for false being the only
|
description, i.e. with 1 for true and 0 for false being the only
|
permissible values. Thus the internal representation of `LOGICAL'
|
permissible values. Thus the internal representation of `LOGICAL'
|
variables in GNU Fortran is identical to C99 _Bool, except for a
|
variables in GNU Fortran is identical to C99 _Bool, except for a
|
possible difference in storage size depending on the kind.
|
possible difference in storage size depending on the kind.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions, Next: Intrinsic Procedures, Prev: Mixed-Language Programming, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions, Next: Intrinsic Procedures, Prev: Mixed-Language Programming, Up: Top
|
|
|
6 Extensions
|
6 Extensions
|
************
|
************
|
|
|
The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that
|
The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that
|
are implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or
|
are implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or
|
historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented.
|
historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented.
|
For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU
|
For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU
|
Fortran users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU
|
Fortran users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU
|
extensions.
|
extensions.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran::
|
* Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran::
|
* Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran::
|
* Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Next: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Next: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions
|
|
|
6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard Fortran.
|
GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard Fortran.
|
This chapter contains information on their syntax and meaning. There
|
This chapter contains information on their syntax and meaning. There
|
are currently two categories of GNU Fortran extensions, those that
|
are currently two categories of GNU Fortran extensions, those that
|
provide functionality beyond that provided by any standard, and those
|
provide functionality beyond that provided by any standard, and those
|
that are supported by GNU Fortran purely for backward compatibility
|
that are supported by GNU Fortran purely for backward compatibility
|
with legacy compilers. By default, `-std=gnu' allows the compiler to
|
with legacy compilers. By default, `-std=gnu' allows the compiler to
|
accept both types of extensions, but to warn about the use of the
|
accept both types of extensions, but to warn about the use of the
|
latter. Specifying either `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' or `-std=f2008'
|
latter. Specifying either `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' or `-std=f2008'
|
disables both types of extensions, and `-std=legacy' allows both
|
disables both types of extensions, and `-std=legacy' allows both
|
without warning.
|
without warning.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Old-style kind specifications::
|
* Old-style kind specifications::
|
* Old-style variable initialization::
|
* Old-style variable initialization::
|
* Extensions to namelist::
|
* Extensions to namelist::
|
* X format descriptor without count field::
|
* X format descriptor without count field::
|
* Commas in FORMAT specifications::
|
* Commas in FORMAT specifications::
|
* Missing period in FORMAT specifications::
|
* Missing period in FORMAT specifications::
|
* I/O item lists::
|
* I/O item lists::
|
* BOZ literal constants::
|
* BOZ literal constants::
|
* Real array indices::
|
* Real array indices::
|
* Unary operators::
|
* Unary operators::
|
* Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values::
|
* Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values::
|
* Hollerith constants support::
|
* Hollerith constants support::
|
* Cray pointers::
|
* Cray pointers::
|
* CONVERT specifier::
|
* CONVERT specifier::
|
* OpenMP::
|
* OpenMP::
|
* Argument list functions::
|
* Argument list functions::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style kind specifications, Next: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style kind specifications, Next: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications
|
6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications
|
-----------------------------------
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations. These
|
GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations. These
|
look like:
|
look like:
|
TYPESPEC*size x,y,z
|
TYPESPEC*size x,y,z
|
where `TYPESPEC' is a basic type (`INTEGER', `REAL', etc.), and
|
where `TYPESPEC' is a basic type (`INTEGER', `REAL', etc.), and
|
where `size' is a byte count corresponding to the storage size of a
|
where `size' is a byte count corresponding to the storage size of a
|
valid kind for that type. (For `COMPLEX' variables, `size' is the
|
valid kind for that type. (For `COMPLEX' variables, `size' is the
|
total size of the real and imaginary parts.) The statement then
|
total size of the real and imaginary parts.) The statement then
|
declares `x', `y' and `z' to be of type `TYPESPEC' with the appropriate
|
declares `x', `y' and `z' to be of type `TYPESPEC' with the appropriate
|
kind. This is equivalent to the standard-conforming declaration
|
kind. This is equivalent to the standard-conforming declaration
|
TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z
|
TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z
|
where `k' is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision.
|
where `k' is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision.
|
As kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the `KIND',
|
As kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the `KIND',
|
`SELECTED_INT_KIND' and `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics to retrieve the
|
`SELECTED_INT_KIND' and `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics to retrieve the
|
correct value, for instance `REAL*8 x' can be replaced by:
|
correct value, for instance `REAL*8 x' can be replaced by:
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0)
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0)
|
REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x
|
REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style variable initialization, Next: Extensions to namelist, Prev: Old-style kind specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style variable initialization, Next: Extensions to namelist, Prev: Old-style kind specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization
|
6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization
|
---------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran allows old-style initialization of variables of the form:
|
GNU Fortran allows old-style initialization of variables of the form:
|
INTEGER i/1/,j/2/
|
INTEGER i/1/,j/2/
|
REAL x(2,2) /3*0.,1./
|
REAL x(2,2) /3*0.,1./
|
The syntax for the initializers is as for the `DATA' statement, but
|
The syntax for the initializers is as for the `DATA' statement, but
|
unlike in a `DATA' statement, an initializer only applies to the
|
unlike in a `DATA' statement, an initializer only applies to the
|
variable immediately preceding the initialization. In other words,
|
variable immediately preceding the initialization. In other words,
|
something like `INTEGER I,J/2,3/' is not valid. This style of
|
something like `INTEGER I,J/2,3/' is not valid. This style of
|
initialization is only allowed in declarations without double colons
|
initialization is only allowed in declarations without double colons
|
(`::'); the double colons were introduced in Fortran 90, which also
|
(`::'); the double colons were introduced in Fortran 90, which also
|
introduced a standard syntax for initializing variables in type
|
introduced a standard syntax for initializing variables in type
|
declarations.
|
declarations.
|
|
|
Examples of standard-conforming code equivalent to the above example
|
Examples of standard-conforming code equivalent to the above example
|
are:
|
are:
|
! Fortran 90
|
! Fortran 90
|
INTEGER :: i = 1, j = 2
|
INTEGER :: i = 1, j = 2
|
REAL :: x(2,2) = RESHAPE((/0.,0.,0.,1./),SHAPE(x))
|
REAL :: x(2,2) = RESHAPE((/0.,0.,0.,1./),SHAPE(x))
|
! Fortran 77
|
! Fortran 77
|
INTEGER i, j
|
INTEGER i, j
|
REAL x(2,2)
|
REAL x(2,2)
|
DATA i/1/, j/2/, x/3*0.,1./
|
DATA i/1/, j/2/, x/3*0.,1./
|
|
|
Note that variables which are explicitly initialized in declarations
|
Note that variables which are explicitly initialized in declarations
|
or in `DATA' statements automatically acquire the `SAVE' attribute.
|
or in `DATA' statements automatically acquire the `SAVE' attribute.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions to namelist, Next: X format descriptor without count field, Prev: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions to namelist, Next: X format descriptor without count field, Prev: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.3 Extensions to namelist
|
6.1.3 Extensions to namelist
|
----------------------------
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran fully supports the Fortran 95 standard for namelist I/O
|
GNU Fortran fully supports the Fortran 95 standard for namelist I/O
|
including array qualifiers, substrings and fully qualified derived
|
including array qualifiers, substrings and fully qualified derived
|
types. The output from a namelist write is compatible with namelist
|
types. The output from a namelist write is compatible with namelist
|
read. The output has all names in upper case and indentation to column
|
read. The output has all names in upper case and indentation to column
|
1 after the namelist name. Two extensions are permitted:
|
1 after the namelist name. Two extensions are permitted:
|
|
|
Old-style use of `$' instead of `&'
|
Old-style use of `$' instead of `&'
|
$MYNML
|
$MYNML
|
X(:)%Y(2) = 1.0 2.0 3.0
|
X(:)%Y(2) = 1.0 2.0 3.0
|
CH(1:4) = "abcd"
|
CH(1:4) = "abcd"
|
$END
|
$END
|
|
|
It should be noted that the default terminator is `/' rather than
|
It should be noted that the default terminator is `/' rather than
|
`&END'.
|
`&END'.
|
|
|
Querying of the namelist when inputting from stdin. After at least
|
Querying of the namelist when inputting from stdin. After at least
|
one space, entering `?' sends to stdout the namelist name and the names
|
one space, entering `?' sends to stdout the namelist name and the names
|
of the variables in the namelist:
|
of the variables in the namelist:
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
&mynml
|
&mynml
|
x
|
x
|
x%y
|
x%y
|
ch
|
ch
|
&end
|
&end
|
|
|
Entering `=?' outputs the namelist to stdout, as if `WRITE(*,NML =
|
Entering `=?' outputs the namelist to stdout, as if `WRITE(*,NML =
|
mynml)' had been called:
|
mynml)' had been called:
|
=?
|
=?
|
|
|
&MYNML
|
&MYNML
|
X(1)%Y= 0.000000 , 1.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
X(1)%Y= 0.000000 , 1.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
X(2)%Y= 0.000000 , 2.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
X(2)%Y= 0.000000 , 2.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
X(3)%Y= 0.000000 , 3.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
X(3)%Y= 0.000000 , 3.000000 , 0.000000 ,
|
CH=abcd, /
|
CH=abcd, /
|
|
|
To aid this dialog, when input is from stdin, errors send their
|
To aid this dialog, when input is from stdin, errors send their
|
messages to stderr and execution continues, even if `IOSTAT' is set.
|
messages to stderr and execution continues, even if `IOSTAT' is set.
|
|
|
`PRINT' namelist is permitted. This causes an error if `-std=f95'
|
`PRINT' namelist is permitted. This causes an error if `-std=f95'
|
is used.
|
is used.
|
PROGRAM test_print
|
PROGRAM test_print
|
REAL, dimension (4) :: x = (/1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0/)
|
REAL, dimension (4) :: x = (/1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0/)
|
NAMELIST /mynml/ x
|
NAMELIST /mynml/ x
|
PRINT mynml
|
PRINT mynml
|
END PROGRAM test_print
|
END PROGRAM test_print
|
|
|
Expanded namelist reads are permitted. This causes an error if
|
Expanded namelist reads are permitted. This causes an error if
|
`-std=f95' is used. In the following example, the first element of the
|
`-std=f95' is used. In the following example, the first element of the
|
array will be given the value 0.00 and the two succeeding elements will
|
array will be given the value 0.00 and the two succeeding elements will
|
be given the values 1.00 and 2.00.
|
be given the values 1.00 and 2.00.
|
&MYNML
|
&MYNML
|
X(1,1) = 0.00 , 1.00 , 2.00
|
X(1,1) = 0.00 , 1.00 , 2.00
|
/
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: X format descriptor without count field, Next: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Prev: Extensions to namelist, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: X format descriptor without count field, Next: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Prev: Extensions to namelist, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.4 `X' format descriptor without count field
|
6.1.4 `X' format descriptor without count field
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
|
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran permits the count field of the `X'
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran permits the count field of the `X'
|
edit descriptor in `FORMAT' statements to be omitted. When omitted,
|
edit descriptor in `FORMAT' statements to be omitted. When omitted,
|
the count is implicitly assumed to be one.
|
the count is implicitly assumed to be one.
|
|
|
PRINT 10, 2, 3
|
PRINT 10, 2, 3
|
10 FORMAT (I1, X, I1)
|
10 FORMAT (I1, X, I1)
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Next: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Prev: X format descriptor without count field, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Next: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Prev: X format descriptor without count field, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.5 Commas in `FORMAT' specifications
|
6.1.5 Commas in `FORMAT' specifications
|
---------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------
|
|
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the comma separator to be
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the comma separator to be
|
omitted immediately before and after character string edit descriptors
|
omitted immediately before and after character string edit descriptors
|
in `FORMAT' statements.
|
in `FORMAT' statements.
|
|
|
PRINT 10, 2, 3
|
PRINT 10, 2, 3
|
10 FORMAT ('FOO='I1' BAR='I2)
|
10 FORMAT ('FOO='I1' BAR='I2)
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Next: I/O item lists, Prev: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Next: I/O item lists, Prev: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.6 Missing period in `FORMAT' specifications
|
6.1.6 Missing period in `FORMAT' specifications
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
|
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format
|
specifications if and only if `-std=legacy' is given on the command
|
specifications if and only if `-std=legacy' is given on the command
|
line. This is considered non-conforming code and is discouraged.
|
line. This is considered non-conforming code and is discouraged.
|
|
|
REAL :: value
|
REAL :: value
|
READ(*,10) value
|
READ(*,10) value
|
10 FORMAT ('F4')
|
10 FORMAT ('F4')
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: I/O item lists, Next: BOZ literal constants, Prev: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: I/O item lists, Next: BOZ literal constants, Prev: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.7 I/O item lists
|
6.1.7 I/O item lists
|
--------------------
|
--------------------
|
|
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list of the
|
To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list of the
|
`READ' statement, and the output item lists of the `WRITE' and `PRINT'
|
`READ' statement, and the output item lists of the `WRITE' and `PRINT'
|
statements, to start with a comma.
|
statements, to start with a comma.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BOZ literal constants, Next: Real array indices, Prev: I/O item lists, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BOZ literal constants, Next: Real array indices, Prev: I/O item lists, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.8 BOZ literal constants
|
6.1.8 BOZ literal constants
|
---------------------------
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (`b'), octal
|
Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (`b'), octal
|
(`o') and hexadecimal (`z') integer constants. The syntax is: `prefix
|
(`o') and hexadecimal (`z') integer constants. The syntax is: `prefix
|
quote digits quote', were the prefix is either `b', `o' or `z', quote
|
quote digits quote', were the prefix is either `b', `o' or `z', quote
|
is either `'' or `"' and the digits are for binary `0' or `1', for
|
is either `'' or `"' and the digits are for binary `0' or `1', for
|
octal between `0' and `7', and for hexadecimal between `0' and `F'.
|
octal between `0' and `7', and for hexadecimal between `0' and `F'.
|
(Example: `b'01011101''.)
|
(Example: `b'01011101''.)
|
|
|
Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize
|
Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize
|
integer variables in DATA statements. Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals
|
integer variables in DATA statements. Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals
|
are also allowed as argument of `REAL', `DBLE', `INT' and `CMPLX'; the
|
are also allowed as argument of `REAL', `DBLE', `INT' and `CMPLX'; the
|
result is the same as if the integer BOZ literal had been converted by
|
result is the same as if the integer BOZ literal had been converted by
|
`TRANSFER' to, respectively, `real', `double precision', `integer' or
|
`TRANSFER' to, respectively, `real', `double precision', `integer' or
|
`complex'. As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures `FLOAT',
|
`complex'. As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures `FLOAT',
|
`DFLOAT', `COMPLEX' and `DCMPLX' are treated alike.
|
`DFLOAT', `COMPLEX' and `DCMPLX' are treated alike.
|
|
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal
|
constants to be specified using the `X' prefix, in addition to the
|
constants to be specified using the `X' prefix, in addition to the
|
standard `Z' prefix. The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a
|
standard `Z' prefix. The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a
|
suffix to the string, for example, `Z'ABC'' and `'ABC'Z' are equivalent.
|
suffix to the string, for example, `Z'ABC'' and `'ABC'Z' are equivalent.
|
|
|
Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside
|
Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside
|
DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran
|
DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran
|
2003. In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand
|
2003. In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand
|
side only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for old-style
|
side only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for old-style
|
initializers of the form `integer i /o'0173'/', the constant is
|
initializers of the form `integer i /o'0173'/', the constant is
|
transferred as if `TRANSFER' had been used; for `COMPLEX' numbers, only
|
transferred as if `TRANSFER' had been used; for `COMPLEX' numbers, only
|
the real part is initialized unless `CMPLX' is used. In all other
|
the real part is initialized unless `CMPLX' is used. In all other
|
cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an `INTEGER' value with
|
cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an `INTEGER' value with
|
the largest decimal representation. This value is then converted
|
the largest decimal representation. This value is then converted
|
numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question. (For
|
numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question. (For
|
instance, `real :: r = b'0000001' + 1' initializes `r' with `2.0'.) As
|
instance, `real :: r = b'0000001' + 1' initializes `r' with `2.0'.) As
|
different compilers implement the extension differently, one should be
|
different compilers implement the extension differently, one should be
|
careful when doing bitwise initialization of non-integer variables.
|
careful when doing bitwise initialization of non-integer variables.
|
|
|
Note that initializing an `INTEGER' variable with a statement such
|
Note that initializing an `INTEGER' variable with a statement such
|
as `DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will give an integer overflow error rather
|
as `DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will give an integer overflow error rather
|
than the desired result of -1 when `i' is a 32-bit integer on a system
|
than the desired result of -1 when `i' is a 32-bit integer on a system
|
that supports 64-bit integers. The `-fno-range-check' option can be
|
that supports 64-bit integers. The `-fno-range-check' option can be
|
used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes integers in this
|
used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes integers in this
|
manner.
|
manner.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Real array indices, Next: Unary operators, Prev: BOZ literal constants, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Real array indices, Next: Unary operators, Prev: BOZ literal constants, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.9 Real array indices
|
6.1.9 Real array indices
|
------------------------
|
------------------------
|
|
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of `REAL' expressions or
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of `REAL' expressions or
|
variables as array indices.
|
variables as array indices.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Unary operators, Next: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Prev: Real array indices, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Unary operators, Next: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Prev: Real array indices, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.10 Unary operators
|
6.1.10 Unary operators
|
----------------------
|
----------------------
|
|
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators
|
As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators
|
to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without
|
to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without
|
the need for parenthesis.
|
the need for parenthesis.
|
|
|
X = Y * -Z
|
X = Y * -Z
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Next: Hollerith constants support, Prev: Unary operators, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Next: Hollerith constants support, Prev: Unary operators, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.11 Implicitly convert `LOGICAL' and `INTEGER' values
|
6.1.11 Implicitly convert `LOGICAL' and `INTEGER' values
|
--------------------------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU
|
As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU
|
Fortran allows the implicit conversion of `LOGICAL' values to `INTEGER'
|
Fortran allows the implicit conversion of `LOGICAL' values to `INTEGER'
|
values and vice versa. When converting from a `LOGICAL' to an
|
values and vice versa. When converting from a `LOGICAL' to an
|
`INTEGER', `.FALSE.' is interpreted as zero, and `.TRUE.' is
|
`INTEGER', `.FALSE.' is interpreted as zero, and `.TRUE.' is
|
interpreted as one. When converting from `INTEGER' to `LOGICAL', the
|
interpreted as one. When converting from `INTEGER' to `LOGICAL', the
|
value zero is interpreted as `.FALSE.' and any nonzero value is
|
value zero is interpreted as `.FALSE.' and any nonzero value is
|
interpreted as `.TRUE.'.
|
interpreted as `.TRUE.'.
|
|
|
LOGICAL :: l
|
LOGICAL :: l
|
l = 1
|
l = 1
|
|
|
INTEGER :: i
|
INTEGER :: i
|
i = .TRUE.
|
i = .TRUE.
|
|
|
However, there is no implicit conversion of `INTEGER' values in
|
However, there is no implicit conversion of `INTEGER' values in
|
`if'-statements, nor of `LOGICAL' or `INTEGER' values in I/O operations.
|
`if'-statements, nor of `LOGICAL' or `INTEGER' values in I/O operations.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Hollerith constants support, Next: Cray pointers, Prev: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Hollerith constants support, Next: Cray pointers, Prev: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.12 Hollerith constants support
|
6.1.12 Hollerith constants support
|
----------------------------------
|
----------------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function
|
GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function
|
arguments, and `DATA' and `ASSIGN' statements. A Hollerith constant is
|
arguments, and `DATA' and `ASSIGN' statements. A Hollerith constant is
|
written as a string of characters preceded by an integer constant
|
written as a string of characters preceded by an integer constant
|
indicating the character count, and the letter `H' or `h', and stored
|
indicating the character count, and the letter `H' or `h', and stored
|
in bytewise fashion in a numeric (`INTEGER', `REAL', or `complex') or
|
in bytewise fashion in a numeric (`INTEGER', `REAL', or `complex') or
|
`LOGICAL' variable. The constant will be padded or truncated to fit
|
`LOGICAL' variable. The constant will be padded or truncated to fit
|
the size of the variable in which it is stored.
|
the size of the variable in which it is stored.
|
|
|
Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants:
|
Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants:
|
complex*16 x(2)
|
complex*16 x(2)
|
data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/
|
data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/
|
x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
|
x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
|
call foo (4h abc)
|
call foo (4h abc)
|
|
|
Invalid Hollerith constants examples:
|
Invalid Hollerith constants examples:
|
integer*4 a
|
integer*4 a
|
a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated.
|
a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated.
|
a = 0H ! At least one character is needed.
|
a = 0H ! At least one character is needed.
|
|
|
In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary
|
In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary
|
facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers,
|
facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers,
|
prior to the introduction of `CHARACTER' variables in Fortran 77; in
|
prior to the introduction of `CHARACTER' variables in Fortran 77; in
|
those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the
|
those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the
|
program to use proper character strings. On occasion, there may be a
|
program to use proper character strings. On occasion, there may be a
|
case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable
|
case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable
|
with a given byte sequence. In these cases, the same result can be
|
with a given byte sequence. In these cases, the same result can be
|
obtained by using the `TRANSFER' statement, as in this example.
|
obtained by using the `TRANSFER' statement, as in this example.
|
INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a
|
INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a
|
a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a) ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd
|
a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a) ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Cray pointers, Next: CONVERT specifier, Prev: Hollerith constants support, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Cray pointers, Next: CONVERT specifier, Prev: Hollerith constants support, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.13 Cray pointers
|
6.1.13 Cray pointers
|
--------------------
|
--------------------
|
|
|
Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a
|
Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a
|
C-like pointer in Fortran. This is accomplished through a pair of
|
C-like pointer in Fortran. This is accomplished through a pair of
|
variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a
|
variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a
|
"pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer.
|
"pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer.
|
|
|
Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form:
|
Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form:
|
pointer ( , )
|
pointer ( , )
|
or,
|
or,
|
pointer ( , ), ( , ), ...
|
pointer ( , ), ( , ), ...
|
The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address.
|
The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address.
|
The pointee may be an array or scalar. A pointee can be an assumed
|
The pointee may be an array or scalar. A pointee can be an assumed
|
size array--that is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by
|
size array--that is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by
|
using a `*' in place of a value--but a pointee cannot be an assumed
|
using a `*' in place of a value--but a pointee cannot be an assumed
|
shape array. No space is allocated for the pointee.
|
shape array. No space is allocated for the pointee.
|
|
|
The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer
|
The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer
|
statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared before,
|
statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared before,
|
during, or after the pointer statement. The pointer may be declared as
|
during, or after the pointer statement. The pointer may be declared as
|
an integer prior to the pointer statement. However, some machines have
|
an integer prior to the pointer statement. However, some machines have
|
default integer sizes that are different than the size of a pointer,
|
default integer sizes that are different than the size of a pointer,
|
and so the following code is not portable:
|
and so the following code is not portable:
|
integer ipt
|
integer ipt
|
pointer (ipt, iarr)
|
pointer (ipt, iarr)
|
If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler
|
If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler
|
will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work
|
will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work
|
correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be
|
correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be
|
truncated. It is safer to omit the first line of the above example; if
|
truncated. It is safer to omit the first line of the above example; if
|
explicit declaration of ipt's type is omitted, then the compiler will
|
explicit declaration of ipt's type is omitted, then the compiler will
|
ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a pointer.
|
ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a pointer.
|
|
|
Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the
|
Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the
|
same as C pointer arithmetic. Cray pointers are just ordinary
|
same as C pointer arithmetic. Cray pointers are just ordinary
|
integers, so the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to
|
integers, so the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to
|
add to a pointer in order to increment it. Consider the following
|
add to a pointer in order to increment it. Consider the following
|
example:
|
example:
|
real target(10)
|
real target(10)
|
real pointee(10)
|
real pointee(10)
|
pointer (ipt, pointee)
|
pointer (ipt, pointee)
|
ipt = loc (target)
|
ipt = loc (target)
|
ipt = ipt + 1
|
ipt = ipt + 1
|
The last statement does not set `ipt' to the address of `target(1)',
|
The last statement does not set `ipt' to the address of `target(1)',
|
as it would in C pointer arithmetic. Adding `1' to `ipt' just adds one
|
as it would in C pointer arithmetic. Adding `1' to `ipt' just adds one
|
byte to the address stored in `ipt'.
|
byte to the address stored in `ipt'.
|
|
|
Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the
|
Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the
|
value stored in the pointer as the base address.
|
value stored in the pointer as the base address.
|
|
|
To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic
|
To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic
|
function `LOC()'. The `LOC()' function is equivalent to the `&'
|
function `LOC()'. The `LOC()' function is equivalent to the `&'
|
operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type:
|
operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type:
|
real ar(10)
|
real ar(10)
|
pointer(ipt, arpte(10))
|
pointer(ipt, arpte(10))
|
real arpte
|
real arpte
|
ipt = loc(ar) ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar
|
ipt = loc(ar) ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar
|
arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0
|
arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0
|
The pointer can also be set by a call to the `MALLOC' intrinsic (see
|
The pointer can also be set by a call to the `MALLOC' intrinsic (see
|
*note MALLOC::).
|
*note MALLOC::).
|
|
|
Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable. For
|
Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable. For
|
example:
|
example:
|
integer target(10)
|
integer target(10)
|
integer iarr(10)
|
integer iarr(10)
|
pointer (ipt, iarr)
|
pointer (ipt, iarr)
|
ipt = loc(target)
|
ipt = loc(target)
|
As long as `ipt' remains unchanged, `iarr' is now an alias for
|
As long as `ipt' remains unchanged, `iarr' is now an alias for
|
`target'. The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so it
|
`target'. The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so it
|
is unsafe to use `iarr' and `target' simultaneously. Using a pointee
|
is unsafe to use `iarr' and `target' simultaneously. Using a pointee
|
in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or assumptions is
|
in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or assumptions is
|
illegal. It is the user's responsibility to avoid doing this; the
|
illegal. It is the user's responsibility to avoid doing this; the
|
compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing occurs.
|
compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing occurs.
|
|
|
Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e.,
|
Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e.,
|
when they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory),
|
when they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory),
|
and also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with
|
and also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with
|
which it shares storage is not used. Code that violates these rules
|
which it shares storage is not used. Code that violates these rules
|
may not run as the user intends. This is not a bug in the optimizer;
|
may not run as the user intends. This is not a bug in the optimizer;
|
any code that violates the aliasing rules is illegal. (Note that this
|
any code that violates the aliasing rules is illegal. (Note that this
|
is not unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray
|
is not unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray
|
pointers will "incorrectly" optimize code with illegal aliasing.)
|
pointers will "incorrectly" optimize code with illegal aliasing.)
|
|
|
There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be
|
There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be
|
applied to Cray pointers and pointees. Pointees may not have the
|
applied to Cray pointers and pointees. Pointees may not have the
|
`ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT', `OPTIONAL', `DUMMY', `TARGET', `INTRINSIC', or
|
`ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT', `OPTIONAL', `DUMMY', `TARGET', `INTRINSIC', or
|
`POINTER' attributes. Pointers may not have the `DIMENSION', `POINTER',
|
`POINTER' attributes. Pointers may not have the `DIMENSION', `POINTER',
|
`TARGET', `ALLOCATABLE', `EXTERNAL', or `INTRINSIC' attributes.
|
`TARGET', `ALLOCATABLE', `EXTERNAL', or `INTRINSIC' attributes.
|
Pointees may not occur in more than one pointer statement. A pointee
|
Pointees may not occur in more than one pointer statement. A pointee
|
cannot be a pointer. Pointees cannot occur in equivalence, common, or
|
cannot be a pointer. Pointees cannot occur in equivalence, common, or
|
data statements.
|
data statements.
|
|
|
A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine. For
|
A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine. For
|
example, the following excerpt is valid:
|
example, the following excerpt is valid:
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
external sub
|
external sub
|
pointer (subptr,subpte)
|
pointer (subptr,subpte)
|
external subpte
|
external subpte
|
subptr = loc(sub)
|
subptr = loc(sub)
|
call subpte()
|
call subpte()
|
[...]
|
[...]
|
subroutine sub
|
subroutine sub
|
[...]
|
[...]
|
end subroutine sub
|
end subroutine sub
|
|
|
A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this
|
A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this
|
will change the location to which the pointee refers. However, when
|
will change the location to which the pointee refers. However, when
|
pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary
|
pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary
|
variables in the invoked function. Subsequent changes to the pointer
|
variables in the invoked function. Subsequent changes to the pointer
|
will not change the base address of the array that was passed.
|
will not change the base address of the array that was passed.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CONVERT specifier, Next: OpenMP, Prev: Cray pointers, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CONVERT specifier, Next: OpenMP, Prev: Cray pointers, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.14 `CONVERT' specifier
|
6.1.14 `CONVERT' specifier
|
--------------------------
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little-
|
GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little-
|
and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data between
|
and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data between
|
different systems. The conversion can be indicated with the `CONVERT'
|
different systems. The conversion can be indicated with the `CONVERT'
|
specifier on the `OPEN' statement. *Note GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT::, for
|
specifier on the `OPEN' statement. *Note GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT::, for
|
an alternative way of specifying the data format via an environment
|
an alternative way of specifying the data format via an environment
|
variable.
|
variable.
|
|
|
Valid values for `CONVERT' are:
|
Valid values for `CONVERT' are:
|
`CONVERT='NATIVE'' Use the native format. This is the default.
|
`CONVERT='NATIVE'' Use the native format. This is the default.
|
|
|
`CONVERT='SWAP'' Swap between little- and big-endian.
|
`CONVERT='SWAP'' Swap between little- and big-endian.
|
|
|
`CONVERT='LITTLE_ENDIAN'' Use the little-endian representation for
|
`CONVERT='LITTLE_ENDIAN'' Use the little-endian representation for
|
unformatted files.
|
unformatted files.
|
|
|
`CONVERT='BIG_ENDIAN'' Use the big-endian representation for
|
`CONVERT='BIG_ENDIAN'' Use the big-endian representation for
|
unformatted files.
|
unformatted files.
|
|
|
Using the option could look like this:
|
Using the option could look like this:
|
open(file='big.dat',form='unformatted',access='sequential', &
|
open(file='big.dat',form='unformatted',access='sequential', &
|
convert='big_endian')
|
convert='big_endian')
|
|
|
The value of the conversion can be queried by using
|
The value of the conversion can be queried by using
|
`INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch)'. The values returned are `'BIG_ENDIAN'' and
|
`INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch)'. The values returned are `'BIG_ENDIAN'' and
|
`'LITTLE_ENDIAN''.
|
`'LITTLE_ENDIAN''.
|
|
|
`CONVERT' works between big- and little-endian for `INTEGER' values
|
`CONVERT' works between big- and little-endian for `INTEGER' values
|
of all supported kinds and for `REAL' on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8.
|
of all supported kinds and for `REAL' on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8.
|
Conversion between different "extended double" types on different
|
Conversion between different "extended double" types on different
|
architectures such as m68k and x86_64, which GNU Fortran supports as
|
architectures such as m68k and x86_64, which GNU Fortran supports as
|
`REAL(KIND=10)' and `REAL(KIND=16)', will probably not work.
|
`REAL(KIND=10)' and `REAL(KIND=16)', will probably not work.
|
|
|
_Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
|
_Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
|
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open
|
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open
|
statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do
|
statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do
|
not have the source code of their program available.
|
not have the source code of their program available.
|
|
|
Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
|
Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
|
carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to
|
carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to
|
you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.
|
you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP, Next: Argument list functions, Prev: CONVERT specifier, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP, Next: Argument list functions, Prev: CONVERT specifier, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.15 OpenMP
|
6.1.15 OpenMP
|
-------------
|
-------------
|
|
|
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface
|
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface
|
(API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing
|
(API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing
|
programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix
|
programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix
|
and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler
|
and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler
|
directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence
|
directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence
|
run-time behavior.
|
run-time behavior.
|
|
|
GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenMP Application
|
GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenMP Application
|
Program Interface v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf).
|
Program Interface v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf).
|
|
|
To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive `!$omp' in
|
To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive `!$omp' in
|
free-form source code; the `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' directives in
|
free-form source code; the `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' directives in
|
fixed form; the `!$' conditional compilation sentinels in free form;
|
fixed form; the `!$' conditional compilation sentinels in free form;
|
and the `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, `gfortran' needs
|
and the `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, `gfortran' needs
|
to be invoked with the `-fopenmp'. This also arranges for automatic
|
to be invoked with the `-fopenmp'. This also arranges for automatic
|
linking of the GNU OpenMP runtime library *note libgomp: (libgomp)Top.
|
linking of the GNU OpenMP runtime library *note libgomp: (libgomp)Top.
|
|
|
The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
|
The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
|
form of a Fortran 90 module named `omp_lib' and in a form of a Fortran
|
form of a Fortran 90 module named `omp_lib' and in a form of a Fortran
|
`include' file named `omp_lib.h'.
|
`include' file named `omp_lib.h'.
|
|
|
An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of the
|
An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of the
|
OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5:
|
OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5:
|
SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B)
|
SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B)
|
INTEGER I, N
|
INTEGER I, N
|
REAL B(N), A(N)
|
REAL B(N), A(N)
|
!$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default
|
!$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default
|
DO I=2,N
|
DO I=2,N
|
B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0
|
B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0
|
ENDDO
|
ENDDO
|
!$OMP END PARALLEL DO
|
!$OMP END PARALLEL DO
|
END SUBROUTINE A1
|
END SUBROUTINE A1
|
|
|
Please note:
|
Please note:
|
* `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive', i.e., all local arrays will be
|
* `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive', i.e., all local arrays will be
|
allocated on the stack. When porting existing code to OpenMP, this
|
allocated on the stack. When porting existing code to OpenMP, this
|
may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation faults
|
may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation faults
|
if the stacksize is limited.
|
if the stacksize is limited.
|
|
|
* On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be
|
* On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be
|
statically linked due to limitations of the underlying
|
statically linked due to limitations of the underlying
|
pthreads-implementation. It might be possible to get a working
|
pthreads-implementation. It might be possible to get a working
|
solution if `-Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive'
|
solution if `-Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive'
|
is added to the command line. However, this is not supported by
|
is added to the command line. However, this is not supported by
|
`gcc' and thus not recommended.
|
`gcc' and thus not recommended.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Argument list functions, Prev: OpenMP, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Argument list functions, Prev: OpenMP, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.1.16 Argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC'
|
6.1.16 Argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC'
|
--------------------------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran supports argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC'
|
GNU Fortran supports argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC'
|
statements, for backward compatibility with g77. It is recommended
|
statements, for backward compatibility with g77. It is recommended
|
that these should be used only for code that is accessing facilities
|
that these should be used only for code that is accessing facilities
|
outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system or windowing
|
outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system or windowing
|
facilities. It is best to constrain such uses to isolated portions of a
|
facilities. It is best to constrain such uses to isolated portions of a
|
program-portions that deal specifically and exclusively with low-level,
|
program-portions that deal specifically and exclusively with low-level,
|
system-dependent facilities. Such portions might well provide a
|
system-dependent facilities. Such portions might well provide a
|
portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are
|
portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are
|
themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they
|
themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they
|
are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler.
|
are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler.
|
|
|
`%VAL' passes a scalar argument by value, `%REF' passes it by
|
`%VAL' passes a scalar argument by value, `%REF' passes it by
|
reference and `%LOC' passes its memory location. Since gfortran
|
reference and `%LOC' passes its memory location. Since gfortran
|
already passes scalar arguments by reference, `%REF' is in effect a
|
already passes scalar arguments by reference, `%REF' is in effect a
|
do-nothing. `%LOC' has the same effect as a Fortran pointer.
|
do-nothing. `%LOC' has the same effect as a Fortran pointer.
|
|
|
An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.:
|
An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.:
|
C
|
C
|
C prototype void foo_ (float x);
|
C prototype void foo_ (float x);
|
C
|
C
|
external foo
|
external foo
|
real*4 x
|
real*4 x
|
x = 3.14159
|
x = 3.14159
|
call foo (%VAL (x))
|
call foo (%VAL (x))
|
end
|
end
|
|
|
For details refer to the g77 manual
|
For details refer to the g77 manual
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/g77/index.html#Top'.
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/g77/index.html#Top'.
|
|
|
Also, `c_by_val.f' and its partner `c_by_val.c' of the GNU Fortran
|
Also, `c_by_val.f' and its partner `c_by_val.c' of the GNU Fortran
|
testsuite are worth a look.
|
testsuite are worth a look.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Prev: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Prev: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions
|
|
|
6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad
|
The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad
|
userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of
|
userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of
|
some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the
|
some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the
|
existence of a number of important extensions to the language. While
|
existence of a number of important extensions to the language. While
|
some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU
|
some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU
|
Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported. This
|
Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported. This
|
section aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how
|
section aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how
|
best make code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler.
|
best make code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* STRUCTURE and RECORD::
|
* STRUCTURE and RECORD::
|
* ENCODE and DECODE statements::
|
* ENCODE and DECODE statements::
|
* Variable FORMAT expressions::
|
* Variable FORMAT expressions::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Next: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Next: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.2.1 `STRUCTURE' and `RECORD'
|
6.2.1 `STRUCTURE' and `RECORD'
|
------------------------------
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
Structures are user-defined aggregate data types; this functionality was
|
Structures are user-defined aggregate data types; this functionality was
|
standardized in Fortran 90 with an different syntax, under the name of
|
standardized in Fortran 90 with an different syntax, under the name of
|
"derived types". Here is an example of code using the non portable
|
"derived types". Here is an example of code using the non portable
|
structure syntax:
|
structure syntax:
|
|
|
! Declaring a structure named ``item'' and containing three fields:
|
! Declaring a structure named ``item'' and containing three fields:
|
! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price.
|
! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price.
|
STRUCTURE /item/
|
STRUCTURE /item/
|
INTEGER id
|
INTEGER id
|
CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
|
CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
|
REAL price
|
REAL price
|
END STRUCTURE
|
END STRUCTURE
|
|
|
! Define two variables, an single record of type ``item''
|
! Define two variables, an single record of type ``item''
|
! named ``pear'', and an array of items named ``store_catalog''
|
! named ``pear'', and an array of items named ``store_catalog''
|
RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100)
|
RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100)
|
|
|
! We can directly access the fields of both variables
|
! We can directly access the fields of both variables
|
pear.id = 92316
|
pear.id = 92316
|
pear.description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
|
pear.description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
|
pear.price = 0.15
|
pear.price = 0.15
|
store_catalog(7).id = 7831
|
store_catalog(7).id = 7831
|
store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle"
|
store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle"
|
store_catalog(7).price = 1.2
|
store_catalog(7).price = 1.2
|
|
|
! We can also manipulate the whole structure
|
! We can also manipulate the whole structure
|
store_catalog(12) = pear
|
store_catalog(12) = pear
|
print *, store_catalog(12)
|
print *, store_catalog(12)
|
|
|
This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following:
|
This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following:
|
|
|
! ``STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE'' becomes
|
! ``STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE'' becomes
|
! ``TYPE name ... END TYPE''
|
! ``TYPE name ... END TYPE''
|
TYPE item
|
TYPE item
|
INTEGER id
|
INTEGER id
|
CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
|
CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
|
REAL price
|
REAL price
|
END TYPE
|
END TYPE
|
|
|
! ``RECORD /name/ variable'' becomes ``TYPE(name) variable''
|
! ``RECORD /name/ variable'' becomes ``TYPE(name) variable''
|
TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100)
|
TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100)
|
|
|
! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the
|
! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the
|
! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%)
|
! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%)
|
pear%id = 92316
|
pear%id = 92316
|
pear%description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
|
pear%description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
|
pear%price = 0.15
|
pear%price = 0.15
|
store_catalog(7)%id = 7831
|
store_catalog(7)%id = 7831
|
store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle"
|
store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle"
|
store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2
|
store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2
|
|
|
! Assignments of a whole variable don't change
|
! Assignments of a whole variable don't change
|
store_catalog(12) = pear
|
store_catalog(12) = pear
|
print *, store_catalog(12)
|
print *, store_catalog(12)
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Next: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Next: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.2.2 `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements
|
6.2.2 `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements
|
--------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------
|
|
|
GNU Fortran doesn't support the `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements.
|
GNU Fortran doesn't support the `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements.
|
These statements are best replaced by `READ' and `WRITE' statements
|
These statements are best replaced by `READ' and `WRITE' statements
|
involving internal files (`CHARACTER' variables and arrays), which have
|
involving internal files (`CHARACTER' variables and arrays), which have
|
been part of the Fortran standard since Fortran 77. For example,
|
been part of the Fortran standard since Fortran 77. For example,
|
replace a code fragment like
|
replace a code fragment like
|
|
|
INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
|
INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
|
REAL A, B, C
|
REAL A, B, C
|
c ... Code that sets LINE
|
c ... Code that sets LINE
|
DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
|
DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
|
|
|
with the following:
|
with the following:
|
|
|
CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
|
CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
|
REAL A, B, C
|
REAL A, B, C
|
c ... Code that sets LINE
|
c ... Code that sets LINE
|
READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
|
READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
|
|
|
Similarly, replace a code fragment like
|
Similarly, replace a code fragment like
|
|
|
INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
|
INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
|
REAL A, B, C
|
REAL A, B, C
|
c ... Code that sets A, B and C
|
c ... Code that sets A, B and C
|
ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
|
ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
|
|
|
with the following:
|
with the following:
|
|
|
CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
|
CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
|
REAL A, B, C
|
REAL A, B, C
|
c ... Code that sets A, B and C
|
c ... Code that sets A, B and C
|
WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
|
WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
|
9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
|
|
|
6.2.3 Variable `FORMAT' expressions
|
6.2.3 Variable `FORMAT' expressions
|
-----------------------------------
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
|
A variable `FORMAT' expression is format statement which includes angle
|
A variable `FORMAT' expression is format statement which includes angle
|
brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: `FORMAT(I)'. GNU Fortran
|
brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: `FORMAT(I)'. GNU Fortran
|
does not support this legacy extension. The effect of variable format
|
does not support this legacy extension. The effect of variable format
|
expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and standard)
|
expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and standard)
|
combination of internal output and string formats. For example, replace
|
combination of internal output and string formats. For example, replace
|
a code fragment like this:
|
a code fragment like this:
|
|
|
WRITE(6,20) INT1
|
WRITE(6,20) INT1
|
20 FORMAT(I)
|
20 FORMAT(I)
|
|
|
with the following:
|
with the following:
|
|
|
c Variable declaration
|
c Variable declaration
|
CHARACTER(LEN=20) F
|
CHARACTER(LEN=20) F
|
c
|
c
|
c Other code here...
|
c Other code here...
|
c
|
c
|
WRITE(FMT,'("(I", I0, ")")') N+1
|
WRITE(FMT,'("(I", I0, ")")') N+1
|
WRITE(6,FM) INT1
|
WRITE(6,FM) INT1
|
|
|
or with:
|
or with:
|
|
|
c Variable declaration
|
c Variable declaration
|
CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT
|
CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT
|
c
|
c
|
c Other code here...
|
c Other code here...
|
c
|
c
|
WRITE(FMT,*) N+1
|
WRITE(FMT,*) N+1
|
WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1
|
WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Mixed-Language Programming, Next: Extensions, Prev: Compiler Characteristics, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Mixed-Language Programming, Next: Extensions, Prev: Compiler Characteristics, Up: Top
|
|
|
7 Mixed-Language Programming
|
7 Mixed-Language Programming
|
****************************
|
****************************
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Interoperability with C::
|
* Interoperability with C::
|
* GNU Fortran Compiler Directives::
|
* GNU Fortran Compiler Directives::
|
* Non-Fortran Main Program::
|
* Non-Fortran Main Program::
|
|
|
This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also
|
This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also
|
applies if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers. In
|
applies if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers. In
|
most cases, use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard
|
most cases, use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard
|
is sufficient, and their use is highly recommended.
|
is sufficient, and their use is highly recommended.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperability with C, Next: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperability with C, Next: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
|
|
7.1 Interoperability with C
|
7.1 Interoperability with C
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Intrinsic Types::
|
* Intrinsic Types::
|
* Further Interoperability of Fortran with C::
|
* Further Interoperability of Fortran with C::
|
* Derived Types and struct::
|
* Derived Types and struct::
|
* Interoperable Global Variables::
|
* Interoperable Global Variables::
|
* Interoperable Subroutines and Functions::
|
* Interoperable Subroutines and Functions::
|
|
|
Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a standardized
|
Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a standardized
|
way to generate procedure and derived-type declarations and global
|
way to generate procedure and derived-type declarations and global
|
variables which are interoperable with C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). The
|
variables which are interoperable with C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). The
|
`bind(C)' attribute has been added to inform the compiler that a symbol
|
`bind(C)' attribute has been added to inform the compiler that a symbol
|
shall be interoperable with C; also, some constraints are added. Note,
|
shall be interoperable with C; also, some constraints are added. Note,
|
however, that not all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice
|
however, that not all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice
|
versa. For instance, neither C's unsigned integers nor C's functions
|
versa. For instance, neither C's unsigned integers nor C's functions
|
with variable number of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran.
|
with variable number of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran.
|
|
|
Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that
|
Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that
|
arrays in C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by
|
arrays in C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by
|
default with 1. Thus, an array declaration `A(n,m)' in Fortran matches
|
default with 1. Thus, an array declaration `A(n,m)' in Fortran matches
|
`A[m][n]' in C and accessing the element `A(i,j)' matches
|
`A[m][n]' in C and accessing the element `A(i,j)' matches
|
`A[j-1][i-1]'. The element following `A(i,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i-1]';
|
`A[j-1][i-1]'. The element following `A(i,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i-1]';
|
assuming i < n) in memory is `A(i+1,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i]').
|
assuming i < n) in memory is `A(i+1,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i]').
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Types, Next: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Up: Interoperability with C
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Types, Next: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Up: Interoperability with C
|
|
|
7.1.1 Intrinsic Types
|
7.1.1 Intrinsic Types
|
---------------------
|
---------------------
|
|
|
In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used
|
In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used
|
in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined
|
in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined
|
in the `ISO_C_BINDING' intrinsic module. That module contains named
|
in the `ISO_C_BINDING' intrinsic module. That module contains named
|
constants for kind parameters and character named constants for the
|
constants for kind parameters and character named constants for the
|
escape sequences in C. For a list of the constants, see *note
|
escape sequences in C. For a list of the constants, see *note
|
ISO_C_BINDING::.
|
ISO_C_BINDING::.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Derived Types and struct, Next: Interoperable Global Variables, Prev: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Up: Interoperability with C
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Derived Types and struct, Next: Interoperable Global Variables, Prev: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Up: Interoperability with C
|
|
|
7.1.2 Derived Types and struct
|
7.1.2 Derived Types and struct
|
------------------------------
|
------------------------------
|
|
|
For compatibility of derived types with `struct', one needs to use the
|
For compatibility of derived types with `struct', one needs to use the
|
`BIND(C)' attribute in the type declaration. For instance, the
|
`BIND(C)' attribute in the type declaration. For instance, the
|
following type declaration
|
following type declaration
|
|
|
USE ISO_C_BINDING
|
USE ISO_C_BINDING
|
TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType
|
TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType
|
INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2
|
INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2
|
INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3
|
INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3
|
REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1
|
REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1
|
COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1
|
COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1
|
CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5)
|
CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5)
|
END TYPE
|
END TYPE
|
|
|
matches the following `struct' declaration in C
|
matches the following `struct' declaration in C
|
|
|
struct {
|
struct {
|
int i1, i2;
|
int i1, i2;
|
/* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned. */
|
/* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned. */
|
signed char i3;
|
signed char i3;
|
double d1;
|
double d1;
|
float _Complex c1;
|
float _Complex c1;
|
char str[5];
|
char str[5];
|
} myType;
|
} myType;
|
|
|
Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the
|
Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the
|
`sequence' attribute, type parameters, the `extends' attribute, nor
|
`sequence' attribute, type parameters, the `extends' attribute, nor
|
type-bound procedures. Every component must be of interoperable type
|
type-bound procedures. Every component must be of interoperable type
|
and kind and may not have the `pointer' or `allocatable' attribute. The
|
and kind and may not have the `pointer' or `allocatable' attribute. The
|
names of the variables are irrelevant for interoperability.
|
names of the variables are irrelevant for interoperability.
|
|
|
As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor
|
As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor
|
structs with bit field or variable-length array members are
|
structs with bit field or variable-length array members are
|
interoperable.
|
interoperable.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Global Variables, Next: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Global Variables, Next: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C
|
|
|
7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables
|
7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables
|
------------------------------------
|
------------------------------------
|
|
|
Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute,
|
Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute,
|
optionally together with specifying a binding name. Those variables
|
optionally together with specifying a binding name. Those variables
|
have to be declared in the declaration part of a `MODULE', be of
|
have to be declared in the declaration part of a `MODULE', be of
|
interoperable type, and have neither the `pointer' nor the
|
interoperable type, and have neither the `pointer' nor the
|
`allocatable' attribute.
|
`allocatable' attribute.
|
|
|
MODULE m
|
MODULE m
|
USE myType_module
|
USE myType_module
|
USE ISO_C_BINDING
|
USE ISO_C_BINDING
|
integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag
|
integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag
|
type(myType), bind(C) :: tp
|
type(myType), bind(C) :: tp
|
END MODULE
|
END MODULE
|
|
|
Here, `_MyProject_flags' is the case-sensitive name of the variable
|
Here, `_MyProject_flags' is the case-sensitive name of the variable
|
as seen from C programs while `global_flag' is the case-insensitive
|
as seen from C programs while `global_flag' is the case-insensitive
|
name as seen from Fortran. If no binding name is specified, as for TP,
|
name as seen from Fortran. If no binding name is specified, as for TP,
|
the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name. If a
|
the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name. If a
|
binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the
|
binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the
|
double colon. Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to
|
double colon. Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to
|
access ERRNO of the C library as the C standard allows it to be a
|
access ERRNO of the C library as the C standard allows it to be a
|
macro. Use the `IERRNO' intrinsic (GNU extension) instead.
|
macro. Use the `IERRNO' intrinsic (GNU extension) instead.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Interoperable Global Variables, Up: Interoperability with C
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Interoperable Global Variables, Up: Interoperability with C
|
|
|
7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions
|
7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions
|
---------------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------------
|
|
|
Subroutines and functions have to have the `BIND(C)' attribute to be
|
Subroutines and functions have to have the `BIND(C)' attribute to be
|
compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively
|
compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively
|
straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses
|
straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses
|
call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to
|
call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to
|
call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled
|
call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled
|
differently. Note that only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are
|
differently. Note that only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are
|
supported but not assumed-shape or allocatable arrays.
|
supported but not assumed-shape or allocatable arrays.
|
|
|
To pass a variable by value, use the `VALUE' attribute. Thus the
|
To pass a variable by value, use the `VALUE' attribute. Thus the
|
following C prototype
|
following C prototype
|
|
|
`int func(int i, int *j)'
|
`int func(int i, int *j)'
|
|
|
matches the Fortran declaration
|
matches the Fortran declaration
|
|
|
integer(c_int) function func(i,j)
|
integer(c_int) function func(i,j)
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
|
integer(c_int), VALUE :: i
|
integer(c_int), VALUE :: i
|
integer(c_int) :: j
|
integer(c_int) :: j
|
|
|
Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the `VALUE'
|
Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the `VALUE'
|
attribute.
|
attribute.
|
|
|
Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a string
|
Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a string
|
is a `NUL'-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string
|
is a `NUL'-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string
|
has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g.
|
has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g.
|
`NUL'). For example, if one wants to use the following C function,
|
`NUL'). For example, if one wants to use the following C function,
|
|
|
#include
|
#include
|
void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[] */
|
void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[] */
|
{
|
{
|
printf("%s\n", string);
|
printf("%s\n", string);
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
to print "Hello World" from Fortran, one can call it using
|
to print "Hello World" from Fortran, one can call it using
|
|
|
use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR
|
use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR
|
interface
|
interface
|
subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C")
|
subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C")
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_char
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_char
|
character(kind=c_char) :: string(*)
|
character(kind=c_char) :: string(*)
|
end subroutine print_c
|
end subroutine print_c
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR)
|
call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR)
|
|
|
As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is `NUL'
|
As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is `NUL'
|
terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument STRING of `print_C' is a
|
terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument STRING of `print_C' is a
|
length-one assumed-size array; using `character(len=*)' is not allowed.
|
length-one assumed-size array; using `character(len=*)' is not allowed.
|
The example above uses `c_char_"Hello World"' to ensure the string
|
The example above uses `c_char_"Hello World"' to ensure the string
|
literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and
|
literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and
|
`c_char' are the same and thus `"Hello World"' is equivalent. However,
|
`c_char' are the same and thus `"Hello World"' is equivalent. However,
|
the standard does not guarantee this.
|
the standard does not guarantee this.
|
|
|
The use of pointers is now illustrated using the C library function
|
The use of pointers is now illustrated using the C library function
|
`strncpy', whose prototype is
|
`strncpy', whose prototype is
|
|
|
char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);
|
char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);
|
|
|
The function `strncpy' copies at most N characters from string S2 to
|
The function `strncpy' copies at most N characters from string S2 to
|
S1 and returns S1. In the following example, we ignore the return value:
|
S1 and returns S1. In the following example, we ignore the return value:
|
|
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
character(len=30) :: str,str2
|
character(len=30) :: str,str2
|
interface
|
interface
|
! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine
|
! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine
|
! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer
|
! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer
|
subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C)
|
subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C)
|
import
|
import
|
character(kind=c_char), intent(out) :: dest(*)
|
character(kind=c_char), intent(out) :: dest(*)
|
character(kind=c_char), intent(in) :: src(*)
|
character(kind=c_char), intent(in) :: src(*)
|
integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n
|
integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n
|
end subroutine strncpy
|
end subroutine strncpy
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X'
|
str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X'
|
call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, &
|
call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, &
|
len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t))
|
len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t))
|
print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
|
print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
|
end
|
end
|
|
|
C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special derived type
|
C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special derived type
|
`type(c_ptr)', with private components. Thus one needs to use intrinsic
|
`type(c_ptr)', with private components. Thus one needs to use intrinsic
|
conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers. For example,
|
conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers. For example,
|
|
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2
|
type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2
|
integer, target :: array(7), scalar
|
integer, target :: array(7), scalar
|
integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps
|
integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps
|
cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the
|
cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the
|
! array is contiguous if required by the C
|
! array is contiguous if required by the C
|
! procedure
|
! procedure
|
cptr2 = c_loc(scalar)
|
cptr2 = c_loc(scalar)
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps)
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps)
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7])
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7])
|
|
|
When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional `SHAPE'
|
When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional `SHAPE'
|
argument has to be passed. Note: A pointer argument `void *' matches
|
argument has to be passed. Note: A pointer argument `void *' matches
|
`TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE' while `TYPE(C_PTR)' matches `void **'.
|
`TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE' while `TYPE(C_PTR)' matches `void **'.
|
|
|
Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is
|
Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is
|
`TYPE(C_FUNPTR)' and the intrinsic conversion procedures are
|
`TYPE(C_FUNPTR)' and the intrinsic conversion procedures are
|
`C_F_PROC_POINTER' and `C_FUNLOC'.
|
`C_F_PROC_POINTER' and `C_FUNLOC'.
|
|
|
The intrinsic procedures are described in *note Intrinsic
|
The intrinsic procedures are described in *note Intrinsic
|
Procedures::.
|
Procedures::.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Next: Derived Types and struct, Prev: Intrinsic Types, Up: Interoperability with C
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Next: Derived Types and struct, Prev: Intrinsic Types, Up: Interoperability with C
|
|
|
7.1.5 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C
|
7.1.5 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C
|
------------------------------------------------
|
------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
Assumed-shape and allocatable arrays are passed using an array
|
Assumed-shape and allocatable arrays are passed using an array
|
descriptor (dope vector). The internal structure of the array
|
descriptor (dope vector). The internal structure of the array
|
descriptor used by GNU Fortran is not yet documented and will change.
|
descriptor used by GNU Fortran is not yet documented and will change.
|
There will also be a Technical Report (TR 29113) which standardizes an
|
There will also be a Technical Report (TR 29113) which standardizes an
|
interoperable array descriptor. Until then, you can use the Chasm
|
interoperable array descriptor. Until then, you can use the Chasm
|
Language Interoperability Tools,
|
Language Interoperability Tools,
|
`http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/', which provide an interface to
|
`http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/', which provide an interface to
|
GNU Fortran's array descriptor.
|
GNU Fortran's array descriptor.
|
|
|
The technical report 29113 will presumably also include support for
|
The technical report 29113 will presumably also include support for
|
C-interoperable `OPTIONAL' and for assumed-rank and assumed-type dummy
|
C-interoperable `OPTIONAL' and for assumed-rank and assumed-type dummy
|
arguments. However, the TR has neither been approved nor implemented in
|
arguments. However, the TR has neither been approved nor implemented in
|
GNU Fortran; therefore, these features are not yet available.
|
GNU Fortran; therefore, these features are not yet available.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Next: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: Interoperability with C, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Next: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: Interoperability with C, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
|
|
7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives
|
7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
The Fortran standard standard describes how a conforming program shall
|
The Fortran standard standard describes how a conforming program shall
|
behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized. In order
|
behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized. In order
|
to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler
|
to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler
|
directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures
|
directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures
|
which are not part of the standard. Whether a given attribute is
|
which are not part of the standard. Whether a given attribute is
|
supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and
|
supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and
|
on the processor; see *note C Extensions: (gcc)Top. for details.
|
on the processor; see *note C Extensions: (gcc)Top. for details.
|
|
|
For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can
|
For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can
|
be used to change the calling convention:
|
be used to change the calling convention:
|
|
|
* `CDECL' - standard C calling convention
|
* `CDECL' - standard C calling convention
|
|
|
* `STDCALL' - convention where the called procedure pops the stack
|
* `STDCALL' - convention where the called procedure pops the stack
|
|
|
* `FASTCALL' - part of the arguments are passed via registers
|
* `FASTCALL' - part of the arguments are passed via registers
|
instead using the stack
|
instead using the stack
|
|
|
Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also
|
Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also
|
influence the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading
|
influence the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading
|
underscore or by a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on
|
underscore or by a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on
|
the stack. When assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both
|
the stack. When assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both
|
should use the same calling convention.
|
should use the same calling convention.
|
|
|
On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables
|
On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables
|
and `COMMON' blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they
|
and `COMMON' blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they
|
are in a shared library. The following attributes are available:
|
are in a shared library. The following attributes are available:
|
|
|
* `DLLEXPORT' - provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL
|
* `DLLEXPORT' - provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL
|
|
|
* `DLLIMPORT' - reference the function or variable using a global
|
* `DLLIMPORT' - reference the function or variable using a global
|
pointer
|
pointer
|
|
|
The attributes are specified using the syntax
|
The attributes are specified using the syntax
|
|
|
`!GCC$ ATTRIBUTES' ATTRIBUTE-LIST `::' VARIABLE-LIST
|
`!GCC$ ATTRIBUTES' ATTRIBUTE-LIST `::' VARIABLE-LIST
|
|
|
where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before
|
where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before
|
`!GCC$' and in fixed-form source code `!GCC$', `cGCC$' or `*GCC$' shall
|
`!GCC$' and in fixed-form source code `!GCC$', `cGCC$' or `*GCC$' shall
|
start in the first column.
|
start in the first column.
|
|
|
For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body
|
For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body
|
of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in
|
of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in
|
the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer.
|
the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming
|
|
|
7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program
|
7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program
|
============================
|
============================
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* _gfortran_set_args:: Save command-line arguments
|
* _gfortran_set_args:: Save command-line arguments
|
* _gfortran_set_options:: Set library option flags
|
* _gfortran_set_options:: Set library option flags
|
* _gfortran_set_convert:: Set endian conversion
|
* _gfortran_set_convert:: Set endian conversion
|
* _gfortran_set_record_marker:: Set length of record markers
|
* _gfortran_set_record_marker:: Set length of record markers
|
* _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length:: Set subrecord length
|
* _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length:: Set subrecord length
|
* _gfortran_set_fpe:: Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised
|
* _gfortran_set_fpe:: Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised
|
|
|
Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very likely
|
Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very likely
|
that you do not need to know or use the information in this section.
|
that you do not need to know or use the information in this section.
|
Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran, it may also
|
Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran, it may also
|
change in GCC minor releases.
|
change in GCC minor releases.
|
|
|
When you compile a `PROGRAM' with GNU Fortran, a function with the
|
When you compile a `PROGRAM' with GNU Fortran, a function with the
|
name `main' (in the symbol table of the object file) is generated,
|
name `main' (in the symbol table of the object file) is generated,
|
which initializes the libgfortran library and then calls the actual
|
which initializes the libgfortran library and then calls the actual
|
program which uses the name `MAIN__', for historic reasons. If you link
|
program which uses the name `MAIN__', for historic reasons. If you link
|
GNU Fortran compiled procedures to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to a
|
GNU Fortran compiled procedures to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to a
|
Fortran program compiled by a different compiler, the libgfortran
|
Fortran program compiled by a different compiler, the libgfortran
|
library is not initialized and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not
|
library is not initialized and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not
|
work properly, e.g. those for obtaining the command-line arguments.
|
work properly, e.g. those for obtaining the command-line arguments.
|
|
|
Therefore, if your `PROGRAM' is not compiled with GNU Fortran and
|
Therefore, if your `PROGRAM' is not compiled with GNU Fortran and
|
the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require intrinsics relying on the
|
the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require intrinsics relying on the
|
library initialization, you need to initialize the library yourself.
|
library initialization, you need to initialize the library yourself.
|
Using the default options, gfortran calls `_gfortran_set_args' and
|
Using the default options, gfortran calls `_gfortran_set_args' and
|
`_gfortran_set_options'. The initialization of the former is needed if
|
`_gfortran_set_options'. The initialization of the former is needed if
|
the called procedures access the command line (and for backtracing);
|
the called procedures access the command line (and for backtracing);
|
the latter sets some flags based on the standard chosen or to enable
|
the latter sets some flags based on the standard chosen or to enable
|
backtracing. In typical programs, it is not necessary to call any
|
backtracing. In typical programs, it is not necessary to call any
|
initialization function.
|
initialization function.
|
|
|
If your `PROGRAM' is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall not call
|
If your `PROGRAM' is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall not call
|
any of the following functions. The libgfortran initialization
|
any of the following functions. The libgfortran initialization
|
functions are shown in C syntax but using C bindings they are also
|
functions are shown in C syntax but using C bindings they are also
|
accessible from Fortran.
|
accessible from Fortran.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_args, Next: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_args, Next: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.1 `_gfortran_set_args' -- Save command-line arguments
|
7.3.1 `_gfortran_set_args' -- Save command-line arguments
|
---------------------------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_args' saves the command-line arguments; this
|
`_gfortran_set_args' saves the command-line arguments; this
|
initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics
|
initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics
|
is called. Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is
|
is called. Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is
|
enabled (see `_gfortran_set_options').
|
enabled (see `_gfortran_set_options').
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[])'
|
`void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARGC number of command line argument strings
|
ARGC number of command line argument strings
|
ARGV the command-line argument strings; argv[0] is
|
ARGV the command-line argument strings; argv[0] is
|
the pathname of the executable itself.
|
the pathname of the executable itself.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
{
|
{
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_options, Next: _gfortran_set_convert, Prev: _gfortran_set_args, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_options, Next: _gfortran_set_convert, Prev: _gfortran_set_args, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.2 `_gfortran_set_options' -- Set library option flags
|
7.3.2 `_gfortran_set_options' -- Set library option flags
|
---------------------------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_options' sets several flags related to the Fortran
|
`_gfortran_set_options' sets several flags related to the Fortran
|
standard to be used, whether backtracing or core dumps should be
|
standard to be used, whether backtracing or core dumps should be
|
enabled and whether range checks should be performed. The syntax
|
enabled and whether range checks should be performed. The syntax
|
allows for upward compatibility since the number of passed flags
|
allows for upward compatibility since the number of passed flags
|
is specified; for non-passed flags, the default value is used. See
|
is specified; for non-passed flags, the default value is used. See
|
also *note Code Gen Options::. Please note that not all flags are
|
also *note Code Gen Options::. Please note that not all flags are
|
actually used.
|
actually used.
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])'
|
`void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NUM number of options passed
|
NUM number of options passed
|
ARGV The list of flag values
|
ARGV The list of flag values
|
|
|
_option flag list_:
|
_option flag list_:
|
OPTION[0] Allowed standard; can give run-time errors if
|
OPTION[0] Allowed standard; can give run-time errors if
|
e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is
|
e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is
|
invalid in a given standard. Possible values
|
invalid in a given standard. Possible values
|
are (bitwise or-ed) `GFC_STD_F77' (1),
|
are (bitwise or-ed) `GFC_STD_F77' (1),
|
`GFC_STD_F95_OBS' (2), `GFC_STD_F95_DEL' (4),
|
`GFC_STD_F95_OBS' (2), `GFC_STD_F95_DEL' (4),
|
`GFC_STD_F95' (8), `GFC_STD_F2003' (16),
|
`GFC_STD_F95' (8), `GFC_STD_F2003' (16),
|
`GFC_STD_GNU' (32), `GFC_STD_LEGACY' (64), and
|
`GFC_STD_GNU' (32), `GFC_STD_LEGACY' (64), and
|
`GFC_STD_F2008' (128). Default:
|
`GFC_STD_F2008' (128). Default:
|
`GFC_STD_F95_OBS | GFC_STD_F95_DEL |
|
`GFC_STD_F95_OBS | GFC_STD_F95_DEL |
|
GFC_STD_F2003 | GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F95 |
|
GFC_STD_F2003 | GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F95 |
|
GFC_STD_F77 | GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY'.
|
GFC_STD_F77 | GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY'.
|
OPTION[1] Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to
|
OPTION[1] Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to
|
standard error. Default: `GFC_STD_F95_DEL |
|
standard error. Default: `GFC_STD_F95_DEL |
|
GFC_STD_LEGACY'.
|
GFC_STD_LEGACY'.
|
OPTION[2] If non zero, enable pedantic checking.
|
OPTION[2] If non zero, enable pedantic checking.
|
Default: off.
|
Default: off.
|
OPTION[3] If non zero, enable core dumps on run-time
|
OPTION[3] If non zero, enable core dumps on run-time
|
errors. Default: off.
|
errors. Default: off.
|
OPTION[4] If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time
|
OPTION[4] If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time
|
errors. Default: off. Note: Installs a signal
|
errors. Default: off. Note: Installs a signal
|
handler and requires command-line
|
handler and requires command-line
|
initialization using `_gfortran_set_args'.
|
initialization using `_gfortran_set_args'.
|
OPTION[5] If non zero, supports signed zeros. Default:
|
OPTION[5] If non zero, supports signed zeros. Default:
|
enabled.
|
enabled.
|
OPTION[6] Enables run-time checking. Possible values are
|
OPTION[6] Enables run-time checking. Possible values are
|
(bitwise or-ed): GFC_RTCHECK_BOUNDS (1),
|
(bitwise or-ed): GFC_RTCHECK_BOUNDS (1),
|
GFC_RTCHECK_ARRAY_TEMPS (2),
|
GFC_RTCHECK_ARRAY_TEMPS (2),
|
GFC_RTCHECK_RECURSION (4), GFC_RTCHECK_DO
|
GFC_RTCHECK_RECURSION (4), GFC_RTCHECK_DO
|
(16), GFC_RTCHECK_POINTER (32). Default:
|
(16), GFC_RTCHECK_POINTER (32). Default:
|
disabled.
|
disabled.
|
OPTION[7] If non zero, range checking is enabled.
|
OPTION[7] If non zero, range checking is enabled.
|
Default: enabled. See -frange-check (*note
|
Default: enabled. See -frange-check (*note
|
Code Gen Options::).
|
Code Gen Options::).
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
/* Use gfortran 4.5 default options. */
|
/* Use gfortran 4.5 default options. */
|
static int options[] = {68, 255, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1};
|
static int options[] = {68, 255, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1};
|
_gfortran_set_options (8, &options);
|
_gfortran_set_options (8, &options);
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_convert, Next: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Prev: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_convert, Next: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Prev: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.3 `_gfortran_set_convert' -- Set endian conversion
|
7.3.3 `_gfortran_set_convert' -- Set endian conversion
|
------------------------------------------------------
|
------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_convert' set the representation of data for
|
`_gfortran_set_convert' set the representation of data for
|
unformatted files.
|
unformatted files.
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)'
|
`void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
CONV Endian conversion, possible values:
|
CONV Endian conversion, possible values:
|
GFC_CONVERT_NATIVE (0, default),
|
GFC_CONVERT_NATIVE (0, default),
|
GFC_CONVERT_SWAP (1), GFC_CONVERT_BIG (2),
|
GFC_CONVERT_SWAP (1), GFC_CONVERT_BIG (2),
|
GFC_CONVERT_LITTLE (3).
|
GFC_CONVERT_LITTLE (3).
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
{
|
{
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_convert (1);
|
_gfortran_set_convert (1);
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Next: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Prev: _gfortran_set_convert, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Next: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Prev: _gfortran_set_convert, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.4 `_gfortran_set_record_marker' -- Set length of record markers
|
7.3.4 `_gfortran_set_record_marker' -- Set length of record markers
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_record_marker' sets the length of record markers
|
`_gfortran_set_record_marker' sets the length of record markers
|
for unformatted files.
|
for unformatted files.
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val)'
|
`void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VAL Length of the record marker; valid values are
|
VAL Length of the record marker; valid values are
|
4 and 8. Default is 4.
|
4 and 8. Default is 4.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
{
|
{
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_record_marker (8);
|
_gfortran_set_record_marker (8);
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.5 `_gfortran_set_fpe' -- Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised
|
7.3.5 `_gfortran_set_fpe' -- Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_fpe' sets the IEEE exceptions for which a Floating
|
`_gfortran_set_fpe' sets the IEEE exceptions for which a Floating
|
Point Exception (FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this will
|
Point Exception (FPE) should be raised. On most systems, this will
|
result in a SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being
|
result in a SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being
|
interrupted.
|
interrupted.
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)'
|
`void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
OPTION[0] IEEE exceptions. Possible values are (bitwise
|
OPTION[0] IEEE exceptions. Possible values are (bitwise
|
or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping,
|
or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping,
|
`GFC_FPE_INVALID' (1), `GFC_FPE_DENORMAL' (2),
|
`GFC_FPE_INVALID' (1), `GFC_FPE_DENORMAL' (2),
|
`GFC_FPE_ZERO' (4), `GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW' (8),
|
`GFC_FPE_ZERO' (4), `GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW' (8),
|
`GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW' (16), and
|
`GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW' (16), and
|
`GFC_FPE_PRECISION' (32).
|
`GFC_FPE_PRECISION' (32).
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
{
|
{
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
/* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0). */
|
/* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0). */
|
_gfortran_set_fpe (1);
|
_gfortran_set_fpe (1);
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Next: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Next: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program
|
|
|
7.3.6 `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' -- Set subrecord length
|
7.3.6 `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' -- Set subrecord length
|
------------------------------------------------------------------
|
------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' set the maximum length for a
|
`_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' set the maximum length for a
|
subrecord. This option only makes sense for testing and debugging
|
subrecord. This option only makes sense for testing and debugging
|
of unformatted I/O.
|
of unformatted I/O.
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val)'
|
`void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VAL the maximum length for a subrecord; the
|
VAL the maximum length for a subrecord; the
|
maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which
|
maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which
|
is also the default.
|
is also the default.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
|
{
|
{
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
/* Initialize libgfortran. */
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
|
_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8);
|
_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8);
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
}
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Procedures, Next: Intrinsic Modules, Prev: Extensions, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Procedures, Next: Intrinsic Modules, Prev: Extensions, Up: Top
|
|
|
8 Intrinsic Procedures
|
8 Intrinsic Procedures
|
**********************
|
**********************
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Introduction: Introduction to Intrinsics
|
* Introduction: Introduction to Intrinsics
|
* `ABORT': ABORT, Abort the program
|
* `ABORT': ABORT, Abort the program
|
* `ABS': ABS, Absolute value
|
* `ABS': ABS, Absolute value
|
* `ACCESS': ACCESS, Checks file access modes
|
* `ACCESS': ACCESS, Checks file access modes
|
* `ACHAR': ACHAR, Character in ASCII collating sequence
|
* `ACHAR': ACHAR, Character in ASCII collating sequence
|
* `ACOS': ACOS, Arccosine function
|
* `ACOS': ACOS, Arccosine function
|
* `ACOSH': ACOSH, Hyperbolic arccosine function
|
* `ACOSH': ACOSH, Hyperbolic arccosine function
|
* `ADJUSTL': ADJUSTL, Left adjust a string
|
* `ADJUSTL': ADJUSTL, Left adjust a string
|
* `ADJUSTR': ADJUSTR, Right adjust a string
|
* `ADJUSTR': ADJUSTR, Right adjust a string
|
* `AIMAG': AIMAG, Imaginary part of complex number
|
* `AIMAG': AIMAG, Imaginary part of complex number
|
* `AINT': AINT, Truncate to a whole number
|
* `AINT': AINT, Truncate to a whole number
|
* `ALARM': ALARM, Set an alarm clock
|
* `ALARM': ALARM, Set an alarm clock
|
* `ALL': ALL, Determine if all values are true
|
* `ALL': ALL, Determine if all values are true
|
* `ALLOCATED': ALLOCATED, Status of allocatable entity
|
* `ALLOCATED': ALLOCATED, Status of allocatable entity
|
* `AND': AND, Bitwise logical AND
|
* `AND': AND, Bitwise logical AND
|
* `ANINT': ANINT, Nearest whole number
|
* `ANINT': ANINT, Nearest whole number
|
* `ANY': ANY, Determine if any values are true
|
* `ANY': ANY, Determine if any values are true
|
* `ASIN': ASIN, Arcsine function
|
* `ASIN': ASIN, Arcsine function
|
* `ASINH': ASINH, Hyperbolic arcsine function
|
* `ASINH': ASINH, Hyperbolic arcsine function
|
* `ASSOCIATED': ASSOCIATED, Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair
|
* `ASSOCIATED': ASSOCIATED, Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair
|
* `ATAN': ATAN, Arctangent function
|
* `ATAN': ATAN, Arctangent function
|
* `ATAN2': ATAN2, Arctangent function
|
* `ATAN2': ATAN2, Arctangent function
|
* `ATANH': ATANH, Hyperbolic arctangent function
|
* `ATANH': ATANH, Hyperbolic arctangent function
|
* `BESSEL_J0': BESSEL_J0, Bessel function of the first kind of order 0
|
* `BESSEL_J0': BESSEL_J0, Bessel function of the first kind of order 0
|
* `BESSEL_J1': BESSEL_J1, Bessel function of the first kind of order 1
|
* `BESSEL_J1': BESSEL_J1, Bessel function of the first kind of order 1
|
* `BESSEL_JN': BESSEL_JN, Bessel function of the first kind
|
* `BESSEL_JN': BESSEL_JN, Bessel function of the first kind
|
* `BESSEL_Y0': BESSEL_Y0, Bessel function of the second kind of order 0
|
* `BESSEL_Y0': BESSEL_Y0, Bessel function of the second kind of order 0
|
* `BESSEL_Y1': BESSEL_Y1, Bessel function of the second kind of order 1
|
* `BESSEL_Y1': BESSEL_Y1, Bessel function of the second kind of order 1
|
* `BESSEL_YN': BESSEL_YN, Bessel function of the second kind
|
* `BESSEL_YN': BESSEL_YN, Bessel function of the second kind
|
* `BIT_SIZE': BIT_SIZE, Bit size inquiry function
|
* `BIT_SIZE': BIT_SIZE, Bit size inquiry function
|
* `BTEST': BTEST, Bit test function
|
* `BTEST': BTEST, Bit test function
|
* `C_ASSOCIATED': C_ASSOCIATED, Status of a C pointer
|
* `C_ASSOCIATED': C_ASSOCIATED, Status of a C pointer
|
* `C_F_POINTER': C_F_POINTER, Convert C into Fortran pointer
|
* `C_F_POINTER': C_F_POINTER, Convert C into Fortran pointer
|
* `C_F_PROCPOINTER': C_F_PROCPOINTER, Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer
|
* `C_F_PROCPOINTER': C_F_PROCPOINTER, Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer
|
* `C_FUNLOC': C_FUNLOC, Obtain the C address of a procedure
|
* `C_FUNLOC': C_FUNLOC, Obtain the C address of a procedure
|
* `C_LOC': C_LOC, Obtain the C address of an object
|
* `C_LOC': C_LOC, Obtain the C address of an object
|
* `C_SIZEOF': C_SIZEOF, Size in bytes of an expression
|
* `C_SIZEOF': C_SIZEOF, Size in bytes of an expression
|
* `CEILING': CEILING, Integer ceiling function
|
* `CEILING': CEILING, Integer ceiling function
|
* `CHAR': CHAR, Integer-to-character conversion function
|
* `CHAR': CHAR, Integer-to-character conversion function
|
* `CHDIR': CHDIR, Change working directory
|
* `CHDIR': CHDIR, Change working directory
|
* `CHMOD': CHMOD, Change access permissions of files
|
* `CHMOD': CHMOD, Change access permissions of files
|
* `CMPLX': CMPLX, Complex conversion function
|
* `CMPLX': CMPLX, Complex conversion function
|
* `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT': COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Get number of command line arguments
|
* `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT': COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Get number of command line arguments
|
* `COMPLEX': COMPLEX, Complex conversion function
|
* `COMPLEX': COMPLEX, Complex conversion function
|
* `CONJG': CONJG, Complex conjugate function
|
* `CONJG': CONJG, Complex conjugate function
|
* `COS': COS, Cosine function
|
* `COS': COS, Cosine function
|
* `COSH': COSH, Hyperbolic cosine function
|
* `COSH': COSH, Hyperbolic cosine function
|
* `COUNT': COUNT, Count occurrences of TRUE in an array
|
* `COUNT': COUNT, Count occurrences of TRUE in an array
|
* `CPU_TIME': CPU_TIME, CPU time subroutine
|
* `CPU_TIME': CPU_TIME, CPU time subroutine
|
* `CSHIFT': CSHIFT, Circular shift elements of an array
|
* `CSHIFT': CSHIFT, Circular shift elements of an array
|
* `CTIME': CTIME, Subroutine (or function) to convert a time into a string
|
* `CTIME': CTIME, Subroutine (or function) to convert a time into a string
|
* `DATE_AND_TIME': DATE_AND_TIME, Date and time subroutine
|
* `DATE_AND_TIME': DATE_AND_TIME, Date and time subroutine
|
* `DBLE': DBLE, Double precision conversion function
|
* `DBLE': DBLE, Double precision conversion function
|
* `DCMPLX': DCMPLX, Double complex conversion function
|
* `DCMPLX': DCMPLX, Double complex conversion function
|
* `DFLOAT': DFLOAT, Double precision conversion function
|
* `DFLOAT': DFLOAT, Double precision conversion function
|
* `DIGITS': DIGITS, Significant digits function
|
* `DIGITS': DIGITS, Significant digits function
|
* `DIM': DIM, Positive difference
|
* `DIM': DIM, Positive difference
|
* `DOT_PRODUCT': DOT_PRODUCT, Dot product function
|
* `DOT_PRODUCT': DOT_PRODUCT, Dot product function
|
* `DPROD': DPROD, Double product function
|
* `DPROD': DPROD, Double product function
|
* `DREAL': DREAL, Double real part function
|
* `DREAL': DREAL, Double real part function
|
* `DTIME': DTIME, Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
* `DTIME': DTIME, Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
* `EOSHIFT': EOSHIFT, End-off shift elements of an array
|
* `EOSHIFT': EOSHIFT, End-off shift elements of an array
|
* `EPSILON': EPSILON, Epsilon function
|
* `EPSILON': EPSILON, Epsilon function
|
* `ERF': ERF, Error function
|
* `ERF': ERF, Error function
|
* `ERFC': ERFC, Complementary error function
|
* `ERFC': ERFC, Complementary error function
|
* `ERFC_SCALED': ERFC_SCALED, Exponentially-scaled complementary error function
|
* `ERFC_SCALED': ERFC_SCALED, Exponentially-scaled complementary error function
|
* `ETIME': ETIME, Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
* `ETIME': ETIME, Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
* `EXIT': EXIT, Exit the program with status.
|
* `EXIT': EXIT, Exit the program with status.
|
* `EXP': EXP, Exponential function
|
* `EXP': EXP, Exponential function
|
* `EXPONENT': EXPONENT, Exponent function
|
* `EXPONENT': EXPONENT, Exponent function
|
* `FDATE': FDATE, Subroutine (or function) to get the current time as a string
|
* `FDATE': FDATE, Subroutine (or function) to get the current time as a string
|
* `FGET': FGET, Read a single character in stream mode from stdin
|
* `FGET': FGET, Read a single character in stream mode from stdin
|
* `FGETC': FGETC, Read a single character in stream mode
|
* `FGETC': FGETC, Read a single character in stream mode
|
* `FLOAT': FLOAT, Convert integer to default real
|
* `FLOAT': FLOAT, Convert integer to default real
|
* `FLOOR': FLOOR, Integer floor function
|
* `FLOOR': FLOOR, Integer floor function
|
* `FLUSH': FLUSH, Flush I/O unit(s)
|
* `FLUSH': FLUSH, Flush I/O unit(s)
|
* `FNUM': FNUM, File number function
|
* `FNUM': FNUM, File number function
|
* `FPUT': FPUT, Write a single character in stream mode to stdout
|
* `FPUT': FPUT, Write a single character in stream mode to stdout
|
* `FPUTC': FPUTC, Write a single character in stream mode
|
* `FPUTC': FPUTC, Write a single character in stream mode
|
* `FRACTION': FRACTION, Fractional part of the model representation
|
* `FRACTION': FRACTION, Fractional part of the model representation
|
* `FREE': FREE, Memory de-allocation subroutine
|
* `FREE': FREE, Memory de-allocation subroutine
|
* `FSEEK': FSEEK, Low level file positioning subroutine
|
* `FSEEK': FSEEK, Low level file positioning subroutine
|
* `FSTAT': FSTAT, Get file status
|
* `FSTAT': FSTAT, Get file status
|
* `FTELL': FTELL, Current stream position
|
* `FTELL': FTELL, Current stream position
|
* `GAMMA': GAMMA, Gamma function
|
* `GAMMA': GAMMA, Gamma function
|
* `GERROR': GERROR, Get last system error message
|
* `GERROR': GERROR, Get last system error message
|
* `GETARG': GETARG, Get command line arguments
|
* `GETARG': GETARG, Get command line arguments
|
* `GET_COMMAND': GET_COMMAND, Get the entire command line
|
* `GET_COMMAND': GET_COMMAND, Get the entire command line
|
* `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT': GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Get command line arguments
|
* `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT': GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Get command line arguments
|
* `GETCWD': GETCWD, Get current working directory
|
* `GETCWD': GETCWD, Get current working directory
|
* `GETENV': GETENV, Get an environmental variable
|
* `GETENV': GETENV, Get an environmental variable
|
* `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE': GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Get an environmental variable
|
* `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE': GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Get an environmental variable
|
* `GETGID': GETGID, Group ID function
|
* `GETGID': GETGID, Group ID function
|
* `GETLOG': GETLOG, Get login name
|
* `GETLOG': GETLOG, Get login name
|
* `GETPID': GETPID, Process ID function
|
* `GETPID': GETPID, Process ID function
|
* `GETUID': GETUID, User ID function
|
* `GETUID': GETUID, User ID function
|
* `GMTIME': GMTIME, Convert time to GMT info
|
* `GMTIME': GMTIME, Convert time to GMT info
|
* `HOSTNM': HOSTNM, Get system host name
|
* `HOSTNM': HOSTNM, Get system host name
|
* `HUGE': HUGE, Largest number of a kind
|
* `HUGE': HUGE, Largest number of a kind
|
* `HYPOT': HYPOT, Euclidian distance function
|
* `HYPOT': HYPOT, Euclidian distance function
|
* `IACHAR': IACHAR, Code in ASCII collating sequence
|
* `IACHAR': IACHAR, Code in ASCII collating sequence
|
* `IAND': IAND, Bitwise logical and
|
* `IAND': IAND, Bitwise logical and
|
* `IARGC': IARGC, Get the number of command line arguments
|
* `IARGC': IARGC, Get the number of command line arguments
|
* `IBCLR': IBCLR, Clear bit
|
* `IBCLR': IBCLR, Clear bit
|
* `IBITS': IBITS, Bit extraction
|
* `IBITS': IBITS, Bit extraction
|
* `IBSET': IBSET, Set bit
|
* `IBSET': IBSET, Set bit
|
* `ICHAR': ICHAR, Character-to-integer conversion function
|
* `ICHAR': ICHAR, Character-to-integer conversion function
|
* `IDATE': IDATE, Current local time (day/month/year)
|
* `IDATE': IDATE, Current local time (day/month/year)
|
* `IEOR': IEOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
* `IEOR': IEOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
* `IERRNO': IERRNO, Function to get the last system error number
|
* `IERRNO': IERRNO, Function to get the last system error number
|
* `INDEX': INDEX intrinsic, Position of a substring within a string
|
* `INDEX': INDEX intrinsic, Position of a substring within a string
|
* `INT': INT, Convert to integer type
|
* `INT': INT, Convert to integer type
|
* `INT2': INT2, Convert to 16-bit integer type
|
* `INT2': INT2, Convert to 16-bit integer type
|
* `INT8': INT8, Convert to 64-bit integer type
|
* `INT8': INT8, Convert to 64-bit integer type
|
* `IOR': IOR, Bitwise logical or
|
* `IOR': IOR, Bitwise logical or
|
* `IRAND': IRAND, Integer pseudo-random number
|
* `IRAND': IRAND, Integer pseudo-random number
|
* `IS_IOSTAT_END': IS_IOSTAT_END, Test for end-of-file value
|
* `IS_IOSTAT_END': IS_IOSTAT_END, Test for end-of-file value
|
* `IS_IOSTAT_EOR': IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Test for end-of-record value
|
* `IS_IOSTAT_EOR': IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Test for end-of-record value
|
* `ISATTY': ISATTY, Whether a unit is a terminal device
|
* `ISATTY': ISATTY, Whether a unit is a terminal device
|
* `ISHFT': ISHFT, Shift bits
|
* `ISHFT': ISHFT, Shift bits
|
* `ISHFTC': ISHFTC, Shift bits circularly
|
* `ISHFTC': ISHFTC, Shift bits circularly
|
* `ISNAN': ISNAN, Tests for a NaN
|
* `ISNAN': ISNAN, Tests for a NaN
|
* `ITIME': ITIME, Current local time (hour/minutes/seconds)
|
* `ITIME': ITIME, Current local time (hour/minutes/seconds)
|
* `KILL': KILL, Send a signal to a process
|
* `KILL': KILL, Send a signal to a process
|
* `KIND': KIND, Kind of an entity
|
* `KIND': KIND, Kind of an entity
|
* `LBOUND': LBOUND, Lower dimension bounds of an array
|
* `LBOUND': LBOUND, Lower dimension bounds of an array
|
* `LEADZ': LEADZ, Number of leading zero bits of an integer
|
* `LEADZ': LEADZ, Number of leading zero bits of an integer
|
* `LEN': LEN, Length of a character entity
|
* `LEN': LEN, Length of a character entity
|
* `LEN_TRIM': LEN_TRIM, Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters
|
* `LEN_TRIM': LEN_TRIM, Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters
|
* `LGE': LGE, Lexical greater than or equal
|
* `LGE': LGE, Lexical greater than or equal
|
* `LGT': LGT, Lexical greater than
|
* `LGT': LGT, Lexical greater than
|
* `LINK': LINK, Create a hard link
|
* `LINK': LINK, Create a hard link
|
* `LLE': LLE, Lexical less than or equal
|
* `LLE': LLE, Lexical less than or equal
|
* `LLT': LLT, Lexical less than
|
* `LLT': LLT, Lexical less than
|
* `LNBLNK': LNBLNK, Index of the last non-blank character in a string
|
* `LNBLNK': LNBLNK, Index of the last non-blank character in a string
|
* `LOC': LOC, Returns the address of a variable
|
* `LOC': LOC, Returns the address of a variable
|
* `LOG': LOG, Logarithm function
|
* `LOG': LOG, Logarithm function
|
* `LOG10': LOG10, Base 10 logarithm function
|
* `LOG10': LOG10, Base 10 logarithm function
|
* `LOG_GAMMA': LOG_GAMMA, Logarithm of the Gamma function
|
* `LOG_GAMMA': LOG_GAMMA, Logarithm of the Gamma function
|
* `LOGICAL': LOGICAL, Convert to logical type
|
* `LOGICAL': LOGICAL, Convert to logical type
|
* `LONG': LONG, Convert to integer type
|
* `LONG': LONG, Convert to integer type
|
* `LSHIFT': LSHIFT, Left shift bits
|
* `LSHIFT': LSHIFT, Left shift bits
|
* `LSTAT': LSTAT, Get file status
|
* `LSTAT': LSTAT, Get file status
|
* `LTIME': LTIME, Convert time to local time info
|
* `LTIME': LTIME, Convert time to local time info
|
* `MALLOC': MALLOC, Dynamic memory allocation function
|
* `MALLOC': MALLOC, Dynamic memory allocation function
|
* `MATMUL': MATMUL, matrix multiplication
|
* `MATMUL': MATMUL, matrix multiplication
|
* `MAX': MAX, Maximum value of an argument list
|
* `MAX': MAX, Maximum value of an argument list
|
* `MAXEXPONENT': MAXEXPONENT, Maximum exponent of a real kind
|
* `MAXEXPONENT': MAXEXPONENT, Maximum exponent of a real kind
|
* `MAXLOC': MAXLOC, Location of the maximum value within an array
|
* `MAXLOC': MAXLOC, Location of the maximum value within an array
|
* `MAXVAL': MAXVAL, Maximum value of an array
|
* `MAXVAL': MAXVAL, Maximum value of an array
|
* `MCLOCK': MCLOCK, Time function
|
* `MCLOCK': MCLOCK, Time function
|
* `MCLOCK8': MCLOCK8, Time function (64-bit)
|
* `MCLOCK8': MCLOCK8, Time function (64-bit)
|
* `MERGE': MERGE, Merge arrays
|
* `MERGE': MERGE, Merge arrays
|
* `MIN': MIN, Minimum value of an argument list
|
* `MIN': MIN, Minimum value of an argument list
|
* `MINEXPONENT': MINEXPONENT, Minimum exponent of a real kind
|
* `MINEXPONENT': MINEXPONENT, Minimum exponent of a real kind
|
* `MINLOC': MINLOC, Location of the minimum value within an array
|
* `MINLOC': MINLOC, Location of the minimum value within an array
|
* `MINVAL': MINVAL, Minimum value of an array
|
* `MINVAL': MINVAL, Minimum value of an array
|
* `MOD': MOD, Remainder function
|
* `MOD': MOD, Remainder function
|
* `MODULO': MODULO, Modulo function
|
* `MODULO': MODULO, Modulo function
|
* `MOVE_ALLOC': MOVE_ALLOC, Move allocation from one object to another
|
* `MOVE_ALLOC': MOVE_ALLOC, Move allocation from one object to another
|
* `MVBITS': MVBITS, Move bits from one integer to another
|
* `MVBITS': MVBITS, Move bits from one integer to another
|
* `NEAREST': NEAREST, Nearest representable number
|
* `NEAREST': NEAREST, Nearest representable number
|
* `NEW_LINE': NEW_LINE, New line character
|
* `NEW_LINE': NEW_LINE, New line character
|
* `NINT': NINT, Nearest whole number
|
* `NINT': NINT, Nearest whole number
|
* `NOT': NOT, Logical negation
|
* `NOT': NOT, Logical negation
|
* `NULL': NULL, Function that returns an disassociated pointer
|
* `NULL': NULL, Function that returns an disassociated pointer
|
* `OR': OR, Bitwise logical OR
|
* `OR': OR, Bitwise logical OR
|
* `PACK': PACK, Pack an array into an array of rank one
|
* `PACK': PACK, Pack an array into an array of rank one
|
* `PERROR': PERROR, Print system error message
|
* `PERROR': PERROR, Print system error message
|
* `PRECISION': PRECISION, Decimal precision of a real kind
|
* `PRECISION': PRECISION, Decimal precision of a real kind
|
* `PRESENT': PRESENT, Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified
|
* `PRESENT': PRESENT, Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified
|
* `PRODUCT': PRODUCT, Product of array elements
|
* `PRODUCT': PRODUCT, Product of array elements
|
* `RADIX': RADIX, Base of a data model
|
* `RADIX': RADIX, Base of a data model
|
* `RANDOM_NUMBER': RANDOM_NUMBER, Pseudo-random number
|
* `RANDOM_NUMBER': RANDOM_NUMBER, Pseudo-random number
|
* `RANDOM_SEED': RANDOM_SEED, Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence
|
* `RANDOM_SEED': RANDOM_SEED, Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence
|
* `RAND': RAND, Real pseudo-random number
|
* `RAND': RAND, Real pseudo-random number
|
* `RANGE': RANGE, Decimal exponent range
|
* `RANGE': RANGE, Decimal exponent range
|
* `RAN': RAN, Real pseudo-random number
|
* `RAN': RAN, Real pseudo-random number
|
* `REAL': REAL, Convert to real type
|
* `REAL': REAL, Convert to real type
|
* `RENAME': RENAME, Rename a file
|
* `RENAME': RENAME, Rename a file
|
* `REPEAT': REPEAT, Repeated string concatenation
|
* `REPEAT': REPEAT, Repeated string concatenation
|
* `RESHAPE': RESHAPE, Function to reshape an array
|
* `RESHAPE': RESHAPE, Function to reshape an array
|
* `RRSPACING': RRSPACING, Reciprocal of the relative spacing
|
* `RRSPACING': RRSPACING, Reciprocal of the relative spacing
|
* `RSHIFT': RSHIFT, Right shift bits
|
* `RSHIFT': RSHIFT, Right shift bits
|
* `SCALE': SCALE, Scale a real value
|
* `SCALE': SCALE, Scale a real value
|
* `SCAN': SCAN, Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters
|
* `SCAN': SCAN, Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters
|
* `SECNDS': SECNDS, Time function
|
* `SECNDS': SECNDS, Time function
|
* `SECOND': SECOND, CPU time function
|
* `SECOND': SECOND, CPU time function
|
* `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND': SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Choose character kind
|
* `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND': SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Choose character kind
|
* `SELECTED_INT_KIND': SELECTED_INT_KIND, Choose integer kind
|
* `SELECTED_INT_KIND': SELECTED_INT_KIND, Choose integer kind
|
* `SELECTED_REAL_KIND': SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Choose real kind
|
* `SELECTED_REAL_KIND': SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Choose real kind
|
* `SET_EXPONENT': SET_EXPONENT, Set the exponent of the model
|
* `SET_EXPONENT': SET_EXPONENT, Set the exponent of the model
|
* `SHAPE': SHAPE, Determine the shape of an array
|
* `SHAPE': SHAPE, Determine the shape of an array
|
* `SIGN': SIGN, Sign copying function
|
* `SIGN': SIGN, Sign copying function
|
* `SIGNAL': SIGNAL, Signal handling subroutine (or function)
|
* `SIGNAL': SIGNAL, Signal handling subroutine (or function)
|
* `SIN': SIN, Sine function
|
* `SIN': SIN, Sine function
|
* `SINH': SINH, Hyperbolic sine function
|
* `SINH': SINH, Hyperbolic sine function
|
* `SIZE': SIZE, Function to determine the size of an array
|
* `SIZE': SIZE, Function to determine the size of an array
|
* `SIZEOF': SIZEOF, Determine the size in bytes of an expression
|
* `SIZEOF': SIZEOF, Determine the size in bytes of an expression
|
* `SLEEP': SLEEP, Sleep for the specified number of seconds
|
* `SLEEP': SLEEP, Sleep for the specified number of seconds
|
* `SNGL': SNGL, Convert double precision real to default real
|
* `SNGL': SNGL, Convert double precision real to default real
|
* `SPACING': SPACING, Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type
|
* `SPACING': SPACING, Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type
|
* `SPREAD': SPREAD, Add a dimension to an array
|
* `SPREAD': SPREAD, Add a dimension to an array
|
* `SQRT': SQRT, Square-root function
|
* `SQRT': SQRT, Square-root function
|
* `SRAND': SRAND, Reinitialize the random number generator
|
* `SRAND': SRAND, Reinitialize the random number generator
|
* `STAT': STAT, Get file status
|
* `STAT': STAT, Get file status
|
* `SUM': SUM, Sum of array elements
|
* `SUM': SUM, Sum of array elements
|
* `SYMLNK': SYMLNK, Create a symbolic link
|
* `SYMLNK': SYMLNK, Create a symbolic link
|
* `SYSTEM': SYSTEM, Execute a shell command
|
* `SYSTEM': SYSTEM, Execute a shell command
|
* `SYSTEM_CLOCK': SYSTEM_CLOCK, Time function
|
* `SYSTEM_CLOCK': SYSTEM_CLOCK, Time function
|
* `TAN': TAN, Tangent function
|
* `TAN': TAN, Tangent function
|
* `TANH': TANH, Hyperbolic tangent function
|
* `TANH': TANH, Hyperbolic tangent function
|
* `TIME': TIME, Time function
|
* `TIME': TIME, Time function
|
* `TIME8': TIME8, Time function (64-bit)
|
* `TIME8': TIME8, Time function (64-bit)
|
* `TINY': TINY, Smallest positive number of a real kind
|
* `TINY': TINY, Smallest positive number of a real kind
|
* `TRAILZ': TRAILZ, Number of trailing zero bits of an integer
|
* `TRAILZ': TRAILZ, Number of trailing zero bits of an integer
|
* `TRANSFER': TRANSFER, Transfer bit patterns
|
* `TRANSFER': TRANSFER, Transfer bit patterns
|
* `TRANSPOSE': TRANSPOSE, Transpose an array of rank two
|
* `TRANSPOSE': TRANSPOSE, Transpose an array of rank two
|
* `TRIM': TRIM, Remove trailing blank characters of a string
|
* `TRIM': TRIM, Remove trailing blank characters of a string
|
* `TTYNAM': TTYNAM, Get the name of a terminal device.
|
* `TTYNAM': TTYNAM, Get the name of a terminal device.
|
* `UBOUND': UBOUND, Upper dimension bounds of an array
|
* `UBOUND': UBOUND, Upper dimension bounds of an array
|
* `UMASK': UMASK, Set the file creation mask
|
* `UMASK': UMASK, Set the file creation mask
|
* `UNLINK': UNLINK, Remove a file from the file system
|
* `UNLINK': UNLINK, Remove a file from the file system
|
* `UNPACK': UNPACK, Unpack an array of rank one into an array
|
* `UNPACK': UNPACK, Unpack an array of rank one into an array
|
* `VERIFY': VERIFY, Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters
|
* `VERIFY': VERIFY, Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters
|
* `XOR': XOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
* `XOR': XOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction to Intrinsics, Next: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction to Intrinsics, Next: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures
|
8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
The intrinsic procedures provided by GNU Fortran include all of the
|
The intrinsic procedures provided by GNU Fortran include all of the
|
intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of
|
intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of
|
intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with G77, and a
|
intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with G77, and a
|
selection of intrinsic procedures from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008
|
selection of intrinsic procedures from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008
|
standards. Any conflict between a description here and a description in
|
standards. Any conflict between a description here and a description in
|
either the Fortran 95 standard, the Fortran 2003 standard or the Fortran
|
either the Fortran 95 standard, the Fortran 2003 standard or the Fortran
|
2008 standard is unintentional, and the standard(s) should be considered
|
2008 standard is unintentional, and the standard(s) should be considered
|
authoritative.
|
authoritative.
|
|
|
The enumeration of the `KIND' type parameter is processor defined in
|
The enumeration of the `KIND' type parameter is processor defined in
|
the Fortran 95 standard. GNU Fortran defines the default integer type
|
the Fortran 95 standard. GNU Fortran defines the default integer type
|
and default real type by `INTEGER(KIND=4)' and `REAL(KIND=4)',
|
and default real type by `INTEGER(KIND=4)' and `REAL(KIND=4)',
|
respectively. The standard mandates that both data types shall have
|
respectively. The standard mandates that both data types shall have
|
another kind, which have more precision. On typical target
|
another kind, which have more precision. On typical target
|
architectures supported by `gfortran', this kind type parameter is
|
architectures supported by `gfortran', this kind type parameter is
|
`KIND=8'. Hence, `REAL(KIND=8)' and `DOUBLE PRECISION' are equivalent.
|
`KIND=8'. Hence, `REAL(KIND=8)' and `DOUBLE PRECISION' are equivalent.
|
In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type
|
In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type
|
parameter will be specified by `KIND=*', and in the description of
|
parameter will be specified by `KIND=*', and in the description of
|
specific names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will
|
specific names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will
|
be explicitly given (e.g., `REAL(KIND=4)' or `REAL(KIND=8)'). Finally,
|
be explicitly given (e.g., `REAL(KIND=4)' or `REAL(KIND=8)'). Finally,
|
for brevity the optional `KIND=' syntax will be omitted.
|
for brevity the optional `KIND=' syntax will be omitted.
|
|
|
Many of the intrinsic procedures take one or more optional arguments.
|
Many of the intrinsic procedures take one or more optional arguments.
|
This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard,
|
This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard,
|
and denotes such arguments by square brackets.
|
and denotes such arguments by square brackets.
|
|
|
GNU Fortran offers the `-std=f95' and `-std=gnu' options, which can
|
GNU Fortran offers the `-std=f95' and `-std=gnu' options, which can
|
be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a given
|
be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a given
|
standard. By default, `gfortran' sets the `-std=gnu' option, and so
|
standard. By default, `gfortran' sets the `-std=gnu' option, and so
|
all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted. There is one
|
all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted. There is one
|
caveat. For a select group of intrinsic procedures, `g77' implemented
|
caveat. For a select group of intrinsic procedures, `g77' implemented
|
both a function and a subroutine. Both classes have been implemented
|
both a function and a subroutine. Both classes have been implemented
|
in `gfortran' for backwards compatibility with `g77'. It is noted here
|
in `gfortran' for backwards compatibility with `g77'. It is noted here
|
that these functions and subroutines cannot be intermixed in a given
|
that these functions and subroutines cannot be intermixed in a given
|
subprogram. In the descriptions that follow, the applicable standard
|
subprogram. In the descriptions that follow, the applicable standard
|
for each intrinsic procedure is noted.
|
for each intrinsic procedure is noted.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ABORT, Next: ABS, Prev: Introduction to Intrinsics, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ABORT, Next: ABS, Prev: Introduction to Intrinsics, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.2 `ABORT' -- Abort the program
|
8.2 `ABORT' -- Abort the program
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ABORT' causes immediate termination of the program. On operating
|
`ABORT' causes immediate termination of the program. On operating
|
systems that support a core dump, `ABORT' will produce a core dump
|
systems that support a core dump, `ABORT' will produce a core dump
|
even if the option `-fno-dump-core' is in effect, which is
|
even if the option `-fno-dump-core' is in effect, which is
|
suitable for debugging purposes.
|
suitable for debugging purposes.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL ABORT'
|
`CALL ABORT'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Does not return.
|
Does not return.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_abort
|
program test_abort
|
integer :: i = 1, j = 2
|
integer :: i = 1, j = 2
|
if (i /= j) call abort
|
if (i /= j) call abort
|
end program test_abort
|
end program test_abort
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note EXIT::, *note KILL::
|
*note EXIT::, *note KILL::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ABS, Next: ACCESS, Prev: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ABS, Next: ACCESS, Prev: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.3 `ABS' -- Absolute value
|
8.3 `ABS' -- Absolute value
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ABS(A)' computes the absolute value of `A'.
|
`ABS(A)' computes the absolute value of `A'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ABS(A)'
|
`RESULT = ABS(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type of the argument shall be an `INTEGER',
|
A The type of the argument shall be an `INTEGER',
|
`REAL', or `COMPLEX'.
|
`REAL', or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument
|
except the return value is `REAL' for a `COMPLEX' argument.
|
except the return value is `REAL' for a `COMPLEX' argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_abs
|
program test_abs
|
integer :: i = -1
|
integer :: i = -1
|
real :: x = -1.e0
|
real :: x = -1.e0
|
complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0)
|
complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0)
|
i = abs(i)
|
i = abs(i)
|
x = abs(x)
|
x = abs(x)
|
x = abs(z)
|
x = abs(z)
|
end program test_abs
|
end program test_abs
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`CABS(A)' `COMPLEX(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`CABS(A)' `COMPLEX(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
Z' later
|
Z' later
|
`DABS(A)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DABS(A)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`IABS(A)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`IABS(A)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
I' later
|
I' later
|
`ZABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`ZABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
Z'
|
Z'
|
`CDABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`CDABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
Z'
|
Z'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACCESS, Next: ACHAR, Prev: ABS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACCESS, Next: ACHAR, Prev: ABS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.4 `ACCESS' -- Checks file access modes
|
8.4 `ACCESS' -- Checks file access modes
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' checks whether the file NAME exists, is
|
`ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' checks whether the file NAME exists, is
|
readable, writable or executable. Except for the executable check,
|
readable, writable or executable. Except for the executable check,
|
`ACCESS' can be replaced by Fortran 95's `INQUIRE'.
|
`ACCESS' can be replaced by Fortran 95's `INQUIRE'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ACCESS(NAME, MODE)'
|
`RESULT = ACCESS(NAME, MODE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
file name. Tailing blank are ignored unless
|
file name. Tailing blank are ignored unless
|
the character `achar(0)' is present, then all
|
the character `achar(0)' is present, then all
|
characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are
|
characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are
|
used as file name.
|
used as file name.
|
MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
file access mode, may be any concatenation of
|
file access mode, may be any concatenation of
|
`"r"' (readable), `"w"' (writable) and `"x"'
|
`"r"' (readable), `"w"' (writable) and `"x"'
|
(executable), or `" "' to check for existence.
|
(executable), or `" "' to check for existence.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns a scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' if the file is accessible
|
Returns a scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' if the file is accessible
|
in the given mode; otherwise or if an invalid argument has been
|
in the given mode; otherwise or if an invalid argument has been
|
given for `MODE' the value `1' is returned.
|
given for `MODE' the value `1' is returned.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program access_test
|
program access_test
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
character(len=*), parameter :: file = 'test.dat'
|
character(len=*), parameter :: file = 'test.dat'
|
character(len=*), parameter :: file2 = 'test.dat '//achar(0)
|
character(len=*), parameter :: file2 = 'test.dat '//achar(0)
|
if(access(file,' ') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is exists'
|
if(access(file,' ') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is exists'
|
if(access(file,'r') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is readable'
|
if(access(file,'r') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is readable'
|
if(access(file,'w') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is writable'
|
if(access(file,'w') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is writable'
|
if(access(file,'x') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is executable'
|
if(access(file,'x') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is executable'
|
if(access(file2,'rwx') == 0) &
|
if(access(file2,'rwx') == 0) &
|
print *, trim(file2),' is readable, writable and executable'
|
print *, trim(file2),' is readable, writable and executable'
|
end program access_test
|
end program access_test
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACHAR, Next: ACOS, Prev: ACCESS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACHAR, Next: ACOS, Prev: ACCESS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.5 `ACHAR' -- Character in ASCII collating sequence
|
8.5 `ACHAR' -- Character in ASCII collating sequence
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ACHAR(I)' returns the character located at position `I' in the
|
`ACHAR(I)' returns the character located at position `I' in the
|
ASCII collating sequence.
|
ASCII collating sequence.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ACHAR(I [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = ACHAR(I [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' with a length of one. If
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' with a length of one. If
|
the KIND argument is present, the return value is of the specified
|
the KIND argument is present, the return value is of the specified
|
kind and of the default kind otherwise.
|
kind and of the default kind otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_achar
|
program test_achar
|
character c
|
character c
|
c = achar(32)
|
c = achar(32)
|
end program test_achar
|
end program test_achar
|
|
|
_Note_:
|
_Note_:
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
*note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOS, Next: ACOSH, Prev: ACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOS, Next: ACOSH, Prev: ACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.6 `ACOS' -- Arccosine function
|
8.6 `ACOS' -- Arccosine function
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ACOS(X)' computes the arccosine of X (inverse of `COS(X)').
|
`ACOS(X)' computes the arccosine of X (inverse of `COS(X)').
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ACOS(X)'
|
`RESULT = ACOS(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall either be `REAL' with a
|
X The type shall either be `REAL' with a
|
magnitude that is less than or equal to one -
|
magnitude that is less than or equal to one -
|
or the type shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
or the type shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
of the result is in radians and lies in the range 0 \leq \Re
|
of the result is in radians and lies in the range 0 \leq \Re
|
\acos(x) \leq \pi.
|
\acos(x) \leq \pi.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_acos
|
program test_acos
|
real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
|
x = acos(x)
|
x = acos(x)
|
end program test_acos
|
end program test_acos
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DACOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DACOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note COS::
|
Inverse function: *note COS::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOSH, Next: ADJUSTL, Prev: ACOS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOSH, Next: ADJUSTL, Prev: ACOS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.7 `ACOSH' -- Hyperbolic arccosine function
|
8.7 `ACOSH' -- Hyperbolic arccosine function
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ACOSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arccosine of X (inverse of
|
`ACOSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arccosine of X (inverse of
|
`COSH(X)').
|
`COSH(X)').
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ACOSH(X)'
|
`RESULT = ACOSH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has the same type and kind as X. If X is complex,
|
The return value has the same type and kind as X. If X is complex,
|
the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between 0
|
the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between 0
|
\leq \Im \acosh(x) \leq \pi.
|
\leq \Im \acosh(x) \leq \pi.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_acosh
|
PROGRAM test_acosh
|
REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /)
|
REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /)
|
WRITE (*,*) ACOSH(x)
|
WRITE (*,*) ACOSH(x)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DACOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DACOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note COSH::
|
Inverse function: *note COSH::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTL, Next: ADJUSTR, Prev: ACOSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTL, Next: ADJUSTR, Prev: ACOSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.8 `ADJUSTL' -- Left adjust a string
|
8.8 `ADJUSTL' -- Left adjust a string
|
=====================================
|
=====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ADJUSTL(STRING)' will left adjust a string by removing leading
|
`ADJUSTL(STRING)' will left adjust a string by removing leading
|
spaces. Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed.
|
spaces. Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 90 and later
|
Fortran 90 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ADJUSTL(STRING)'
|
`RESULT = ADJUSTL(STRING)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING The type shall be `CHARACTER'.
|
STRING The type shall be `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as
|
STRING where leading spaces are removed and the same number of
|
STRING where leading spaces are removed and the same number of
|
spaces are inserted on the end of STRING.
|
spaces are inserted on the end of STRING.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_adjustl
|
program test_adjustl
|
character(len=20) :: str = ' gfortran'
|
character(len=20) :: str = ' gfortran'
|
str = adjustl(str)
|
str = adjustl(str)
|
print *, str
|
print *, str
|
end program test_adjustl
|
end program test_adjustl
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ADJUSTR::, *note TRIM::
|
*note ADJUSTR::, *note TRIM::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTR, Next: AIMAG, Prev: ADJUSTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTR, Next: AIMAG, Prev: ADJUSTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.9 `ADJUSTR' -- Right adjust a string
|
8.9 `ADJUSTR' -- Right adjust a string
|
======================================
|
======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ADJUSTR(STRING)' will right adjust a string by removing trailing
|
`ADJUSTR(STRING)' will right adjust a string by removing trailing
|
spaces. Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed.
|
spaces. Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ADJUSTR(STRING)'
|
`RESULT = ADJUSTR(STRING)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STR The type shall be `CHARACTER'.
|
STR The type shall be `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as
|
STRING where trailing spaces are removed and the same number of
|
STRING where trailing spaces are removed and the same number of
|
spaces are inserted at the start of STRING.
|
spaces are inserted at the start of STRING.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_adjustr
|
program test_adjustr
|
character(len=20) :: str = 'gfortran'
|
character(len=20) :: str = 'gfortran'
|
str = adjustr(str)
|
str = adjustr(str)
|
print *, str
|
print *, str
|
end program test_adjustr
|
end program test_adjustr
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ADJUSTL::, *note TRIM::
|
*note ADJUSTL::, *note TRIM::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AIMAG, Next: AINT, Prev: ADJUSTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AIMAG, Next: AINT, Prev: ADJUSTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.10 `AIMAG' -- Imaginary part of complex number
|
8.10 `AIMAG' -- Imaginary part of complex number
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`AIMAG(Z)' yields the imaginary part of complex argument `Z'. The
|
`AIMAG(Z)' yields the imaginary part of complex argument `Z'. The
|
`IMAG(Z)' and `IMAGPART(Z)' intrinsic functions are provided for
|
`IMAG(Z)' and `IMAGPART(Z)' intrinsic functions are provided for
|
compatibility with `g77', and their use in new code is strongly
|
compatibility with `g77', and their use in new code is strongly
|
discouraged.
|
discouraged.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = AIMAG(Z)'
|
`RESULT = AIMAG(Z)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
Z The type of the argument shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
Z The type of the argument shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of
|
The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of
|
the argument.
|
the argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_aimag
|
program test_aimag
|
complex(4) z4
|
complex(4) z4
|
complex(8) z8
|
complex(8) z8
|
z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4)
|
z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4)
|
z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8)
|
z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8)
|
print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8)
|
print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8)
|
end program test_aimag
|
end program test_aimag
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
Z'
|
Z'
|
`IMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension
|
`IMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension
|
`IMAGPART(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension
|
`IMAGPART(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AINT, Next: ALARM, Prev: AIMAG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AINT, Next: ALARM, Prev: AIMAG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.11 `AINT' -- Truncate to a whole number
|
8.11 `AINT' -- Truncate to a whole number
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`AINT(A [, KIND])' truncates its argument to a whole number.
|
`AINT(A [, KIND])' truncates its argument to a whole number.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = AINT(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = AINT(A [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of
|
The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of
|
the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind
|
the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind
|
type parameter will be given by KIND. If the magnitude of X is
|
type parameter will be given by KIND. If the magnitude of X is
|
less than one, `AINT(X)' returns zero. If the magnitude is equal
|
less than one, `AINT(X)' returns zero. If the magnitude is equal
|
to or greater than one then it returns the largest whole number
|
to or greater than one then it returns the largest whole number
|
that does not exceed its magnitude. The sign is the same as the
|
that does not exceed its magnitude. The sign is the same as the
|
sign of X.
|
sign of X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_aint
|
program test_aint
|
real(4) x4
|
real(4) x4
|
real(8) x8
|
real(8) x8
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
print *, aint(x4), dint(x8)
|
print *, aint(x4), dint(x8)
|
x8 = aint(x4,8)
|
x8 = aint(x4,8)
|
end program test_aint
|
end program test_aint
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DINT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DINT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALARM, Next: ALL, Prev: AINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALARM, Next: ALL, Prev: AINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.12 `ALARM' -- Execute a routine after a given delay
|
8.12 `ALARM' -- Execute a routine after a given delay
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine
|
`ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine
|
HANDLER to be executed after a delay of SECONDS by using
|
HANDLER to be executed after a delay of SECONDS by using
|
`alarm(2)' to set up a signal and `signal(2)' to catch it. If
|
`alarm(2)' to set up a signal and `signal(2)' to catch it. If
|
STATUS is supplied, it will be returned with the number of seconds
|
STATUS is supplied, it will be returned with the number of seconds
|
remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be
|
remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be
|
delivered, or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm.
|
delivered, or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SECONDS The type of the argument shall be a scalar
|
SECONDS The type of the argument shall be a scalar
|
`INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
`INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or
|
HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or
|
`SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER'
|
`SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER'
|
scalar. The scalar values may be either
|
scalar. The scalar values may be either
|
`SIG_IGN=1' to ignore the alarm generated or
|
`SIG_IGN=1' to ignore the alarm generated or
|
`SIG_DFL=0' to set the default action. It is
|
`SIG_DFL=0' to set the default action. It is
|
`INTENT(IN)'.
|
`INTENT(IN)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar variable
|
STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar variable
|
of the default `INTEGER' kind. It is
|
of the default `INTEGER' kind. It is
|
`INTENT(OUT)'.
|
`INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_alarm
|
program test_alarm
|
external handler_print
|
external handler_print
|
integer i
|
integer i
|
call alarm (3, handler_print, i)
|
call alarm (3, handler_print, i)
|
print *, i
|
print *, i
|
call sleep(10)
|
call sleep(10)
|
end program test_alarm
|
end program test_alarm
|
This will cause the external routine HANDLER_PRINT to be called
|
This will cause the external routine HANDLER_PRINT to be called
|
after 3 seconds.
|
after 3 seconds.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALL, Next: ALLOCATED, Prev: ALARM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALL, Next: ALLOCATED, Prev: ALARM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.13 `ALL' -- All values in MASK along DIM are true
|
8.13 `ALL' -- All values in MASK along DIM are true
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ALL(MASK [, DIM])' determines if all the values are true in MASK
|
`ALL(MASK [, DIM])' determines if all the values are true in MASK
|
in the array along dimension DIM.
|
in the array along dimension DIM.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])'
|
`RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and
|
MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and
|
it shall not be scalar.
|
it shall not be scalar.
|
DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with
|
DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with
|
a value that lies between one and the rank of
|
a value that lies between one and the rank of
|
MASK.
|
MASK.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
`ALL(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the
|
`ALL(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the
|
kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
|
kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
|
MASK. If DIM is present, then `ALL(MASK, DIM)' returns an array
|
MASK. If DIM is present, then `ALL(MASK, DIM)' returns an array
|
with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the
|
with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the
|
shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided.
|
shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided.
|
|
|
(A)
|
(A)
|
`ALL(MASK)' is true if all elements of MASK are true. It
|
`ALL(MASK)' is true if all elements of MASK are true. It
|
also is true if MASK has zero size; otherwise, it is false.
|
also is true if MASK has zero size; otherwise, it is false.
|
|
|
(B)
|
(B)
|
If the rank of MASK is one, then `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent
|
If the rank of MASK is one, then `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent
|
to `ALL(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then
|
to `ALL(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then
|
`ALL(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ALL' to the array
|
`ALL(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ALL' to the array
|
sections.
|
sections.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_all
|
program test_all
|
logical l
|
logical l
|
l = all((/.true., .true., .true./))
|
l = all((/.true., .true., .true./))
|
print *, l
|
print *, l
|
call section
|
call section
|
contains
|
contains
|
subroutine section
|
subroutine section
|
integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
|
integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
|
a = 1
|
a = 1
|
b = 1
|
b = 1
|
b(2,2) = 2
|
b(2,2) = 2
|
print *, all(a .eq. b, 1)
|
print *, all(a .eq. b, 1)
|
print *, all(a .eq. b, 2)
|
print *, all(a .eq. b, 2)
|
end subroutine section
|
end subroutine section
|
end program test_all
|
end program test_all
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALLOCATED, Next: AND, Prev: ALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ALLOCATED, Next: AND, Prev: ALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.14 `ALLOCATED' -- Status of an allocatable entity
|
8.14 `ALLOCATED' -- Status of an allocatable entity
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' checks the status of whether X is allocated.
|
`ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' checks the status of whether X is allocated.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ALLOCATED(ARRAY)'
|
`RESULT = ALLOCATED(ARRAY)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' array.
|
ARRAY The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' array.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar `LOGICAL' with the default logical
|
The return value is a scalar `LOGICAL' with the default logical
|
kind type parameter. If ARRAY is allocated, `ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' is
|
kind type parameter. If ARRAY is allocated, `ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' is
|
`.TRUE.'; otherwise, it returns `.FALSE.'
|
`.TRUE.'; otherwise, it returns `.FALSE.'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_allocated
|
program test_allocated
|
integer :: i = 4
|
integer :: i = 4
|
real(4), allocatable :: x(:)
|
real(4), allocatable :: x(:)
|
if (.not. allocated(x)) allocate(x(i))
|
if (.not. allocated(x)) allocate(x(i))
|
end program test_allocated
|
end program test_allocated
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AND, Next: ANINT, Prev: ALLOCATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: AND, Next: ANINT, Prev: ALLOCATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.15 `AND' -- Bitwise logical AND
|
8.15 `AND' -- Bitwise logical AND
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Bitwise logical `AND'.
|
Bitwise logical `AND'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
the use of the *note IAND:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran
|
the use of the *note IAND:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran
|
standard.
|
standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = AND(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = AND(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of I.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of I.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
has the larger kind.
|
has the larger kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_and
|
PROGRAM test_and
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
|
|
WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b)
|
WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IAND::
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IAND::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ANINT, Next: ANY, Prev: AND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ANINT, Next: ANY, Prev: AND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.16 `ANINT' -- Nearest whole number
|
8.16 `ANINT' -- Nearest whole number
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ANINT(A [, KIND])' rounds its argument to the nearest whole
|
`ANINT(A [, KIND])' rounds its argument to the nearest whole
|
number.
|
number.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ANINT(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = ANINT(A [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of
|
The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of
|
the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind
|
the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind
|
type parameter will be given by KIND. If A is greater than zero,
|
type parameter will be given by KIND. If A is greater than zero,
|
`ANINT(A)' returns `AINT(X+0.5)'. If A is less than or equal to
|
`ANINT(A)' returns `AINT(X+0.5)'. If A is less than or equal to
|
zero then it returns `AINT(X-0.5)'.
|
zero then it returns `AINT(X-0.5)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_anint
|
program test_anint
|
real(4) x4
|
real(4) x4
|
real(8) x8
|
real(8) x8
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8)
|
print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8)
|
x8 = anint(x4,8)
|
x8 = anint(x4,8)
|
end program test_anint
|
end program test_anint
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ANY, Next: ASIN, Prev: ANINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ANY, Next: ASIN, Prev: ANINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.17 `ANY' -- Any value in MASK along DIM is true
|
8.17 `ANY' -- Any value in MASK along DIM is true
|
=================================================
|
=================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ANY(MASK [, DIM])' determines if any of the values in the logical
|
`ANY(MASK [, DIM])' determines if any of the values in the logical
|
array MASK along dimension DIM are `.TRUE.'.
|
array MASK along dimension DIM are `.TRUE.'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])'
|
`RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and
|
MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and
|
it shall not be scalar.
|
it shall not be scalar.
|
DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with
|
DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with
|
a value that lies between one and the rank of
|
a value that lies between one and the rank of
|
MASK.
|
MASK.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
`ANY(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the
|
`ANY(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the
|
kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
|
kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
|
MASK. If DIM is present, then `ANY(MASK, DIM)' returns an array
|
MASK. If DIM is present, then `ANY(MASK, DIM)' returns an array
|
with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the
|
with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the
|
shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided.
|
shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided.
|
|
|
(A)
|
(A)
|
`ANY(MASK)' is true if any element of MASK is true;
|
`ANY(MASK)' is true if any element of MASK is true;
|
otherwise, it is false. It also is false if MASK has zero
|
otherwise, it is false. It also is false if MASK has zero
|
size.
|
size.
|
|
|
(B)
|
(B)
|
If the rank of MASK is one, then `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent
|
If the rank of MASK is one, then `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent
|
to `ANY(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then
|
to `ANY(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then
|
`ANY(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ANY' to the array
|
`ANY(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ANY' to the array
|
sections.
|
sections.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_any
|
program test_any
|
logical l
|
logical l
|
l = any((/.true., .true., .true./))
|
l = any((/.true., .true., .true./))
|
print *, l
|
print *, l
|
call section
|
call section
|
contains
|
contains
|
subroutine section
|
subroutine section
|
integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
|
integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
|
a = 1
|
a = 1
|
b = 1
|
b = 1
|
b(2,2) = 2
|
b(2,2) = 2
|
print *, any(a .eq. b, 1)
|
print *, any(a .eq. b, 1)
|
print *, any(a .eq. b, 2)
|
print *, any(a .eq. b, 2)
|
end subroutine section
|
end subroutine section
|
end program test_any
|
end program test_any
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASIN, Next: ASINH, Prev: ANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASIN, Next: ASINH, Prev: ANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.18 `ASIN' -- Arcsine function
|
8.18 `ASIN' -- Arcsine function
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ASIN(X)' computes the arcsine of its X (inverse of `SIN(X)').
|
`ASIN(X)' computes the arcsine of its X (inverse of `SIN(X)').
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ASIN(X)'
|
`RESULT = ASIN(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be either `REAL' and a
|
X The type shall be either `REAL' and a
|
magnitude that is less than or equal to one -
|
magnitude that is less than or equal to one -
|
or be `COMPLEX'.
|
or be `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
of the result is in radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re
|
of the result is in radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re
|
\asin(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
\asin(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_asin
|
program test_asin
|
real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
|
x = asin(x)
|
x = asin(x)
|
end program test_asin
|
end program test_asin
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DASIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DASIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note SIN::
|
Inverse function: *note SIN::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASINH, Next: ASSOCIATED, Prev: ASIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASINH, Next: ASSOCIATED, Prev: ASIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.19 `ASINH' -- Hyperbolic arcsine function
|
8.19 `ASINH' -- Hyperbolic arcsine function
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ASINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arcsine of X (inverse of
|
`ASINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arcsine of X (inverse of
|
`SINH(X)').
|
`SINH(X)').
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ASINH(X)'
|
`RESULT = ASINH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If X is
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If X is
|
complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies
|
complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies
|
between -\pi/2 \leq \Im \asinh(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
between -\pi/2 \leq \Im \asinh(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_asinh
|
PROGRAM test_asinh
|
REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /)
|
REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /)
|
WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x)
|
WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DASINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension.
|
`DASINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note SINH::
|
Inverse function: *note SINH::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASSOCIATED, Next: ATAN, Prev: ASINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ASSOCIATED, Next: ATAN, Prev: ASINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.20 `ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair
|
8.20 `ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair
|
===============================================================
|
===============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' determines the status of the
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' determines the status of the
|
pointer POINTER or if POINTER is associated with the target TARGET.
|
pointer POINTER or if POINTER is associated with the target TARGET.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])'
|
`RESULT = ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
POINTER POINTER shall have the `POINTER' attribute and
|
POINTER POINTER shall have the `POINTER' attribute and
|
it can be of any type.
|
it can be of any type.
|
TARGET (Optional) TARGET shall be a pointer or a
|
TARGET (Optional) TARGET shall be a pointer or a
|
target. It must have the same type, kind type
|
target. It must have the same type, kind type
|
parameter, and array rank as POINTER.
|
parameter, and array rank as POINTER.
|
The association status of neither POINTER nor TARGET shall be
|
The association status of neither POINTER nor TARGET shall be
|
undefined.
|
undefined.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL(4)'.
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL(4)'.
|
There are several cases:
|
There are several cases:
|
(A) When the optional TARGET is not present then
|
(A) When the optional TARGET is not present then
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' is true if POINTER is associated with a
|
`ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' is true if POINTER is associated with a
|
target; otherwise, it returns false.
|
target; otherwise, it returns false.
|
|
|
(B) If TARGET is present and a scalar target, the result is true if
|
(B) If TARGET is present and a scalar target, the result is true if
|
TARGET is not a zero-sized storage sequence and the target
|
TARGET is not a zero-sized storage sequence and the target
|
associated with POINTER occupies the same storage units. If
|
associated with POINTER occupies the same storage units. If
|
POINTER is disassociated, the result is false.
|
POINTER is disassociated, the result is false.
|
|
|
(C) If TARGET is present and an array target, the result is true if
|
(C) If TARGET is present and an array target, the result is true if
|
TARGET and POINTER have the same shape, are not zero-sized
|
TARGET and POINTER have the same shape, are not zero-sized
|
arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage
|
arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage
|
sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage
|
sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage
|
units in array element order. As in case(B), the result is
|
units in array element order. As in case(B), the result is
|
false, if POINTER is disassociated.
|
false, if POINTER is disassociated.
|
|
|
(D) If TARGET is present and an scalar pointer, the result is true
|
(D) If TARGET is present and an scalar pointer, the result is true
|
if TARGET is associated with POINTER, the target associated
|
if TARGET is associated with POINTER, the target associated
|
with TARGET are not zero-sized storage sequences and occupy
|
with TARGET are not zero-sized storage sequences and occupy
|
the same storage units. The result is false, if either
|
the same storage units. The result is false, if either
|
TARGET or POINTER is disassociated.
|
TARGET or POINTER is disassociated.
|
|
|
(E) If TARGET is present and an array pointer, the result is true if
|
(E) If TARGET is present and an array pointer, the result is true if
|
target associated with POINTER and the target associated with
|
target associated with POINTER and the target associated with
|
TARGET have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are
|
TARGET have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are
|
arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences,
|
arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences,
|
and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array
|
and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array
|
element order. The result is false, if either TARGET or
|
element order. The result is false, if either TARGET or
|
POINTER is disassociated.
|
POINTER is disassociated.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_associated
|
program test_associated
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
real, target :: tgt(2) = (/1., 2./)
|
real, target :: tgt(2) = (/1., 2./)
|
real, pointer :: ptr(:)
|
real, pointer :: ptr(:)
|
ptr => tgt
|
ptr => tgt
|
if (associated(ptr) .eqv. .false.) call abort
|
if (associated(ptr) .eqv. .false.) call abort
|
if (associated(ptr,tgt) .eqv. .false.) call abort
|
if (associated(ptr,tgt) .eqv. .false.) call abort
|
end program test_associated
|
end program test_associated
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note NULL::
|
*note NULL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN, Next: ATAN2, Prev: ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN, Next: ATAN2, Prev: ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.21 `ATAN' -- Arctangent function
|
8.21 `ATAN' -- Arctangent function
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ATAN(X)' computes the arctangent of X.
|
`ATAN(X)' computes the arctangent of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument and for two arguments
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument and for two arguments
|
Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ATAN(X)' `RESULT = ATAN(Y, X)'
|
`RESULT = ATAN(X)' `RESULT = ATAN(Y, X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'; if Y is
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'; if Y is
|
present, X shall be REAL.
|
present, X shall be REAL.
|
Y shall
|
Y shall
|
be of the
|
be of the
|
same type
|
same type
|
and kind
|
and kind
|
as X.
|
as X.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If Y is
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If Y is
|
present, the result is identical to `ATAN2(Y,X)'. Otherwise, it
|
present, the result is identical to `ATAN2(Y,X)'. Otherwise, it
|
the arcus tangent of X, where the real part of the result is in
|
the arcus tangent of X, where the real part of the result is in
|
radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re \atan(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re \atan(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_atan
|
program test_atan
|
real(8) :: x = 2.866_8
|
real(8) :: x = 2.866_8
|
x = atan(x)
|
x = atan(x)
|
end program test_atan
|
end program test_atan
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DATAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DATAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note TAN::
|
Inverse function: *note TAN::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN2, Next: ATANH, Prev: ATAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN2, Next: ATANH, Prev: ATAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.22 `ATAN2' -- Arctangent function
|
8.22 `ATAN2' -- Arctangent function
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ATAN2(Y, X)' computes the principal value of the argument
|
`ATAN2(Y, X)' computes the principal value of the argument
|
function of the complex number X + i Y. This function can be used
|
function of the complex number X + i Y. This function can be used
|
to transform from carthesian into polar coordinates and allows to
|
to transform from carthesian into polar coordinates and allows to
|
determine the angle in the correct quadrant.
|
determine the angle in the correct quadrant.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ATAN2(Y, X)'
|
`RESULT = ATAN2(Y, X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
Y The type shall be `REAL'.
|
Y The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type and kind type parameter shall be the
|
X The type and kind type parameter shall be the
|
same as Y. If Y is zero, then X must be
|
same as Y. If Y is zero, then X must be
|
nonzero.
|
nonzero.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as Y.
|
The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as Y.
|
It is the principal value of the complex number X + i Y. If X is
|
It is the principal value of the complex number X + i Y. If X is
|
nonzero, then it lies in the range -\pi \le \atan (x) \leq \pi.
|
nonzero, then it lies in the range -\pi \le \atan (x) \leq \pi.
|
The sign is positive if Y is positive. If Y is zero, then the
|
The sign is positive if Y is positive. If Y is zero, then the
|
return value is zero if X is positive and \pi if X is negative.
|
return value is zero if X is positive and \pi if X is negative.
|
Finally, if X is zero, then the magnitude of the result is \pi/2.
|
Finally, if X is zero, then the magnitude of the result is \pi/2.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_atan2
|
program test_atan2
|
real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4
|
real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4
|
x = atan2(y,x)
|
x = atan2(y,x)
|
end program test_atan2
|
end program test_atan2
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DATAN2(X, `REAL(8) X', `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DATAN2(X, `REAL(8) X', `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
Y)' `REAL(8) Y' later
|
Y)' `REAL(8) Y' later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATANH, Next: BESSEL_J0, Prev: ATAN2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ATANH, Next: BESSEL_J0, Prev: ATAN2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.23 `ATANH' -- Hyperbolic arctangent function
|
8.23 `ATANH' -- Hyperbolic arctangent function
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ATANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arctangent of X (inverse of
|
`ATANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic arctangent of X (inverse of
|
`TANH(X)').
|
`TANH(X)').
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ATANH(X)'
|
`RESULT = ATANH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between -\pi/2
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between -\pi/2
|
\leq \Im \atanh(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
\leq \Im \atanh(x) \leq \pi/2.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_atanh
|
PROGRAM test_atanh
|
REAL, DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /)
|
REAL, DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /)
|
WRITE (*,*) ATANH(x)
|
WRITE (*,*) ATANH(x)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DATANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DATANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note TANH::
|
Inverse function: *note TANH::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J0, Next: BESSEL_J1, Prev: ATANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J0, Next: BESSEL_J1, Prev: ATANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.24 `BESSEL_J0' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 0
|
8.24 `BESSEL_J0' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 0
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_J0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
`BESSEL_J0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ0' as
|
order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ0' as
|
a GNU extension.
|
a GNU extension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_J0(X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_J0(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
scalar.
|
scalar.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and lies in the range -
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and lies in the range -
|
0.4027... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 1. It has the same kind as X.
|
0.4027... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 1. It has the same kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besj0
|
program test_besj0
|
real(8) :: x = 0.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.0_8
|
x = bessel_j0(x)
|
x = bessel_j0(x)
|
end program test_besj0
|
end program test_besj0
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESJ0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESJ0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J1, Next: BESSEL_JN, Prev: BESSEL_J0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J1, Next: BESSEL_JN, Prev: BESSEL_J0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.25 `BESSEL_J1' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 1
|
8.25 `BESSEL_J1' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 1
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_J1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
`BESSEL_J1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ1' as
|
order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ1' as
|
a GNU extension.
|
a GNU extension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008
|
Fortran 2008
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_J1(X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_J1(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
scalar.
|
scalar.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and it lies in the range -
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and it lies in the range -
|
0.5818... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 0.5818 . It has the same kind as
|
0.5818... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 0.5818 . It has the same kind as
|
X.
|
X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besj1
|
program test_besj1
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
x = bessel_j1(x)
|
x = bessel_j1(x)
|
end program test_besj1
|
end program test_besj1
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESJ1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESJ1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_JN, Next: BESSEL_Y0, Prev: BESSEL_J1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_JN, Next: BESSEL_Y0, Prev: BESSEL_J1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.26 `BESSEL_JN' -- Bessel function of the first kind
|
8.26 `BESSEL_JN' -- Bessel function of the first kind
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_JN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
`BESSEL_JN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of
|
order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESJN' as
|
order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESJN' as
|
a GNU extension.
|
a GNU extension.
|
|
|
If both arguments are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform.
|
If both arguments are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N, X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N, X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
N Shall be a scalar or an array of type
|
N Shall be a scalar or an array of type
|
`INTEGER'.
|
`INTEGER'.
|
X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
as X.
|
as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besjn
|
program test_besjn
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
x = bessel_jn(5,x)
|
x = bessel_jn(5,x)
|
end program test_besjn
|
end program test_besjn
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESJN(N, `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESJN(N, `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
X)'
|
X)'
|
`REAL(8) X'
|
`REAL(8) X'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y0, Next: BESSEL_Y1, Prev: BESSEL_JN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y0, Next: BESSEL_Y1, Prev: BESSEL_JN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.27 `BESSEL_Y0' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 0
|
8.27 `BESSEL_Y0' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 0
|
=================================================================
|
=================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_Y0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of
|
`BESSEL_Y0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of
|
order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY0' as
|
order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY0' as
|
a GNU extension.
|
a GNU extension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_Y0(X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_Y0(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
scalar.
|
scalar.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
as X.
|
as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besy0
|
program test_besy0
|
real(8) :: x = 0.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.0_8
|
x = bessel_y0(x)
|
x = bessel_y0(x)
|
end program test_besy0
|
end program test_besy0
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESY0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESY0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y1, Next: BESSEL_YN, Prev: BESSEL_Y0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y1, Next: BESSEL_YN, Prev: BESSEL_Y0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.28 `BESSEL_Y1' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 1
|
8.28 `BESSEL_Y1' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 1
|
=================================================================
|
=================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_Y1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of
|
`BESSEL_Y1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of
|
order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY1' as
|
order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY1' as
|
a GNU extension.
|
a GNU extension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_Y1(X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_Y1(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be
|
scalar.
|
scalar.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
as X.
|
as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besy1
|
program test_besy1
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
x = bessel_y1(x)
|
x = bessel_y1(x)
|
end program test_besy1
|
end program test_besy1
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESY1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESY1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_YN, Next: BIT_SIZE, Prev: BESSEL_Y1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_YN, Next: BIT_SIZE, Prev: BESSEL_Y1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.29 `BESSEL_YN' -- Bessel function of the second kind
|
8.29 `BESSEL_YN' -- Bessel function of the second kind
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BESSEL_YN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind
|
`BESSEL_YN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind
|
of order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESYN'
|
of order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESYN'
|
as a GNU extension.
|
as a GNU extension.
|
|
|
If both arguments are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform.
|
If both arguments are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N, X)'
|
`RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N, X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
N Shall be a scalar or an array of type
|
N Shall be a scalar or an array of type
|
`INTEGER'.
|
`INTEGER'.
|
X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind
|
as X.
|
as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_besyn
|
program test_besyn
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
x = bessel_yn(5,x)
|
x = bessel_yn(5,x)
|
end program test_besyn
|
end program test_besyn
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DBESYN(N,X)' `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DBESYN(N,X)' `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`REAL(8)
|
`REAL(8)
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BIT_SIZE, Next: BTEST, Prev: BESSEL_YN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BIT_SIZE, Next: BTEST, Prev: BESSEL_YN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.30 `BIT_SIZE' -- Bit size inquiry function
|
8.30 `BIT_SIZE' -- Bit size inquiry function
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BIT_SIZE(I)' returns the number of bits (integer precision plus
|
`BIT_SIZE(I)' returns the number of bits (integer precision plus
|
sign bit) represented by the type of I. The result of
|
sign bit) represented by the type of I. The result of
|
`BIT_SIZE(I)' is independent of the actual value of I.
|
`BIT_SIZE(I)' is independent of the actual value of I.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BIT_SIZE(I)'
|
`RESULT = BIT_SIZE(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_bit_size
|
program test_bit_size
|
integer :: i = 123
|
integer :: i = 123
|
integer :: size
|
integer :: size
|
size = bit_size(i)
|
size = bit_size(i)
|
print *, size
|
print *, size
|
end program test_bit_size
|
end program test_bit_size
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BTEST, Next: C_ASSOCIATED, Prev: BIT_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: BTEST, Next: C_ASSOCIATED, Prev: BIT_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.31 `BTEST' -- Bit test function
|
8.31 `BTEST' -- Bit test function
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`BTEST(I,POS)' returns logical `.TRUE.' if the bit at POS in I is
|
`BTEST(I,POS)' returns logical `.TRUE.' if the bit at POS in I is
|
set. The counting of the bits starts at 0.
|
set. The counting of the bits starts at 0.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = BTEST(I, POS)'
|
`RESULT = BTEST(I, POS)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `LOGICAL'
|
The return value is of type `LOGICAL'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_btest
|
program test_btest
|
integer :: i = 32768 + 1024 + 64
|
integer :: i = 32768 + 1024 + 64
|
integer :: pos
|
integer :: pos
|
logical :: bool
|
logical :: bool
|
do pos=0,16
|
do pos=0,16
|
bool = btest(i, pos)
|
bool = btest(i, pos)
|
print *, pos, bool
|
print *, pos, bool
|
end do
|
end do
|
end program test_btest
|
end program test_btest
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_ASSOCIATED, Next: C_F_POINTER, Prev: BTEST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_ASSOCIATED, Next: C_F_POINTER, Prev: BTEST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.32 `C_ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a C pointer
|
8.32 `C_ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a C pointer
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' determines the status of the C
|
`C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' determines the status of the C
|
pointer C_PTR_1 or if C_PTR_1 is associated with the target
|
pointer C_PTR_1 or if C_PTR_1 is associated with the target
|
C_PTR_2.
|
C_PTR_2.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])'
|
`RESULT = C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C_PTR_1 Scalar of the type `C_PTR' or `C_FUNPTR'.
|
C_PTR_1 Scalar of the type `C_PTR' or `C_FUNPTR'.
|
C_PTR_2 (Optional) Scalar of the same type as C_PTR_1.
|
C_PTR_2 (Optional) Scalar of the same type as C_PTR_1.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `LOGICAL'; it is `.false.' if either
|
The return value is of type `LOGICAL'; it is `.false.' if either
|
C_PTR_1 is a C NULL pointer or if C_PTR1 and C_PTR_2 point to
|
C_PTR_1 is a C NULL pointer or if C_PTR1 and C_PTR_2 point to
|
different addresses.
|
different addresses.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
subroutine association_test(a,b)
|
subroutine association_test(a,b)
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
real, pointer :: a
|
real, pointer :: a
|
type(c_ptr) :: b
|
type(c_ptr) :: b
|
if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) &
|
if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) &
|
stop 'b and a do not point to same target'
|
stop 'b and a do not point to same target'
|
end subroutine association_test
|
end subroutine association_test
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_FUNLOC::
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_FUNLOC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_FUNLOC, Next: C_LOC, Prev: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_FUNLOC, Next: C_LOC, Prev: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.33 `C_FUNLOC' -- Obtain the C address of a procedure
|
8.33 `C_FUNLOC' -- Obtain the C address of a procedure
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_FUNLOC(x)' determines the C address of the argument.
|
`C_FUNLOC(x)' determines the C address of the argument.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = C_FUNLOC(x)'
|
`RESULT = C_FUNLOC(x)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Interoperable function or pointer to such
|
X Interoperable function or pointer to such
|
function.
|
function.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `C_FUNPTR' and contains the C address
|
The return value is of type `C_FUNPTR' and contains the C address
|
of the argument.
|
of the argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
module x
|
module x
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
contains
|
contains
|
subroutine sub(a) bind(c)
|
subroutine sub(a) bind(c)
|
real(c_float) :: a
|
real(c_float) :: a
|
a = sqrt(a)+5.0
|
a = sqrt(a)+5.0
|
end subroutine sub
|
end subroutine sub
|
end module x
|
end module x
|
program main
|
program main
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use x
|
use x
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
interface
|
interface
|
subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func')
|
subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func')
|
import :: c_funptr
|
import :: c_funptr
|
type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: p
|
type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: p
|
end subroutine
|
end subroutine
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
call my_routine(c_funloc(sub))
|
call my_routine(c_funloc(sub))
|
end program main
|
end program main
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note
|
*note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note
|
C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Next: C_FUNLOC, Prev: C_F_POINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Next: C_FUNLOC, Prev: C_F_POINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.34 `C_F_PROCPOINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer
|
8.34 `C_F_PROCPOINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer
|
==================================================================
|
==================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_F_PROCPOINTER(CPTR, FPTR)' Assign the target of the C function
|
`C_F_PROCPOINTER(CPTR, FPTR)' Assign the target of the C function
|
pointer CPTR to the Fortran procedure pointer FPTR.
|
pointer CPTR to the Fortran procedure pointer FPTR.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER(cptr, fptr)'
|
`CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER(cptr, fptr)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
CPTR scalar of the type `C_FUNPTR'. It is
|
CPTR scalar of the type `C_FUNPTR'. It is
|
`INTENT(IN)'.
|
`INTENT(IN)'.
|
FPTR procedure pointer interoperable with CPTR. It
|
FPTR procedure pointer interoperable with CPTR. It
|
is `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
is `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program main
|
program main
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
abstract interface
|
abstract interface
|
function func(a)
|
function func(a)
|
import :: c_float
|
import :: c_float
|
real(c_float), intent(in) :: a
|
real(c_float), intent(in) :: a
|
real(c_float) :: func
|
real(c_float) :: func
|
end function
|
end function
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
interface
|
interface
|
function getIterFunc() bind(c,name="getIterFunc")
|
function getIterFunc() bind(c,name="getIterFunc")
|
import :: c_funptr
|
import :: c_funptr
|
type(c_funptr) :: getIterFunc
|
type(c_funptr) :: getIterFunc
|
end function
|
end function
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
type(c_funptr) :: cfunptr
|
type(c_funptr) :: cfunptr
|
procedure(func), pointer :: myFunc
|
procedure(func), pointer :: myFunc
|
cfunptr = getIterFunc()
|
cfunptr = getIterFunc()
|
call c_f_procpointer(cfunptr, myFunc)
|
call c_f_procpointer(cfunptr, myFunc)
|
end program main
|
end program main
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_POINTER, Next: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Prev: C_ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_POINTER, Next: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Prev: C_ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.35 `C_F_POINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran pointer
|
8.35 `C_F_POINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran pointer
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' Assign the target the C pointer
|
`C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' Assign the target the C pointer
|
CPTR to the Fortran pointer FPTR and specify its shape.
|
CPTR to the Fortran pointer FPTR and specify its shape.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])'
|
`CALL C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
CPTR scalar of the type `C_PTR'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
CPTR scalar of the type `C_PTR'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
FPTR pointer interoperable with CPTR. It is
|
FPTR pointer interoperable with CPTR. It is
|
`INTENT(OUT)'.
|
`INTENT(OUT)'.
|
SHAPE (Optional) Rank-one array of type `INTEGER'
|
SHAPE (Optional) Rank-one array of type `INTEGER'
|
with `INTENT(IN)'. It shall be present if and
|
with `INTENT(IN)'. It shall be present if and
|
only if FPTR is an array. The size must be
|
only if FPTR is an array. The size must be
|
equal to the rank of FPTR.
|
equal to the rank of FPTR.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program main
|
program main
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
interface
|
interface
|
subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func')
|
subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func')
|
import :: c_ptr
|
import :: c_ptr
|
type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: p
|
type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: p
|
end subroutine
|
end subroutine
|
end interface
|
end interface
|
type(c_ptr) :: cptr
|
type(c_ptr) :: cptr
|
real,pointer :: a(:)
|
real,pointer :: a(:)
|
call my_routine(cptr)
|
call my_routine(cptr)
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr, a, [12])
|
call c_f_pointer(cptr, a, [12])
|
end program main
|
end program main
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
*note C_LOC::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_LOC, Next: C_SIZEOF, Prev: C_FUNLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_LOC, Next: C_SIZEOF, Prev: C_FUNLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.36 `C_LOC' -- Obtain the C address of an object
|
8.36 `C_LOC' -- Obtain the C address of an object
|
=================================================
|
=================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_LOC(X)' determines the C address of the argument.
|
`C_LOC(X)' determines the C address of the argument.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = C_LOC(X)'
|
`RESULT = C_LOC(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Associated scalar pointer or interoperable
|
X Associated scalar pointer or interoperable
|
scalar or allocated allocatable variable with
|
scalar or allocated allocatable variable with
|
`TARGET' attribute.
|
`TARGET' attribute.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `C_PTR' and contains the C address of
|
The return value is of type `C_PTR' and contains the C address of
|
the argument.
|
the argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
subroutine association_test(a,b)
|
subroutine association_test(a,b)
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr
|
use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
real, pointer :: a
|
real, pointer :: a
|
type(c_ptr) :: b
|
type(c_ptr) :: b
|
if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) &
|
if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) &
|
stop 'b and a do not point to same target'
|
stop 'b and a do not point to same target'
|
end subroutine association_test
|
end subroutine association_test
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_FUNLOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note
|
*note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_FUNLOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note
|
C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
C_F_PROCPOINTER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_SIZEOF, Next: CEILING, Prev: C_LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: C_SIZEOF, Next: CEILING, Prev: C_LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.37 `C_SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression
|
8.37 `C_SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression
|
=================================================
|
=================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`C_SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the
|
`C_SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the
|
expression `X' occupies.
|
expression `X' occupies.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008
|
Fortran 2008
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Intrinsic function
|
Intrinsic function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`N = C_SIZEOF(X)'
|
`N = C_SIZEOF(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The argument shall be of any type, rank or
|
X The argument shall be of any type, rank or
|
shape.
|
shape.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent
|
The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent
|
kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the
|
kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the
|
number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the
|
number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the
|
`POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area
|
`POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area
|
pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with
|
pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with
|
`POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't
|
`POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't
|
account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components.
|
account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
use iso_c_binding
|
use iso_c_binding
|
integer(c_int) :: i
|
integer(c_int) :: i
|
real(c_float) :: r, s(5)
|
real(c_float) :: r, s(5)
|
print *, (c_sizeof(s)/c_sizeof(r) == 5)
|
print *, (c_sizeof(s)/c_sizeof(r) == 5)
|
end
|
end
|
The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform
|
The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform
|
where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded.
|
where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SIZEOF::
|
*note SIZEOF::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CEILING, Next: CHAR, Prev: C_SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CEILING, Next: CHAR, Prev: C_SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.38 `CEILING' -- Integer ceiling function
|
8.38 `CEILING' -- Integer ceiling function
|
==========================================
|
==========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CEILING(A)' returns the least integer greater than or equal to A.
|
`CEILING(A)' returns the least integer greater than or equal to A.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = CEILING(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = CEILING(A [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `REAL'.
|
A The type shall be `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and
|
a default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise.
|
a default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_ceiling
|
program test_ceiling
|
real :: x = 63.29
|
real :: x = 63.29
|
real :: y = -63.59
|
real :: y = -63.59
|
print *, ceiling(x) ! returns 64
|
print *, ceiling(x) ! returns 64
|
print *, ceiling(y) ! returns -63
|
print *, ceiling(y) ! returns -63
|
end program test_ceiling
|
end program test_ceiling
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FLOOR::, *note NINT::
|
*note FLOOR::, *note NINT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHAR, Next: CHDIR, Prev: CEILING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHAR, Next: CHDIR, Prev: CEILING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.39 `CHAR' -- Character conversion function
|
8.39 `CHAR' -- Character conversion function
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CHAR(I [, KIND])' returns the character represented by the
|
`CHAR(I [, KIND])' returns the character represented by the
|
integer I.
|
integer I.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = CHAR(I [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = CHAR(I [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER(1)'
|
The return value is of type `CHARACTER(1)'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_char
|
program test_char
|
integer :: i = 74
|
integer :: i = 74
|
character(1) :: c
|
character(1) :: c
|
c = char(i)
|
c = char(i)
|
print *, i, c ! returns 'J'
|
print *, i, c ! returns 'J'
|
end program test_char
|
end program test_char
|
|
|
_Note_:
|
_Note_:
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ACHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
*note ACHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHDIR, Next: CHMOD, Prev: CHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHDIR, Next: CHMOD, Prev: CHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.40 `CHDIR' -- Change working directory
|
8.40 `CHDIR' -- Change working directory
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Change current working directory to a specified path.
|
Change current working directory to a specified path.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL CHDIR(NAME [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL CHDIR(NAME [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = CHDIR(NAME)'
|
`STATUS = CHDIR(NAME)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of default kind
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of default kind
|
and shall specify a valid path within the file
|
and shall specify a valid path within the file
|
system.
|
system.
|
STATUS (Optional) `INTEGER' status flag of the default
|
STATUS (Optional) `INTEGER' status flag of the default
|
kind. Returns 0 on success, and a system
|
kind. Returns 0 on success, and a system
|
specific and nonzero error code otherwise.
|
specific and nonzero error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_chdir
|
PROGRAM test_chdir
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: path
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: path
|
CALL getcwd(path)
|
CALL getcwd(path)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path)
|
CALL chdir("/tmp")
|
CALL chdir("/tmp")
|
CALL getcwd(path)
|
CALL getcwd(path)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GETCWD::
|
*note GETCWD::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHMOD, Next: CMPLX, Prev: CHDIR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CHMOD, Next: CMPLX, Prev: CHDIR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.41 `CHMOD' -- Change access permissions of files
|
8.41 `CHMOD' -- Change access permissions of files
|
==================================================
|
==================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CHMOD' changes the permissions of a file. This function invokes
|
`CHMOD' changes the permissions of a file. This function invokes
|
`/bin/chmod' and might therefore not work on all platforms.
|
`/bin/chmod' and might therefore not work on all platforms.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL CHMOD(NAME, MODE[, STATUS])'
|
`CALL CHMOD(NAME, MODE[, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = CHMOD(NAME, MODE)'
|
`STATUS = CHMOD(NAME, MODE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the
|
file name. Trailing blanks are ignored unless
|
file name. Trailing blanks are ignored unless
|
the character `achar(0)' is present, then all
|
the character `achar(0)' is present, then all
|
characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are
|
characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are
|
used as the file name.
|
used as the file name.
|
MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind giving the
|
MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind giving the
|
file permission. MODE uses the same syntax as
|
file permission. MODE uses the same syntax as
|
the MODE argument of `/bin/chmod'.
|
the MODE argument of `/bin/chmod'.
|
STATUS (optional) scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' on
|
STATUS (optional) scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' on
|
success and nonzero otherwise.
|
success and nonzero otherwise.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
In either syntax, STATUS is set to `0' on success and nonzero
|
In either syntax, STATUS is set to `0' on success and nonzero
|
otherwise.
|
otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
`CHMOD' as subroutine
|
`CHMOD' as subroutine
|
program chmod_test
|
program chmod_test
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
integer :: status
|
integer :: status
|
call chmod('test.dat','u+x',status)
|
call chmod('test.dat','u+x',status)
|
print *, 'Status: ', status
|
print *, 'Status: ', status
|
end program chmod_test
|
end program chmod_test
|
`CHMOD' as function:
|
`CHMOD' as function:
|
program chmod_test
|
program chmod_test
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
integer :: status
|
integer :: status
|
status = chmod('test.dat','u+x')
|
status = chmod('test.dat','u+x')
|
print *, 'Status: ', status
|
print *, 'Status: ', status
|
end program chmod_test
|
end program chmod_test
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CMPLX, Next: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Prev: CHMOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CMPLX, Next: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Prev: CHMOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.42 `CMPLX' -- Complex conversion function
|
8.42 `CMPLX' -- Complex conversion function
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' returns a complex number where X is
|
`CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' returns a complex number where X is
|
converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted
|
converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted
|
to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the
|
to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the
|
imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must
|
imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must
|
not be present.
|
not be present.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
Y (Optional; only allowed if X is not
|
Y (Optional; only allowed if X is not
|
`COMPLEX'.) May be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
`COMPLEX'.) May be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of `COMPLEX' type, with a kind equal to KIND
|
The return value is of `COMPLEX' type, with a kind equal to KIND
|
if it is specified. If KIND is not specified, the result is of
|
if it is specified. If KIND is not specified, the result is of
|
the default `COMPLEX' kind, regardless of the kinds of X and Y.
|
the default `COMPLEX' kind, regardless of the kinds of X and Y.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_cmplx
|
program test_cmplx
|
integer :: i = 42
|
integer :: i = 42
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
complex :: z
|
complex :: z
|
z = cmplx(i, x)
|
z = cmplx(i, x)
|
print *, z, cmplx(x)
|
print *, z, cmplx(x)
|
end program test_cmplx
|
end program test_cmplx
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note COMPLEX::
|
*note COMPLEX::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Next: COMPLEX, Prev: CMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Next: COMPLEX, Prev: CMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.43 `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' -- Get number of command line arguments
|
8.43 `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' -- Get number of command line arguments
|
=====================================================================
|
=====================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()' returns the number of arguments passed
|
`COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()' returns the number of arguments passed
|
on the command line when the containing program was invoked.
|
on the command line when the containing program was invoked.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()'
|
`RESULT = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is an `INTEGER' of default kind.
|
The return value is an `INTEGER' of default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_command_argument_count
|
program test_command_argument_count
|
integer :: count
|
integer :: count
|
count = command_argument_count()
|
count = command_argument_count()
|
print *, count
|
print *, count
|
end program test_command_argument_count
|
end program test_command_argument_count
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::
|
*note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPLEX, Next: CONJG, Prev: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPLEX, Next: CONJG, Prev: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.44 `COMPLEX' -- Complex conversion function
|
8.44 `COMPLEX' -- Complex conversion function
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`COMPLEX(X, Y)' returns a complex number where X is converted to
|
`COMPLEX(X, Y)' returns a complex number where X is converted to
|
the real component and Y is converted to the imaginary component.
|
the real component and Y is converted to the imaginary component.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = COMPLEX(X, Y)'
|
`RESULT = COMPLEX(X, Y)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
Y The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
Y The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If X and Y are both of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of
|
If X and Y are both of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of
|
default `COMPLEX' type.
|
default `COMPLEX' type.
|
|
|
If X and Y are of `REAL' type, or one is of `REAL' type and one is
|
If X and Y are of `REAL' type, or one is of `REAL' type and one is
|
of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of `COMPLEX' type with
|
of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of `COMPLEX' type with
|
a kind equal to that of the `REAL' argument with the highest
|
a kind equal to that of the `REAL' argument with the highest
|
precision.
|
precision.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_complex
|
program test_complex
|
integer :: i = 42
|
integer :: i = 42
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
print *, complex(i, x)
|
print *, complex(i, x)
|
end program test_complex
|
end program test_complex
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CMPLX::
|
*note CMPLX::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CONJG, Next: COS, Prev: COMPLEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CONJG, Next: COS, Prev: COMPLEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.45 `CONJG' -- Complex conjugate function
|
8.45 `CONJG' -- Complex conjugate function
|
==========================================
|
==========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CONJG(Z)' returns the conjugate of Z. If Z is `(x, y)' then the
|
`CONJG(Z)' returns the conjugate of Z. If Z is `(x, y)' then the
|
result is `(x, -y)'
|
result is `(x, -y)'
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`Z = CONJG(Z)'
|
`Z = CONJG(Z)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
Z The type shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
Z The type shall be `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `COMPLEX'.
|
The return value is of type `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_conjg
|
program test_conjg
|
complex :: z = (2.0, 3.0)
|
complex :: z = (2.0, 3.0)
|
complex(8) :: dz = (2.71_8, -3.14_8)
|
complex(8) :: dz = (2.71_8, -3.14_8)
|
z= conjg(z)
|
z= conjg(z)
|
print *, z
|
print *, z
|
dz = dconjg(dz)
|
dz = dconjg(dz)
|
print *, dz
|
print *, dz
|
end program test_conjg
|
end program test_conjg
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DCONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`DCONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
Z'
|
Z'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COS, Next: COSH, Prev: CONJG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COS, Next: COSH, Prev: CONJG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.46 `COS' -- Cosine function
|
8.46 `COS' -- Cosine function
|
=============================
|
=============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`COS(X)' computes the cosine of X.
|
`COS(X)' computes the cosine of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = COS(X)'
|
`RESULT = COS(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part
|
of the result is in radians. If X is of the type `REAL', the
|
of the result is in radians. If X is of the type `REAL', the
|
return value lies in the range -1 \leq \cos (x) \leq 1.
|
return value lies in the range -1 \leq \cos (x) \leq 1.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_cos
|
program test_cos
|
real :: x = 0.0
|
real :: x = 0.0
|
x = cos(x)
|
x = cos(x)
|
end program test_cos
|
end program test_cos
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DCOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DCOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
`CCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`CCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`ZCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`ZCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
`CDCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`CDCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note ACOS::
|
Inverse function: *note ACOS::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COSH, Next: COUNT, Prev: COS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COSH, Next: COUNT, Prev: COS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.47 `COSH' -- Hyperbolic cosine function
|
8.47 `COSH' -- Hyperbolic cosine function
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`COSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic cosine of X.
|
`COSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic cosine of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`X = COSH(X)'
|
`X = COSH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the
|
return value has a lower bound of one, \cosh (x) \geq 1.
|
return value has a lower bound of one, \cosh (x) \geq 1.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_cosh
|
program test_cosh
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
x = cosh(x)
|
x = cosh(x)
|
end program test_cosh
|
end program test_cosh
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DCOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DCOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Inverse function: *note ACOSH::
|
Inverse function: *note ACOSH::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COUNT, Next: CPU_TIME, Prev: COSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: COUNT, Next: CPU_TIME, Prev: COSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.48 `COUNT' -- Count function
|
8.48 `COUNT' -- Count function
|
==============================
|
==============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Counts the number of `.TRUE.' elements in a logical MASK, or, if
|
Counts the number of `.TRUE.' elements in a logical MASK, or, if
|
the DIM argument is supplied, counts the number of elements along
|
the DIM argument is supplied, counts the number of elements along
|
each row of the array in the DIM direction. If the array has zero
|
each row of the array in the DIM direction. If the array has zero
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
result is `0'.
|
result is `0'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = COUNT(MASK [, DIM, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = COUNT(MASK [, DIM, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MASK The type shall be `LOGICAL'.
|
MASK The type shall be `LOGICAL'.
|
DIM (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
DIM (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank
|
present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank
|
of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the shape of ARRAY with the
|
of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the shape of ARRAY with the
|
DIM dimension removed.
|
DIM dimension removed.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_count
|
program test_count
|
integer, dimension(2,3) :: a, b
|
integer, dimension(2,3) :: a, b
|
logical, dimension(2,3) :: mask
|
logical, dimension(2,3) :: mask
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 /), (/ 2, 3 /))
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 /), (/ 2, 3 /))
|
b = reshape( (/ 0, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8 /), (/ 2, 3 /))
|
b = reshape( (/ 0, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8 /), (/ 2, 3 /))
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', b(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', b(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', b(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', b(2,:)
|
print *
|
print *
|
mask = a.ne.b
|
mask = a.ne.b
|
print '(3l3)', mask(1,:)
|
print '(3l3)', mask(1,:)
|
print '(3l3)', mask(2,:)
|
print '(3l3)', mask(2,:)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask)
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask, 1)
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask, 1)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask, 2)
|
print '(3i3)', count(mask, 2)
|
end program test_count
|
end program test_count
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CPU_TIME, Next: CSHIFT, Prev: COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CPU_TIME, Next: CSHIFT, Prev: COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.49 `CPU_TIME' -- CPU elapsed time in seconds
|
8.49 `CPU_TIME' -- CPU elapsed time in seconds
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns a `REAL' value representing the elapsed CPU time in
|
Returns a `REAL' value representing the elapsed CPU time in
|
seconds. This is useful for testing segments of code to determine
|
seconds. This is useful for testing segments of code to determine
|
execution time.
|
execution time.
|
|
|
If a time source is available, time will be reported with
|
If a time source is available, time will be reported with
|
microsecond resolution. If no time source is available, TIME is
|
microsecond resolution. If no time source is available, TIME is
|
set to `-1.0'.
|
set to `-1.0'.
|
|
|
Note that TIME may contain a, system dependent, arbitrary offset
|
Note that TIME may contain a, system dependent, arbitrary offset
|
and may not start with `0.0'. For `CPU_TIME', the absolute value
|
and may not start with `0.0'. For `CPU_TIME', the absolute value
|
is meaningless, only differences between subsequent calls to this
|
is meaningless, only differences between subsequent calls to this
|
subroutine, as shown in the example below, should be used.
|
subroutine, as shown in the example below, should be used.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL CPU_TIME(TIME)'
|
`CALL CPU_TIME(TIME)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_cpu_time
|
program test_cpu_time
|
real :: start, finish
|
real :: start, finish
|
call cpu_time(start)
|
call cpu_time(start)
|
! put code to test here
|
! put code to test here
|
call cpu_time(finish)
|
call cpu_time(finish)
|
print '("Time = ",f6.3," seconds.")',finish-start
|
print '("Time = ",f6.3," seconds.")',finish-start
|
end program test_cpu_time
|
end program test_cpu_time
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SYSTEM_CLOCK::, *note DATE_AND_TIME::
|
*note SYSTEM_CLOCK::, *note DATE_AND_TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CSHIFT, Next: CTIME, Prev: CPU_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CSHIFT, Next: CTIME, Prev: CPU_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.50 `CSHIFT' -- Circular shift elements of an array
|
8.50 `CSHIFT' -- Circular shift elements of an array
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' performs a circular shift on
|
`CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' performs a circular shift on
|
elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted
|
elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted
|
it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' in the
|
it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' in the
|
range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the
|
range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the
|
rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by
|
rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by
|
SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank
|
SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank
|
one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted.
|
one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted.
|
Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are shifted
|
Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are shifted
|
back in the other end.
|
back in the other end.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])'
|
`RESULT = CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument.
|
Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_cshift
|
program test_cshift
|
integer, dimension(3,3) :: a
|
integer, dimension(3,3) :: a
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /))
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /))
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
a = cshift(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, -1/), DIM=2)
|
a = cshift(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, -1/), DIM=2)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
end program test_cshift
|
end program test_cshift
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CTIME, Next: DATE_AND_TIME, Prev: CSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: CTIME, Next: DATE_AND_TIME, Prev: CSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.51 `CTIME' -- Convert a time into a string
|
8.51 `CTIME' -- Convert a time into a string
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`CTIME' converts a system time value, such as returned by
|
`CTIME' converts a system time value, such as returned by
|
`TIME8()', to a string of the form `Sat Aug 19 18:13:14 1995'.
|
`TIME8()', to a string of the form `Sat Aug 19 18:13:14 1995'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL CTIME(TIME, RESULT)'.
|
`CALL CTIME(TIME, RESULT)'.
|
`RESULT = CTIME(TIME)', (not recommended).
|
`RESULT = CTIME(TIME)', (not recommended).
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TIME The type shall be of type `INTEGER(KIND=8)'.
|
TIME The type shall be of type `INTEGER(KIND=8)'.
|
RESULT The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
RESULT The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The converted date and time as a string.
|
The converted date and time as a string.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_ctime
|
program test_ctime
|
integer(8) :: i
|
integer(8) :: i
|
character(len=30) :: date
|
character(len=30) :: date
|
i = time8()
|
i = time8()
|
|
|
! Do something, main part of the program
|
! Do something, main part of the program
|
|
|
call ctime(i,date)
|
call ctime(i,date)
|
print *, 'Program was started on ', date
|
print *, 'Program was started on ', date
|
end program test_ctime
|
end program test_ctime
|
|
|
_See Also_:
|
_See Also_:
|
*note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
*note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DATE_AND_TIME, Next: DBLE, Prev: CTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DATE_AND_TIME, Next: DBLE, Prev: CTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.52 `DATE_AND_TIME' -- Date and time subroutine
|
8.52 `DATE_AND_TIME' -- Date and time subroutine
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DATE_AND_TIME(DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES)' gets the corresponding
|
`DATE_AND_TIME(DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES)' gets the corresponding
|
date and time information from the real-time system clock. DATE is
|
date and time information from the real-time system clock. DATE is
|
`INTENT(OUT)' and has form ccyymmdd. TIME is `INTENT(OUT)' and
|
`INTENT(OUT)' and has form ccyymmdd. TIME is `INTENT(OUT)' and
|
has form hhmmss.sss. ZONE is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form (+-)hhmm,
|
has form hhmmss.sss. ZONE is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form (+-)hhmm,
|
representing the difference with respect to Coordinated Universal
|
representing the difference with respect to Coordinated Universal
|
Time (UTC). Unavailable time and date parameters return blanks.
|
Time (UTC). Unavailable time and date parameters return blanks.
|
|
|
VALUES is `INTENT(OUT)' and provides the following:
|
VALUES is `INTENT(OUT)' and provides the following:
|
|
|
`VALUE(1)': The year
|
`VALUE(1)': The year
|
`VALUE(2)': The month
|
`VALUE(2)': The month
|
`VALUE(3)': The day of the month
|
`VALUE(3)': The day of the month
|
`VALUE(4)': Time difference with UTC
|
`VALUE(4)': Time difference with UTC
|
in minutes
|
in minutes
|
`VALUE(5)': The hour of the day
|
`VALUE(5)': The hour of the day
|
`VALUE(6)': The minutes of the hour
|
`VALUE(6)': The minutes of the hour
|
`VALUE(7)': The seconds of the minute
|
`VALUE(7)': The seconds of the minute
|
`VALUE(8)': The milliseconds of the
|
`VALUE(8)': The milliseconds of the
|
second
|
second
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL DATE_AND_TIME([DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES])'
|
`CALL DATE_AND_TIME([DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
DATE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=8)'
|
DATE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=8)'
|
or larger, and of default kind.
|
or larger, and of default kind.
|
TIME (Optional) The type shall be
|
TIME (Optional) The type shall be
|
`CHARACTER(LEN=10)' or larger, and of default
|
`CHARACTER(LEN=10)' or larger, and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
ZONE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=5)'
|
ZONE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=5)'
|
or larger, and of default kind.
|
or larger, and of default kind.
|
VALUES (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER(8)'.
|
VALUES (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER(8)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_time_and_date
|
program test_time_and_date
|
character(8) :: date
|
character(8) :: date
|
character(10) :: time
|
character(10) :: time
|
character(5) :: zone
|
character(5) :: zone
|
integer,dimension(8) :: values
|
integer,dimension(8) :: values
|
! using keyword arguments
|
! using keyword arguments
|
call date_and_time(date,time,zone,values)
|
call date_and_time(date,time,zone,values)
|
call date_and_time(DATE=date,ZONE=zone)
|
call date_and_time(DATE=date,ZONE=zone)
|
call date_and_time(TIME=time)
|
call date_and_time(TIME=time)
|
call date_and_time(VALUES=values)
|
call date_and_time(VALUES=values)
|
print '(a,2x,a,2x,a)', date, time, zone
|
print '(a,2x,a,2x,a)', date, time, zone
|
print '(8i5))', values
|
print '(8i5))', values
|
end program test_time_and_date
|
end program test_time_and_date
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CPU_TIME::, *note SYSTEM_CLOCK::
|
*note CPU_TIME::, *note SYSTEM_CLOCK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DBLE, Next: DCMPLX, Prev: DATE_AND_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DBLE, Next: DCMPLX, Prev: DATE_AND_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.53 `DBLE' -- Double conversion function
|
8.53 `DBLE' -- Double conversion function
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DBLE(A)' Converts A to double precision real type.
|
`DBLE(A)' Converts A to double precision real type.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DBLE(A)'
|
`RESULT = DBLE(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type double precision real.
|
The return value is of type double precision real.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dble
|
program test_dble
|
real :: x = 2.18
|
real :: x = 2.18
|
integer :: i = 5
|
integer :: i = 5
|
complex :: z = (2.3,1.14)
|
complex :: z = (2.3,1.14)
|
print *, dble(x), dble(i), dble(z)
|
print *, dble(x), dble(i), dble(z)
|
end program test_dble
|
end program test_dble
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DFLOAT::, *note FLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
*note DFLOAT::, *note FLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DCMPLX, Next: DFLOAT, Prev: DBLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DCMPLX, Next: DFLOAT, Prev: DBLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.54 `DCMPLX' -- Double complex conversion function
|
8.54 `DCMPLX' -- Double complex conversion function
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DCMPLX(X [,Y])' returns a double complex number where X is
|
`DCMPLX(X [,Y])' returns a double complex number where X is
|
converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted
|
converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted
|
to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the
|
to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the
|
imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must
|
imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must
|
not be present.
|
not be present.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DCMPLX(X [, Y])'
|
`RESULT = DCMPLX(X [, Y])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
Y (Optional if X is not `COMPLEX'.) May be
|
Y (Optional if X is not `COMPLEX'.) May be
|
`INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
`INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `COMPLEX(8)'
|
The return value is of type `COMPLEX(8)'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dcmplx
|
program test_dcmplx
|
integer :: i = 42
|
integer :: i = 42
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
real :: x = 3.14
|
complex :: z
|
complex :: z
|
z = cmplx(i, x)
|
z = cmplx(i, x)
|
print *, dcmplx(i)
|
print *, dcmplx(i)
|
print *, dcmplx(x)
|
print *, dcmplx(x)
|
print *, dcmplx(z)
|
print *, dcmplx(z)
|
print *, dcmplx(x,i)
|
print *, dcmplx(x,i)
|
end program test_dcmplx
|
end program test_dcmplx
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DFLOAT, Next: DIGITS, Prev: DCMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DFLOAT, Next: DIGITS, Prev: DCMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.55 `DFLOAT' -- Double conversion function
|
8.55 `DFLOAT' -- Double conversion function
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DFLOAT(A)' Converts A to double precision real type.
|
`DFLOAT(A)' Converts A to double precision real type.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DFLOAT(A)'
|
`RESULT = DFLOAT(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type double precision real.
|
The return value is of type double precision real.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dfloat
|
program test_dfloat
|
integer :: i = 5
|
integer :: i = 5
|
print *, dfloat(i)
|
print *, dfloat(i)
|
end program test_dfloat
|
end program test_dfloat
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DBLE::, *note FLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
*note DBLE::, *note FLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DIGITS, Next: DIM, Prev: DFLOAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DIGITS, Next: DIM, Prev: DFLOAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.56 `DIGITS' -- Significant binary digits function
|
8.56 `DIGITS' -- Significant binary digits function
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DIGITS(X)' returns the number of significant binary digits of the
|
`DIGITS(X)' returns the number of significant binary digits of the
|
internal model representation of X. For example, on a system
|
internal model representation of X. For example, on a system
|
using a 32-bit floating point representation, a default real
|
using a 32-bit floating point representation, a default real
|
number would likely return 24.
|
number would likely return 24.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DIGITS(X)'
|
`RESULT = DIGITS(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_digits
|
program test_digits
|
integer :: i = 12345
|
integer :: i = 12345
|
real :: x = 3.143
|
real :: x = 3.143
|
real(8) :: y = 2.33
|
real(8) :: y = 2.33
|
print *, digits(i)
|
print *, digits(i)
|
print *, digits(x)
|
print *, digits(x)
|
print *, digits(y)
|
print *, digits(y)
|
end program test_digits
|
end program test_digits
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DIM, Next: DOT_PRODUCT, Prev: DIGITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DIM, Next: DOT_PRODUCT, Prev: DIGITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.57 `DIM' -- Positive difference
|
8.57 `DIM' -- Positive difference
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DIM(X,Y)' returns the difference `X-Y' if the result is positive;
|
`DIM(X,Y)' returns the difference `X-Y' if the result is positive;
|
otherwise returns zero.
|
otherwise returns zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DIM(X, Y)'
|
`RESULT = DIM(X, Y)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
X The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
Y The type shall be the same type and kind as X.
|
Y The type shall be the same type and kind as X.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dim
|
program test_dim
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
real(8) :: x
|
real(8) :: x
|
i = dim(4, 15)
|
i = dim(4, 15)
|
x = dim(4.345_8, 2.111_8)
|
x = dim(4.345_8, 2.111_8)
|
print *, i
|
print *, i
|
print *, x
|
print *, x
|
end program test_dim
|
end program test_dim
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`IDIM(X,Y)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`IDIM(X,Y)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
X,Y' later
|
X,Y' later
|
`DDIM(X,Y)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DDIM(X,Y)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
X,Y' later
|
X,Y' later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DOT_PRODUCT, Next: DPROD, Prev: DIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DOT_PRODUCT, Next: DPROD, Prev: DIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.58 `DOT_PRODUCT' -- Dot product function
|
8.58 `DOT_PRODUCT' -- Dot product function
|
==========================================
|
==========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' computes the dot product
|
`DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' computes the dot product
|
multiplication of two vectors VECTOR_A and VECTOR_B. The two
|
multiplication of two vectors VECTOR_A and VECTOR_B. The two
|
vectors may be either numeric or logical and must be arrays of
|
vectors may be either numeric or logical and must be arrays of
|
rank one and of equal size. If the vectors are `INTEGER' or
|
rank one and of equal size. If the vectors are `INTEGER' or
|
`REAL', the result is `SUM(VECTOR_A*VECTOR_B)'. If the vectors are
|
`REAL', the result is `SUM(VECTOR_A*VECTOR_B)'. If the vectors are
|
`COMPLEX', the result is `SUM(CONJG(VECTOR_A)*VECTOR_B)'. If the
|
`COMPLEX', the result is `SUM(CONJG(VECTOR_A)*VECTOR_B)'. If the
|
vectors are `LOGICAL', the result is `ANY(VECTOR_A .AND.
|
vectors are `LOGICAL', the result is `ANY(VECTOR_A .AND.
|
VECTOR_B)'.
|
VECTOR_B)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)'
|
`RESULT = DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VECTOR_A The type shall be numeric or `LOGICAL', rank 1.
|
VECTOR_A The type shall be numeric or `LOGICAL', rank 1.
|
VECTOR_B The type shall be numeric if VECTOR_A is of
|
VECTOR_B The type shall be numeric if VECTOR_A is of
|
numeric type or `LOGICAL' if VECTOR_A is of
|
numeric type or `LOGICAL' if VECTOR_A is of
|
type `LOGICAL'. VECTOR_B shall be a rank-one
|
type `LOGICAL'. VECTOR_B shall be a rank-one
|
array.
|
array.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If the arguments are numeric, the return value is a scalar of
|
If the arguments are numeric, the return value is a scalar of
|
numeric type, `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. If the arguments
|
numeric type, `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. If the arguments
|
are `LOGICAL', the return value is `.TRUE.' or `.FALSE.'.
|
are `LOGICAL', the return value is `.TRUE.' or `.FALSE.'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dot_prod
|
program test_dot_prod
|
integer, dimension(3) :: a, b
|
integer, dimension(3) :: a, b
|
a = (/ 1, 2, 3 /)
|
a = (/ 1, 2, 3 /)
|
b = (/ 4, 5, 6 /)
|
b = (/ 4, 5, 6 /)
|
print '(3i3)', a
|
print '(3i3)', a
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', b
|
print '(3i3)', b
|
print *
|
print *
|
print *, dot_product(a,b)
|
print *, dot_product(a,b)
|
end program test_dot_prod
|
end program test_dot_prod
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DPROD, Next: DREAL, Prev: DOT_PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DPROD, Next: DREAL, Prev: DOT_PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.59 `DPROD' -- Double product function
|
8.59 `DPROD' -- Double product function
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DPROD(X,Y)' returns the product `X*Y'.
|
`DPROD(X,Y)' returns the product `X*Y'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DPROD(X, Y)'
|
`RESULT = DPROD(X, Y)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
Y The type shall be `REAL'.
|
Y The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL(8)'.
|
The return value is of type `REAL(8)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dprod
|
program test_dprod
|
real :: x = 5.2
|
real :: x = 5.2
|
real :: y = 2.3
|
real :: y = 2.3
|
real(8) :: d
|
real(8) :: d
|
d = dprod(x,y)
|
d = dprod(x,y)
|
print *, d
|
print *, d
|
end program test_dprod
|
end program test_dprod
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DREAL, Next: DTIME, Prev: DPROD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DREAL, Next: DTIME, Prev: DPROD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.60 `DREAL' -- Double real part function
|
8.60 `DREAL' -- Double real part function
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DREAL(Z)' returns the real part of complex variable Z.
|
`DREAL(Z)' returns the real part of complex variable Z.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = DREAL(A)'
|
`RESULT = DREAL(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `COMPLEX(8)'.
|
A The type shall be `COMPLEX(8)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL(8)'.
|
The return value is of type `REAL(8)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dreal
|
program test_dreal
|
complex(8) :: z = (1.3_8,7.2_8)
|
complex(8) :: z = (1.3_8,7.2_8)
|
print *, dreal(z)
|
print *, dreal(z)
|
end program test_dreal
|
end program test_dreal
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note AIMAG::
|
*note AIMAG::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DTIME, Next: EOSHIFT, Prev: DREAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: DTIME, Next: EOSHIFT, Prev: DREAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.61 `DTIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
8.61 `DTIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`DTIME(VALUES, TIME)' initially returns the number of seconds of
|
`DTIME(VALUES, TIME)' initially returns the number of seconds of
|
runtime since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES
|
runtime since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES
|
returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)'
|
returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)'
|
and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) +
|
and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) +
|
VALUES(2)'.
|
VALUES(2)'.
|
|
|
Subsequent invocations of `DTIME' return values accumulated since
|
Subsequent invocations of `DTIME' return values accumulated since
|
the previous invocation.
|
the previous invocation.
|
|
|
On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using
|
On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using
|
types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around)
|
types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around)
|
are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned
|
are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned
|
by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically
|
by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically
|
less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled
|
less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled
|
program.
|
program.
|
|
|
Please note, that this implementation is thread safe if used
|
Please note, that this implementation is thread safe if used
|
within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while
|
within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while
|
called from multiple threads. However, if `DTIME' is called from
|
called from multiple threads. However, if `DTIME' is called from
|
multiple threads, the result is still the time since the last
|
multiple threads, the result is still the time since the last
|
invocation. This may not give the intended results. If possible,
|
invocation. This may not give the intended results. If possible,
|
use `CPU_TIME' instead.
|
use `CPU_TIME' instead.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following:
|
VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following:
|
|
|
`VALUES(1)': User time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(1)': User time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(2)': System time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(2)': System time in seconds.
|
`TIME': Run time since start in
|
`TIME': Run time since start in
|
seconds.
|
seconds.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL DTIME(VALUES, TIME)'.
|
`CALL DTIME(VALUES, TIME)'.
|
`TIME = DTIME(VALUES)', (not recommended).
|
`TIME = DTIME(VALUES)', (not recommended).
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'.
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'.
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Elapsed time in seconds since the last invocation or since the
|
Elapsed time in seconds since the last invocation or since the
|
start of program execution if not called before.
|
start of program execution if not called before.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_dtime
|
program test_dtime
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
real, dimension(2) :: tarray
|
real, dimension(2) :: tarray
|
real :: result
|
real :: result
|
call dtime(tarray, result)
|
call dtime(tarray, result)
|
print *, result
|
print *, result
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay
|
do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay
|
j = i * i - i
|
j = i * i - i
|
end do
|
end do
|
call dtime(tarray, result)
|
call dtime(tarray, result)
|
print *, result
|
print *, result
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
end program test_dtime
|
end program test_dtime
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EOSHIFT, Next: EPSILON, Prev: DTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EOSHIFT, Next: EPSILON, Prev: DTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.62 `EOSHIFT' -- End-off shift elements of an array
|
8.62 `EOSHIFT' -- End-off shift elements of an array
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT[, BOUNDARY, DIM])' performs an end-off shift
|
`EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT[, BOUNDARY, DIM])' performs an end-off shift
|
on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is
|
on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is
|
omitted it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
omitted it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
in the range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY.
|
in the range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY.
|
If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are
|
If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are
|
shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all
|
shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all
|
complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are
|
complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are
|
shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section
|
shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section
|
are dropped. If BOUNDARY is present then the corresponding value
|
are dropped. If BOUNDARY is present then the corresponding value
|
of from BOUNDARY is copied back in the other end. If BOUNDARY is
|
of from BOUNDARY is copied back in the other end. If BOUNDARY is
|
not present then the following are copied in depending on the type
|
not present then the following are copied in depending on the type
|
of ARRAY.
|
of ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Array _Boundary Value_
|
_Array _Boundary Value_
|
Type_
|
Type_
|
Numeric 0 of the type and kind of ARRAY.
|
Numeric 0 of the type and kind of ARRAY.
|
Logical `.FALSE.'.
|
Logical `.FALSE.'.
|
Character(LEN)LEN blanks.
|
Character(LEN)LEN blanks.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, BOUNDARY, DIM])'
|
`RESULT = EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, BOUNDARY, DIM])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY May be any type, not scalar.
|
ARRAY May be any type, not scalar.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
BOUNDARY Same type as ARRAY.
|
BOUNDARY Same type as ARRAY.
|
DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument.
|
Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_eoshift
|
program test_eoshift
|
integer, dimension(3,3) :: a
|
integer, dimension(3,3) :: a
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /))
|
a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /))
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
a = EOSHIFT(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, 1/), BOUNDARY=-5, DIM=2)
|
a = EOSHIFT(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, 1/), BOUNDARY=-5, DIM=2)
|
print *
|
print *
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(1,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(2,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
print '(3i3)', a(3,:)
|
end program test_eoshift
|
end program test_eoshift
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EPSILON, Next: ERF, Prev: EOSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EPSILON, Next: ERF, Prev: EOSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.63 `EPSILON' -- Epsilon function
|
8.63 `EPSILON' -- Epsilon function
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`EPSILON(X)' returns the smallest number E of the same kind as X
|
`EPSILON(X)' returns the smallest number E of the same kind as X
|
such that 1 + E > 1.
|
such that 1 + E > 1.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = EPSILON(X)'
|
`RESULT = EPSILON(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of same type as the argument.
|
The return value is of same type as the argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_epsilon
|
program test_epsilon
|
real :: x = 3.143
|
real :: x = 3.143
|
real(8) :: y = 2.33
|
real(8) :: y = 2.33
|
print *, EPSILON(x)
|
print *, EPSILON(x)
|
print *, EPSILON(y)
|
print *, EPSILON(y)
|
end program test_epsilon
|
end program test_epsilon
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERF, Next: ERFC, Prev: EPSILON, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERF, Next: ERFC, Prev: EPSILON, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.64 `ERF' -- Error function
|
8.64 `ERF' -- Error function
|
============================
|
============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ERF(X)' computes the error function of X.
|
`ERF(X)' computes the error function of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ERF(X)'
|
`RESULT = ERF(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL', of the same kind as X and lies
|
The return value is of type `REAL', of the same kind as X and lies
|
in the range -1 \leq erf (x) \leq 1 .
|
in the range -1 \leq erf (x) \leq 1 .
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_erf
|
program test_erf
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
x = erf(x)
|
x = erf(x)
|
end program test_erf
|
end program test_erf
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DERF(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DERF(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC, Next: ERFC_SCALED, Prev: ERF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC, Next: ERFC_SCALED, Prev: ERF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.65 `ERFC' -- Error function
|
8.65 `ERFC' -- Error function
|
=============================
|
=============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ERFC(X)' computes the complementary error function of X.
|
`ERFC(X)' computes the complementary error function of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ERFC(X)'
|
`RESULT = ERFC(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. It
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. It
|
lies in the range 0 \leq erfc (x) \leq 2 .
|
lies in the range 0 \leq erfc (x) \leq 2 .
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_erfc
|
program test_erfc
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
x = erfc(x)
|
x = erfc(x)
|
end program test_erfc
|
end program test_erfc
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DERFC(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
`DERFC(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC_SCALED, Next: ETIME, Prev: ERFC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC_SCALED, Next: ETIME, Prev: ERFC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.66 `ERFC_SCALED' -- Error function
|
8.66 `ERFC_SCALED' -- Error function
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ERFC_SCALED(X)' computes the exponentially-scaled complementary
|
`ERFC_SCALED(X)' computes the exponentially-scaled complementary
|
error function of X.
|
error function of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ERFC_SCALED(X)'
|
`RESULT = ERFC_SCALED(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X.
|
The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_erfc_scaled
|
program test_erfc_scaled
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.17_8
|
x = erfc_scaled(x)
|
x = erfc_scaled(x)
|
end program test_erfc_scaled
|
end program test_erfc_scaled
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ETIME, Next: EXIT, Prev: ERFC_SCALED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ETIME, Next: EXIT, Prev: ERFC_SCALED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.67 `ETIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
8.67 `ETIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function)
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ETIME(VALUES, TIME)' returns the number of seconds of runtime
|
`ETIME(VALUES, TIME)' returns the number of seconds of runtime
|
since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES
|
since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES
|
returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)'
|
returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)'
|
and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) +
|
and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) +
|
VALUES(2)'.
|
VALUES(2)'.
|
|
|
On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using
|
On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using
|
types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around)
|
types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around)
|
are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned
|
are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned
|
by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically
|
by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically
|
less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled
|
less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled
|
program.
|
program.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following:
|
VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following:
|
|
|
`VALUES(1)': User time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(1)': User time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(2)': System time in seconds.
|
`VALUES(2)': System time in seconds.
|
`TIME': Run time since start in seconds.
|
`TIME': Run time since start in seconds.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL ETIME(VALUES, TIME)'.
|
`CALL ETIME(VALUES, TIME)'.
|
`TIME = ETIME(VALUES)', (not recommended).
|
`TIME = ETIME(VALUES)', (not recommended).
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'.
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'.
|
TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Elapsed time in seconds since the start of program execution.
|
Elapsed time in seconds since the start of program execution.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_etime
|
program test_etime
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
real, dimension(2) :: tarray
|
real, dimension(2) :: tarray
|
real :: result
|
real :: result
|
call ETIME(tarray, result)
|
call ETIME(tarray, result)
|
print *, result
|
print *, result
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay
|
do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay
|
j = i * i - i
|
j = i * i - i
|
end do
|
end do
|
call ETIME(tarray, result)
|
call ETIME(tarray, result)
|
print *, result
|
print *, result
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
end program test_etime
|
end program test_etime
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXIT, Next: EXP, Prev: ETIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXIT, Next: EXP, Prev: ETIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.68 `EXIT' -- Exit the program with status.
|
8.68 `EXIT' -- Exit the program with status.
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`EXIT' causes immediate termination of the program with status.
|
`EXIT' causes immediate termination of the program with status.
|
If status is omitted it returns the canonical _success_ for the
|
If status is omitted it returns the canonical _success_ for the
|
system. All Fortran I/O units are closed.
|
system. All Fortran I/O units are closed.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL EXIT([STATUS])'
|
`CALL EXIT([STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STATUS Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
STATUS Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
`STATUS' is passed to the parent process on exit.
|
`STATUS' is passed to the parent process on exit.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_exit
|
program test_exit
|
integer :: STATUS = 0
|
integer :: STATUS = 0
|
print *, 'This program is going to exit.'
|
print *, 'This program is going to exit.'
|
call EXIT(STATUS)
|
call EXIT(STATUS)
|
end program test_exit
|
end program test_exit
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ABORT::, *note KILL::
|
*note ABORT::, *note KILL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXP, Next: EXPONENT, Prev: EXIT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXP, Next: EXPONENT, Prev: EXIT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.69 `EXP' -- Exponential function
|
8.69 `EXP' -- Exponential function
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`EXP(X)' computes the base e exponential of X.
|
`EXP(X)' computes the base e exponential of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = EXP(X)'
|
`RESULT = EXP(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_exp
|
program test_exp
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
x = exp(x)
|
x = exp(x)
|
end program test_exp
|
end program test_exp
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DEXP(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DEXP(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
`CEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`CEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`ZEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`ZEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
`CDEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`CDEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXPONENT, Next: FDATE, Prev: EXP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: EXPONENT, Next: FDATE, Prev: EXP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.70 `EXPONENT' -- Exponent function
|
8.70 `EXPONENT' -- Exponent function
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`EXPONENT(X)' returns the value of the exponent part of X. If X is
|
`EXPONENT(X)' returns the value of the exponent part of X. If X is
|
zero the value returned is zero.
|
zero the value returned is zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = EXPONENT(X)'
|
`RESULT = EXPONENT(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type default `INTEGER'.
|
The return value is of type default `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_exponent
|
program test_exponent
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
i = exponent(x)
|
i = exponent(x)
|
print *, i
|
print *, i
|
print *, exponent(0.0)
|
print *, exponent(0.0)
|
end program test_exponent
|
end program test_exponent
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FDATE, Next: FGET, Prev: EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FDATE, Next: FGET, Prev: EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.71 `FDATE' -- Get the current time as a string
|
8.71 `FDATE' -- Get the current time as a string
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FDATE(DATE)' returns the current date (using the same format as
|
`FDATE(DATE)' returns the current date (using the same format as
|
`CTIME') in DATE. It is equivalent to `CALL CTIME(DATE, TIME())'.
|
`CTIME') in DATE. It is equivalent to `CALL CTIME(DATE, TIME())'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
DATE is an `INTENT(OUT)' `CHARACTER' variable of the default kind.
|
DATE is an `INTENT(OUT)' `CHARACTER' variable of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FDATE(DATE)'.
|
`CALL FDATE(DATE)'.
|
`DATE = FDATE()', (not recommended).
|
`DATE = FDATE()', (not recommended).
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
DATE The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' of the
|
DATE The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' of the
|
default kind
|
default kind
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The current date as a string.
|
The current date as a string.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_fdate
|
program test_fdate
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
integer(8) :: i, j
|
character(len=30) :: date
|
character(len=30) :: date
|
call fdate(date)
|
call fdate(date)
|
print *, 'Program started on ', date
|
print *, 'Program started on ', date
|
do i = 1, 100000000 ! Just a delay
|
do i = 1, 100000000 ! Just a delay
|
j = i * i - i
|
j = i * i - i
|
end do
|
end do
|
call fdate(date)
|
call fdate(date)
|
print *, 'Program ended on ', date
|
print *, 'Program ended on ', date
|
end program test_fdate
|
end program test_fdate
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOAT, Next: FLOOR, Prev: FGETC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOAT, Next: FLOOR, Prev: FGETC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.72 `FLOAT' -- Convert integer to default real
|
8.72 `FLOAT' -- Convert integer to default real
|
===============================================
|
===============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FLOAT(A)' converts the integer A to a default real value.
|
`FLOAT(A)' converts the integer A to a default real value.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = FLOAT(A)'
|
`RESULT = FLOAT(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
A The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type default `REAL'.
|
The return value is of type default `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_float
|
program test_float
|
integer :: i = 1
|
integer :: i = 1
|
if (float(i) /= 1.) call abort
|
if (float(i) /= 1.) call abort
|
end program test_float
|
end program test_float
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DBLE::, *note DFLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
*note DBLE::, *note DFLOAT::, *note REAL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FGET, Next: FGETC, Prev: FDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FGET, Next: FGETC, Prev: FDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.73 `FGET' -- Read a single character in stream mode from stdin
|
8.73 `FGET' -- Read a single character in stream mode from stdin
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Read a single character in stream mode from stdin by bypassing
|
Read a single character in stream mode from stdin by bypassing
|
normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with
|
normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with
|
normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same
|
normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same
|
unit; the results are unpredictable.
|
unit; the results are unpredictable.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FGET(C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FGET(C [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file, and a
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file, and a
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_fget
|
PROGRAM test_fget
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: strlen = 100
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: strlen = 100
|
INTEGER :: status, i = 1
|
INTEGER :: status, i = 1
|
CHARACTER(len=strlen) :: str = ""
|
CHARACTER(len=strlen) :: str = ""
|
|
|
WRITE (*,*) 'Enter text:'
|
WRITE (*,*) 'Enter text:'
|
DO
|
DO
|
CALL fget(str(i:i), status)
|
CALL fget(str(i:i), status)
|
if (status /= 0 .OR. i > strlen) exit
|
if (status /= 0 .OR. i > strlen) exit
|
i = i + 1
|
i = i + 1
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(str)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(str)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FGETC::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::
|
*note FGETC::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FGETC, Next: FLOAT, Prev: FGET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FGETC, Next: FLOAT, Prev: FGET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.74 `FGETC' -- Read a single character in stream mode
|
8.74 `FGETC' -- Read a single character in stream mode
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Read a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal
|
Read a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal
|
formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal
|
formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal
|
record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit;
|
record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit;
|
the results are unpredictable.
|
the results are unpredictable.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FGETC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FGETC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_fgetc
|
PROGRAM test_fgetc
|
INTEGER :: fd = 42, status
|
INTEGER :: fd = 42, status
|
CHARACTER :: c
|
CHARACTER :: c
|
|
|
OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="/etc/passwd", ACTION="READ", STATUS = "OLD")
|
OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="/etc/passwd", ACTION="READ", STATUS = "OLD")
|
DO
|
DO
|
CALL fgetc(fd, c, status)
|
CALL fgetc(fd, c, status)
|
IF (status /= 0) EXIT
|
IF (status /= 0) EXIT
|
call fput(c)
|
call fput(c)
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
CLOSE(UNIT=fd)
|
CLOSE(UNIT=fd)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FGET::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::
|
*note FGET::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOOR, Next: FLUSH, Prev: FLOAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOOR, Next: FLUSH, Prev: FLOAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.75 `FLOOR' -- Integer floor function
|
8.75 `FLOOR' -- Integer floor function
|
======================================
|
======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FLOOR(A)' returns the greatest integer less than or equal to X.
|
`FLOOR(A)' returns the greatest integer less than or equal to X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = FLOOR(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = FLOOR(A [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be `REAL'.
|
A The type shall be `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and
|
of default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise.
|
of default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_floor
|
program test_floor
|
real :: x = 63.29
|
real :: x = 63.29
|
real :: y = -63.59
|
real :: y = -63.59
|
print *, floor(x) ! returns 63
|
print *, floor(x) ! returns 63
|
print *, floor(y) ! returns -64
|
print *, floor(y) ! returns -64
|
end program test_floor
|
end program test_floor
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CEILING::, *note NINT::
|
*note CEILING::, *note NINT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLUSH, Next: FNUM, Prev: FLOOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FLUSH, Next: FNUM, Prev: FLOOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.76 `FLUSH' -- Flush I/O unit(s)
|
8.76 `FLUSH' -- Flush I/O unit(s)
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Flushes Fortran unit(s) currently open for output. Without the
|
Flushes Fortran unit(s) currently open for output. Without the
|
optional argument, all units are flushed, otherwise just the unit
|
optional argument, all units are flushed, otherwise just the unit
|
specified.
|
specified.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FLUSH(UNIT)'
|
`CALL FLUSH(UNIT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Note_:
|
_Note_:
|
Beginning with the Fortran 2003 standard, there is a `FLUSH'
|
Beginning with the Fortran 2003 standard, there is a `FLUSH'
|
statement that should be preferred over the `FLUSH' intrinsic.
|
statement that should be preferred over the `FLUSH' intrinsic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FNUM, Next: FPUT, Prev: FLUSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FNUM, Next: FPUT, Prev: FLUSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.77 `FNUM' -- File number function
|
8.77 `FNUM' -- File number function
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FNUM(UNIT)' returns the POSIX file descriptor number
|
`FNUM(UNIT)' returns the POSIX file descriptor number
|
corresponding to the open Fortran I/O unit `UNIT'.
|
corresponding to the open Fortran I/O unit `UNIT'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = FNUM(UNIT)'
|
`RESULT = FNUM(UNIT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER'
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_fnum
|
program test_fnum
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
open (unit=10, status = "scratch")
|
open (unit=10, status = "scratch")
|
i = fnum(10)
|
i = fnum(10)
|
print *, i
|
print *, i
|
close (10)
|
close (10)
|
end program test_fnum
|
end program test_fnum
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUT, Next: FPUTC, Prev: FNUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUT, Next: FPUTC, Prev: FNUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.78 `FPUT' -- Write a single character in stream mode to stdout
|
8.78 `FPUT' -- Write a single character in stream mode to stdout
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Write a single character in stream mode to stdout by bypassing
|
Write a single character in stream mode to stdout by bypassing
|
normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with
|
normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with
|
normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same
|
normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same
|
unit; the results are unpredictable.
|
unit; the results are unpredictable.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FPUT(C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FPUT(C [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_fput
|
PROGRAM test_fput
|
CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran"
|
CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran"
|
INTEGER :: i
|
INTEGER :: i
|
DO i = 1, len_trim(str)
|
DO i = 1, len_trim(str)
|
CALL fput(str(i:i))
|
CALL fput(str(i:i))
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FPUTC::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::
|
*note FPUTC::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUTC, Next: FRACTION, Prev: FPUT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUTC, Next: FRACTION, Prev: FPUT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.79 `FPUTC' -- Write a single character in stream mode
|
8.79 `FPUTC' -- Write a single character in stream mode
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Write a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal
|
Write a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal
|
formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal
|
formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal
|
record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit;
|
record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit;
|
the results are unpredictable.
|
the results are unpredictable.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
*note Fortran 2003 status::.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FPUTC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FPUTC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
system specific positive error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_fputc
|
PROGRAM test_fputc
|
CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran"
|
CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran"
|
INTEGER :: fd = 42, i
|
INTEGER :: fd = 42, i
|
|
|
OPEN(UNIT = fd, FILE = "out", ACTION = "WRITE", STATUS="NEW")
|
OPEN(UNIT = fd, FILE = "out", ACTION = "WRITE", STATUS="NEW")
|
DO i = 1, len_trim(str)
|
DO i = 1, len_trim(str)
|
CALL fputc(fd, str(i:i))
|
CALL fputc(fd, str(i:i))
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
CLOSE(fd)
|
CLOSE(fd)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FPUT::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::
|
*note FPUT::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FRACTION, Next: FREE, Prev: FPUTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FRACTION, Next: FREE, Prev: FPUTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.80 `FRACTION' -- Fractional part of the model representation
|
8.80 `FRACTION' -- Fractional part of the model representation
|
==============================================================
|
==============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FRACTION(X)' returns the fractional part of the model
|
`FRACTION(X)' returns the fractional part of the model
|
representation of `X'.
|
representation of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`Y = FRACTION(X)'
|
`Y = FRACTION(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'.
|
X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument.
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument.
|
The fractional part of the model representation of `X' is returned;
|
The fractional part of the model representation of `X' is returned;
|
it is `X * RADIX(X)**(-EXPONENT(X))'.
|
it is `X * RADIX(X)**(-EXPONENT(X))'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_fraction
|
program test_fraction
|
real :: x
|
real :: x
|
x = 178.1387e-4
|
x = 178.1387e-4
|
print *, fraction(x), x * radix(x)**(-exponent(x))
|
print *, fraction(x), x * radix(x)**(-exponent(x))
|
end program test_fraction
|
end program test_fraction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FREE, Next: FSEEK, Prev: FRACTION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FREE, Next: FSEEK, Prev: FRACTION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.81 `FREE' -- Frees memory
|
8.81 `FREE' -- Frees memory
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Frees memory previously allocated by `MALLOC()'. The `FREE'
|
Frees memory previously allocated by `MALLOC()'. The `FREE'
|
intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers,
|
intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers,
|
and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow user to compile legacy
|
and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow user to compile legacy
|
code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory
|
code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory
|
de-allocation intrinsic is `DEALLOCATE'.
|
de-allocation intrinsic is `DEALLOCATE'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FREE(PTR)'
|
`CALL FREE(PTR)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
PTR The type shall be `INTEGER'. It represents the
|
PTR The type shall be `INTEGER'. It represents the
|
location of the memory that should be
|
location of the memory that should be
|
de-allocated.
|
de-allocated.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `MALLOC' for an example.
|
See `MALLOC' for an example.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MALLOC::
|
*note MALLOC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FSEEK, Next: FSTAT, Prev: FREE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FSEEK, Next: FSTAT, Prev: FREE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.82 `FSEEK' -- Low level file positioning subroutine
|
8.82 `FSEEK' -- Low level file positioning subroutine
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Moves UNIT to the specified OFFSET. If WHENCE is set to 0, the
|
Moves UNIT to the specified OFFSET. If WHENCE is set to 0, the
|
OFFSET is taken as an absolute value `SEEK_SET', if set to 1,
|
OFFSET is taken as an absolute value `SEEK_SET', if set to 1,
|
OFFSET is taken to be relative to the current position `SEEK_CUR',
|
OFFSET is taken to be relative to the current position `SEEK_CUR',
|
and if set to 2 relative to the end of the file `SEEK_END'. On
|
and if set to 2 relative to the end of the file `SEEK_END'. On
|
error, STATUS is set to a nonzero value. If STATUS the seek fails
|
error, STATUS is set to a nonzero value. If STATUS the seek fails
|
silently.
|
silently.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is not fully backwards compatible with
|
This intrinsic routine is not fully backwards compatible with
|
`g77'. In `g77', the `FSEEK' takes a statement label instead of a
|
`g77'. In `g77', the `FSEEK' takes a statement label instead of a
|
STATUS variable. If FSEEK is used in old code, change
|
STATUS variable. If FSEEK is used in old code, change
|
CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, *label)
|
CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, *label)
|
to
|
to
|
INTEGER :: status
|
INTEGER :: status
|
CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, status)
|
CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, status)
|
IF (status /= 0) GOTO label
|
IF (status /= 0) GOTO label
|
|
|
Please note that GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream
|
Please note that GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream
|
facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO
|
facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO
|
feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran
|
feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran
|
2003 status::.
|
2003 status::.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE[, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE[, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
OFFSET Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
OFFSET Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
WHENCE Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. Its
|
WHENCE Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. Its
|
value shall be either 0, 1 or 2.
|
value shall be either 0, 1 or 2.
|
STATUS (Optional) shall be a scalar of type
|
STATUS (Optional) shall be a scalar of type
|
`INTEGER(4)'.
|
`INTEGER(4)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_fseek
|
PROGRAM test_fseek
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SEEK_SET = 0, SEEK_CUR = 1, SEEK_END = 2
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SEEK_SET = 0, SEEK_CUR = 1, SEEK_END = 2
|
INTEGER :: fd, offset, ierr
|
INTEGER :: fd, offset, ierr
|
|
|
ierr = 0
|
ierr = 0
|
offset = 5
|
offset = 5
|
fd = 10
|
fd = 10
|
|
|
OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="fseek.test")
|
OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="fseek.test")
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, offset, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to OFFSET
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, offset, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to OFFSET
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
|
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_END, ierr) ! move to end
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_END, ierr) ! move to end
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
|
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to beginning
|
CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to beginning
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
print *, FTELL(fd), ierr
|
|
|
CLOSE(UNIT=fd)
|
CLOSE(UNIT=fd)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FTELL::
|
*note FTELL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FSTAT, Next: FTELL, Prev: FSEEK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FSTAT, Next: FTELL, Prev: FSEEK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.83 `FSTAT' -- Get file status
|
8.83 `FSTAT' -- Get file status
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`FSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that information
|
`FSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that information
|
about an already opened file is obtained.
|
about an already opened file is obtained.
|
|
|
The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::.
|
The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT An open I/O unit number of type `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT An open I/O unit number of type `INTEGER'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
error code otherwise.
|
error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See *note STAT:: for an example.
|
See *note STAT:: for an example.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
To stat a link: *note LSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::
|
To stat a link: *note LSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FTELL, Next: GAMMA, Prev: FSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: FTELL, Next: GAMMA, Prev: FSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.84 `FTELL' -- Current stream position
|
8.84 `FTELL' -- Current stream position
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Retrieves the current position within an open file.
|
Retrieves the current position within an open file.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL FTELL(UNIT, OFFSET)'
|
`CALL FTELL(UNIT, OFFSET)'
|
`OFFSET = FTELL(UNIT)'
|
`OFFSET = FTELL(UNIT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
OFFSET Shall of type `INTEGER'.
|
OFFSET Shall of type `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT Shall of type `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT Shall of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
In either syntax, OFFSET is set to the current offset of unit
|
In either syntax, OFFSET is set to the current offset of unit
|
number UNIT, or to -1 if the unit is not currently open.
|
number UNIT, or to -1 if the unit is not currently open.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_ftell
|
PROGRAM test_ftell
|
INTEGER :: i
|
INTEGER :: i
|
OPEN(10, FILE="temp.dat")
|
OPEN(10, FILE="temp.dat")
|
CALL ftell(10,i)
|
CALL ftell(10,i)
|
WRITE(*,*) i
|
WRITE(*,*) i
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FSEEK::
|
*note FSEEK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GAMMA, Next: GERROR, Prev: FTELL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GAMMA, Next: GERROR, Prev: FTELL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.85 `GAMMA' -- Gamma function
|
8.85 `GAMMA' -- Gamma function
|
==============================
|
==============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`GAMMA(X)' computes Gamma (\Gamma) of X. For positive, integer
|
`GAMMA(X)' computes Gamma (\Gamma) of X. For positive, integer
|
values of X the Gamma function simplifies to the factorial
|
values of X the Gamma function simplifies to the factorial
|
function \Gamma(x)=(x-1)!.
|
function \Gamma(x)=(x-1)!.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`X = GAMMA(X)'
|
`X = GAMMA(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a
|
negative integer.
|
negative integer.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X.
|
The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_gamma
|
program test_gamma
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
x = gamma(x) ! returns 1.0
|
x = gamma(x) ! returns 1.0
|
end program test_gamma
|
end program test_gamma
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`GAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`GAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`DGAMMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension
|
`DGAMMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Logarithm of the Gamma function: *note LOG_GAMMA::
|
Logarithm of the Gamma function: *note LOG_GAMMA::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GERROR, Next: GETARG, Prev: GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GERROR, Next: GETARG, Prev: GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.86 `GERROR' -- Get last system error message
|
8.86 `GERROR' -- Get last system error message
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the system error message corresponding to the last system
|
Returns the system error message corresponding to the last system
|
error. This resembles the functionality of `strerror(3)' in C.
|
error. This resembles the functionality of `strerror(3)' in C.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GERROR(RESULT)'
|
`CALL GERROR(RESULT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
RESULT Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
RESULT Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_gerror
|
PROGRAM test_gerror
|
CHARACTER(len=100) :: msg
|
CHARACTER(len=100) :: msg
|
CALL gerror(msg)
|
CALL gerror(msg)
|
WRITE(*,*) msg
|
WRITE(*,*) msg
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IERRNO::, *note PERROR::
|
*note IERRNO::, *note PERROR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETARG, Next: GET_COMMAND, Prev: GERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETARG, Next: GET_COMMAND, Prev: GERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.87 `GETARG' -- Get command line arguments
|
8.87 `GETARG' -- Get command line arguments
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Retrieve the POS-th argument that was passed on the command line
|
Retrieve the POS-th argument that was passed on the command line
|
when the containing program was invoked.
|
when the containing program was invoked.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
of the *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT:: intrinsic defined by the
|
of the *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT:: intrinsic defined by the
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GETARG(POS, VALUE)'
|
`CALL GETARG(POS, VALUE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
POS Shall be of type `INTEGER' and not wider than
|
POS Shall be of type `INTEGER' and not wider than
|
the default integer kind; POS \geq 0
|
the default integer kind; POS \geq 0
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
After `GETARG' returns, the VALUE argument holds the POSth command
|
After `GETARG' returns, the VALUE argument holds the POSth command
|
line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated
|
line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated
|
to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than POS arguments
|
to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than POS arguments
|
specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks.
|
specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks.
|
If POS = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems
|
If POS = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems
|
that support this feature).
|
that support this feature).
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_getarg
|
PROGRAM test_getarg
|
INTEGER :: i
|
INTEGER :: i
|
CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg
|
CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg
|
|
|
DO i = 1, iargc()
|
DO i = 1, iargc()
|
CALL getarg(i, arg)
|
CALL getarg(i, arg)
|
WRITE (*,*) arg
|
WRITE (*,*) arg
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
GNU Fortran 77 compatibility function: *note IARGC::
|
GNU Fortran 77 compatibility function: *note IARGC::
|
|
|
Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note
|
Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note
|
GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND, Next: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Prev: GETARG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND, Next: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Prev: GETARG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.88 `GET_COMMAND' -- Get the entire command line
|
8.88 `GET_COMMAND' -- Get the entire command line
|
=================================================
|
=================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Retrieve the entire command line that was used to invoke the
|
Retrieve the entire command line that was used to invoke the
|
program.
|
program.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GET_COMMAND([COMMAND, LENGTH, STATUS])'
|
`CALL GET_COMMAND([COMMAND, LENGTH, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
COMMAND (Optional) shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
COMMAND (Optional) shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
LENGTH (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of
|
LENGTH (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If COMMAND is present, stores the entire command line that was used
|
If COMMAND is present, stores the entire command line that was used
|
to invoke the program in COMMAND. If LENGTH is present, it is
|
to invoke the program in COMMAND. If LENGTH is present, it is
|
assigned the length of the command line. If STATUS is present, it
|
assigned the length of the command line. If STATUS is present, it
|
is assigned 0 upon success of the command, -1 if COMMAND is too
|
is assigned 0 upon success of the command, -1 if COMMAND is too
|
short to store the command line, or a positive value in case of an
|
short to store the command line, or a positive value in case of an
|
error.
|
error.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_get_command
|
PROGRAM test_get_command
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: cmd
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: cmd
|
CALL get_command(cmd)
|
CALL get_command(cmd)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(cmd)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(cmd)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
*note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Next: GETCWD, Prev: GET_COMMAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Next: GETCWD, Prev: GET_COMMAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.89 `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' -- Get command line arguments
|
8.89 `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' -- Get command line arguments
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Retrieve the NUMBER-th argument that was passed on the command
|
Retrieve the NUMBER-th argument that was passed on the command
|
line when the containing program was invoked.
|
line when the containing program was invoked.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT(NUMBER [, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS])'
|
`CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT(NUMBER [, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NUMBER Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
NUMBER Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
default kind, NUMBER \geq 0
|
default kind, NUMBER \geq 0
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
LENGTH (Option) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
LENGTH (Option) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
and of default kind.
|
and of default kind.
|
STATUS (Option) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
STATUS (Option) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
and of default kind.
|
and of default kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
After `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' returns, the VALUE argument holds the
|
After `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' returns, the VALUE argument holds the
|
NUMBER-th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the
|
NUMBER-th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the
|
argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are
|
argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are
|
less than NUMBER arguments specified at the command line, VALUE
|
less than NUMBER arguments specified at the command line, VALUE
|
will be filled with blanks. If NUMBER = 0, VALUE is set to the
|
will be filled with blanks. If NUMBER = 0, VALUE is set to the
|
name of the program (on systems that support this feature). The
|
name of the program (on systems that support this feature). The
|
LENGTH argument contains the length of the NUMBER-th command line
|
LENGTH argument contains the length of the NUMBER-th command line
|
argument. If the argument retrieval fails, STATUS is a positive
|
argument. If the argument retrieval fails, STATUS is a positive
|
number; if VALUE contains a truncated command line argument,
|
number; if VALUE contains a truncated command line argument,
|
STATUS is -1; and otherwise the STATUS is zero.
|
STATUS is -1; and otherwise the STATUS is zero.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_get_command_argument
|
PROGRAM test_get_command_argument
|
INTEGER :: i
|
INTEGER :: i
|
CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg
|
CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg
|
|
|
i = 0
|
i = 0
|
DO
|
DO
|
CALL get_command_argument(i, arg)
|
CALL get_command_argument(i, arg)
|
IF (LEN_TRIM(arg) == 0) EXIT
|
IF (LEN_TRIM(arg) == 0) EXIT
|
|
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(arg)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(arg)
|
i = i+1
|
i = i+1
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GET_COMMAND::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
*note GET_COMMAND::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETCWD, Next: GETENV, Prev: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETCWD, Next: GETENV, Prev: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.90 `GETCWD' -- Get current working directory
|
8.90 `GETCWD' -- Get current working directory
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Get current working directory.
|
Get current working directory.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GETCWD(C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL GETCWD(C [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag. Returns 0 on success,
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag. Returns 0 on success,
|
a system specific and nonzero error code
|
a system specific and nonzero error code
|
otherwise.
|
otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_getcwd
|
PROGRAM test_getcwd
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: cwd
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: cwd
|
CALL getcwd(cwd)
|
CALL getcwd(cwd)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(cwd)
|
WRITE(*,*) TRIM(cwd)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CHDIR::
|
*note CHDIR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETENV, Next: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Prev: GETCWD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETENV, Next: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Prev: GETCWD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.91 `GETENV' -- Get an environmental variable
|
8.91 `GETENV' -- Get an environmental variable
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME.
|
Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
of the *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE:: intrinsic defined by the
|
of the *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE:: intrinsic defined by the
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GETENV(NAME, VALUE)'
|
`CALL GETENV(NAME, VALUE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to
|
Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to
|
hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be
|
hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be
|
filled with blanks.
|
filled with blanks.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_getenv
|
PROGRAM test_getenv
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir
|
CALL getenv("HOME", homedir)
|
CALL getenv("HOME", homedir)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE::
|
*note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Next: GETGID, Prev: GETENV, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Next: GETGID, Prev: GETENV, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.92 `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' -- Get an environmental variable
|
8.92 `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' -- Get an environmental variable
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME.
|
Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE(NAME[, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS,
|
`CALL GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE(NAME[, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS,
|
TRIM_NAME)'
|
TRIM_NAME)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
NAME Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
LENGTH Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
LENGTH Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
STATUS Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
STATUS Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
TRIM_NAME Shall be a scalar of type `LOGICAL' and of
|
TRIM_NAME Shall be a scalar of type `LOGICAL' and of
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to
|
Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to
|
hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be
|
hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be
|
filled with blanks. Argument LENGTH contains the length needed for
|
filled with blanks. Argument LENGTH contains the length needed for
|
storing the environment variable NAME or zero if it is not
|
storing the environment variable NAME or zero if it is not
|
present. STATUS is -1 if VALUE is present but too short for the
|
present. STATUS is -1 if VALUE is present but too short for the
|
environment variable; it is 1 if the environment variable does not
|
environment variable; it is 1 if the environment variable does not
|
exist and 2 if the processor does not support environment
|
exist and 2 if the processor does not support environment
|
variables; in all other cases STATUS is zero. If TRIM_NAME is
|
variables; in all other cases STATUS is zero. If TRIM_NAME is
|
present with the value `.FALSE.', the trailing blanks in NAME are
|
present with the value `.FALSE.', the trailing blanks in NAME are
|
significant; otherwise they are not part of the environment
|
significant; otherwise they are not part of the environment
|
variable name.
|
variable name.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_getenv
|
PROGRAM test_getenv
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir
|
CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir
|
CALL get_environment_variable("HOME", homedir)
|
CALL get_environment_variable("HOME", homedir)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir)
|
WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETGID, Next: GETLOG, Prev: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETGID, Next: GETLOG, Prev: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.93 `GETGID' -- Group ID function
|
8.93 `GETGID' -- Group ID function
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the numerical group ID of the current process.
|
Returns the numerical group ID of the current process.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = GETGID()'
|
`RESULT = GETGID()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value of `GETGID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
The return value of `GETGID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `GETPID' for an example.
|
See `GETPID' for an example.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GETPID::, *note GETUID::
|
*note GETPID::, *note GETUID::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETLOG, Next: GETPID, Prev: GETGID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETLOG, Next: GETPID, Prev: GETGID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.94 `GETLOG' -- Get login name
|
8.94 `GETLOG' -- Get login name
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Gets the username under which the program is running.
|
Gets the username under which the program is running.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GETLOG(C)'
|
`CALL GETLOG(C)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
C Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Stores the current user name in LOGIN. (On systems where POSIX
|
Stores the current user name in LOGIN. (On systems where POSIX
|
functions `geteuid' and `getpwuid' are not available, and the
|
functions `geteuid' and `getpwuid' are not available, and the
|
`getlogin' function is not implemented either, this will return a
|
`getlogin' function is not implemented either, this will return a
|
blank string.)
|
blank string.)
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM TEST_GETLOG
|
PROGRAM TEST_GETLOG
|
CHARACTER(32) :: login
|
CHARACTER(32) :: login
|
CALL GETLOG(login)
|
CALL GETLOG(login)
|
WRITE(*,*) login
|
WRITE(*,*) login
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GETUID::
|
*note GETUID::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETPID, Next: GETUID, Prev: GETLOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETPID, Next: GETUID, Prev: GETLOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.95 `GETPID' -- Process ID function
|
8.95 `GETPID' -- Process ID function
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the numerical process identifier of the current process.
|
Returns the numerical process identifier of the current process.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = GETPID()'
|
`RESULT = GETPID()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value of `GETPID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
The return value of `GETPID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program info
|
program info
|
print *, "The current process ID is ", getpid()
|
print *, "The current process ID is ", getpid()
|
print *, "Your numerical user ID is ", getuid()
|
print *, "Your numerical user ID is ", getuid()
|
print *, "Your numerical group ID is ", getgid()
|
print *, "Your numerical group ID is ", getgid()
|
end program info
|
end program info
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GETGID::, *note GETUID::
|
*note GETGID::, *note GETUID::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETUID, Next: GMTIME, Prev: GETPID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GETUID, Next: GMTIME, Prev: GETPID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.96 `GETUID' -- User ID function
|
8.96 `GETUID' -- User ID function
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the numerical user ID of the current process.
|
Returns the numerical user ID of the current process.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = GETUID()'
|
`RESULT = GETUID()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value of `GETUID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
The return value of `GETUID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `GETPID' for an example.
|
See `GETPID' for an example.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note GETPID::, *note GETLOG::
|
*note GETPID::, *note GETLOG::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GMTIME, Next: HOSTNM, Prev: GETUID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GMTIME, Next: HOSTNM, Prev: GETUID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.97 `GMTIME' -- Convert time to GMT info
|
8.97 `GMTIME' -- Convert time to GMT info
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8()'
|
Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8()'
|
intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate
|
intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate
|
to the UTC time zone (Universal Coordinated Time, also known in
|
to the UTC time zone (Universal Coordinated Time, also known in
|
some countries as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time), using `gmtime(3)'.
|
some countries as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time), using `gmtime(3)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL GMTIME(TIME, VALUES)'
|
`CALL GMTIME(TIME, VALUES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding
|
TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding
|
to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'.
|
to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'.
|
VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements,
|
VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements,
|
with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows:
|
The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows:
|
1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap
|
1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap
|
seconds
|
seconds
|
|
|
2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59
|
2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59
|
|
|
3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23
|
3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23
|
|
|
4. Day of month, range 0-31
|
4. Day of month, range 0-31
|
|
|
5. Number of months since January, range 0-12
|
5. Number of months since January, range 0-12
|
|
|
6. Years since 1900
|
6. Years since 1900
|
|
|
7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6
|
7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6
|
|
|
8. Days since January 1
|
8. Days since January 1
|
|
|
9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in
|
9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in
|
effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not
|
effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not
|
available.
|
available.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
*note CTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HOSTNM, Next: HUGE, Prev: GMTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HOSTNM, Next: HUGE, Prev: GMTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.98 `HOSTNM' -- Get system host name
|
8.98 `HOSTNM' -- Get system host name
|
=====================================
|
=====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Retrieves the host name of the system on which the program is
|
Retrieves the host name of the system on which the program is
|
running.
|
running.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL HOSTNM(C [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL HOSTNM(C [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = HOSTNM(NAME)'
|
`STATUS = HOSTNM(NAME)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind.
|
C Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'.
|
Returns 0 on success, or a system specific
|
Returns 0 on success, or a system specific
|
error code otherwise.
|
error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
In either syntax, NAME is set to the current hostname if it can be
|
In either syntax, NAME is set to the current hostname if it can be
|
obtained, or to a blank string otherwise.
|
obtained, or to a blank string otherwise.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HUGE, Next: HYPOT, Prev: HOSTNM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HUGE, Next: HYPOT, Prev: HOSTNM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.99 `HUGE' -- Largest number of a kind
|
8.99 `HUGE' -- Largest number of a kind
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`HUGE(X)' returns the largest number that is not an infinity in
|
`HUGE(X)' returns the largest number that is not an infinity in
|
the model of the type of `X'.
|
the model of the type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = HUGE(X)'
|
`RESULT = HUGE(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' or `INTEGER'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' or `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_huge_tiny
|
program test_huge_tiny
|
print *, huge(0), huge(0.0), huge(0.0d0)
|
print *, huge(0), huge(0.0), huge(0.0d0)
|
print *, tiny(0.0), tiny(0.0d0)
|
print *, tiny(0.0), tiny(0.0d0)
|
end program test_huge_tiny
|
end program test_huge_tiny
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HYPOT, Next: IACHAR, Prev: HUGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: HYPOT, Next: IACHAR, Prev: HUGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.100 `HYPOT' -- Euclidean distance function
|
8.100 `HYPOT' -- Euclidean distance function
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`HYPOT(X,Y)' is the Euclidean distance function. It is equal to
|
`HYPOT(X,Y)' is the Euclidean distance function. It is equal to
|
\sqrtX^2 + Y^2, without undue underflow or overflow.
|
\sqrtX^2 + Y^2, without undue underflow or overflow.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = HYPOT(X, Y)'
|
`RESULT = HYPOT(X, Y)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
Y The type and kind type parameter shall be the
|
Y The type and kind type parameter shall be the
|
same as X.
|
same as X.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as X.
|
The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_hypot
|
program test_hypot
|
real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4
|
real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4
|
x = hypot(x,y)
|
x = hypot(x,y)
|
end program test_hypot
|
end program test_hypot
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IACHAR, Next: IAND, Prev: HYPOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IACHAR, Next: IAND, Prev: HYPOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.101 `IACHAR' -- Code in ASCII collating sequence
|
8.101 `IACHAR' -- Code in ASCII collating sequence
|
==================================================
|
==================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IACHAR(C)' returns the code for the ASCII character in the first
|
`IACHAR(C)' returns the code for the ASCII character in the first
|
character position of `C'.
|
character position of `C'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IACHAR(C [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = IACHAR(C [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_iachar
|
program test_iachar
|
integer i
|
integer i
|
i = iachar(' ')
|
i = iachar(' ')
|
end program test_iachar
|
end program test_iachar
|
|
|
_Note_:
|
_Note_:
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
values and formatted string representations.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
*note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note ICHAR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IAND, Next: IARGC, Prev: IACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IAND, Next: IARGC, Prev: IACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.102 `IAND' -- Bitwise logical and
|
8.102 `IAND' -- Bitwise logical and
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Bitwise logical `AND'.
|
Bitwise logical `AND'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IAND(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = IAND(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
are also permitted.)
|
are also permitted.)
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
larger argument.)
|
larger argument.)
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_iand
|
PROGRAM test_iand
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
WRITE (*,*) IAND(a, b)
|
WRITE (*,*) IAND(a, b)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
*note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IARGC, Next: IBCLR, Prev: IAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IARGC, Next: IBCLR, Prev: IAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.103 `IARGC' -- Get the number of command line arguments
|
8.103 `IARGC' -- Get the number of command line arguments
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IARGC()' returns the number of arguments passed on the command
|
`IARGC()' returns the number of arguments passed on the command
|
line when the containing program was invoked.
|
line when the containing program was invoked.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use
|
of the *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: intrinsic defined by the
|
of the *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: intrinsic defined by the
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
Fortran 2003 standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IARGC()'
|
`RESULT = IARGC()'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
None.
|
None.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The number of command line arguments, type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
The number of command line arguments, type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See *note GETARG::
|
See *note GETARG::
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
GNU Fortran 77 compatibility subroutine: *note GETARG::
|
GNU Fortran 77 compatibility subroutine: *note GETARG::
|
|
|
Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note
|
Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note
|
GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBCLR, Next: IBITS, Prev: IARGC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBCLR, Next: IBITS, Prev: IARGC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.104 `IBCLR' -- Clear bit
|
8.104 `IBCLR' -- Clear bit
|
==========================
|
==========================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IBCLR' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to
|
`IBCLR' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to
|
zero.
|
zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IBCLR(I, POS)'
|
`RESULT = IBCLR(I, POS)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note
|
*note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note
|
IEOR::, *note MVBITS::
|
IEOR::, *note MVBITS::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBITS, Next: IBSET, Prev: IBCLR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBITS, Next: IBSET, Prev: IBCLR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.105 `IBITS' -- Bit extraction
|
8.105 `IBITS' -- Bit extraction
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IBITS' extracts a field of length LEN from I, starting from bit
|
`IBITS' extracts a field of length LEN from I, starting from bit
|
position POS and extending left for LEN bits. The result is
|
position POS and extending left for LEN bits. The result is
|
right-justified and the remaining bits are zeroed. The value of
|
right-justified and the remaining bits are zeroed. The value of
|
`POS+LEN' must be less than or equal to the value `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
`POS+LEN' must be less than or equal to the value `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IBITS(I, POS, LEN)'
|
`RESULT = IBITS(I, POS, LEN)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::,
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::,
|
*note IOR::, *note IEOR::
|
*note IOR::, *note IEOR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBSET, Next: ICHAR, Prev: IBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IBSET, Next: ICHAR, Prev: IBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.106 `IBSET' -- Set bit
|
8.106 `IBSET' -- Set bit
|
========================
|
========================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IBSET' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to
|
`IBSET' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to
|
one.
|
one.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IBSET(I, POS)'
|
`RESULT = IBSET(I, POS)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
POS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IBCLR::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note
|
*note IBCLR::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note
|
IEOR::, *note MVBITS::
|
IEOR::, *note MVBITS::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ICHAR, Next: IDATE, Prev: IBSET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ICHAR, Next: IDATE, Prev: IBSET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.107 `ICHAR' -- Character-to-integer conversion function
|
8.107 `ICHAR' -- Character-to-integer conversion function
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ICHAR(C)' returns the code for the character in the first
|
`ICHAR(C)' returns the code for the character in the first
|
character position of `C' in the system's native character set.
|
character position of `C' in the system's native character set.
|
The correspondence between characters and their codes is not
|
The correspondence between characters and their codes is not
|
necessarily the same across different GNU Fortran implementations.
|
necessarily the same across different GNU Fortran implementations.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortan 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortan 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ICHAR(C [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = ICHAR(C [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_ichar
|
program test_ichar
|
integer i
|
integer i
|
i = ichar(' ')
|
i = ichar(' ')
|
end program test_ichar
|
end program test_ichar
|
|
|
_Note_:
|
_Note_:
|
No intrinsic exists to convert between a numeric value and a
|
No intrinsic exists to convert between a numeric value and a
|
formatted character string representation - for instance, given the
|
formatted character string representation - for instance, given the
|
`CHARACTER' value `'154'', obtaining an `INTEGER' or `REAL' value
|
`CHARACTER' value `'154'', obtaining an `INTEGER' or `REAL' value
|
with the value 154, or vice versa. Instead, this functionality is
|
with the value 154, or vice versa. Instead, this functionality is
|
provided by internal-file I/O, as in the following example:
|
provided by internal-file I/O, as in the following example:
|
program read_val
|
program read_val
|
integer value
|
integer value
|
character(len=10) string, string2
|
character(len=10) string, string2
|
string = '154'
|
string = '154'
|
|
|
! Convert a string to a numeric value
|
! Convert a string to a numeric value
|
read (string,'(I10)') value
|
read (string,'(I10)') value
|
print *, value
|
print *, value
|
|
|
! Convert a value to a formatted string
|
! Convert a value to a formatted string
|
write (string2,'(I10)') value
|
write (string2,'(I10)') value
|
print *, string2
|
print *, string2
|
end program read_val
|
end program read_val
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::
|
*note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IDATE, Next: IEOR, Prev: ICHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IDATE, Next: IEOR, Prev: ICHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.108 `IDATE' -- Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year)
|
8.108 `IDATE' -- Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year)
|
===================================================================
|
===================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the
|
`IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the
|
current local time. The day (in the range 1-31), month (in the
|
current local time. The day (in the range 1-31), month (in the
|
range 1-12), and year appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES,
|
range 1-12), and year appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES,
|
respectively. The year has four significant digits.
|
respectively. The year has four significant digits.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL IDATE(VALUES)'
|
`CALL IDATE(VALUES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and
|
the kind shall be the default integer kind.
|
the kind shall be the default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Does not return anything.
|
Does not return anything.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_idate
|
program test_idate
|
integer, dimension(3) :: tarray
|
integer, dimension(3) :: tarray
|
call idate(tarray)
|
call idate(tarray)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(3)
|
print *, tarray(3)
|
end program test_idate
|
end program test_idate
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IEOR, Next: IERRNO, Prev: IDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IEOR, Next: IERRNO, Prev: IDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.109 `IEOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
8.109 `IEOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive or
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IEOR' returns the bitwise boolean exclusive-OR of I and J.
|
`IEOR' returns the bitwise boolean exclusive-OR of I and J.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IEOR(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = IEOR(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
are also permitted.)
|
are also permitted.)
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
larger argument.)
|
larger argument.)
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
*note IOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IERRNO, Next: INDEX intrinsic, Prev: IEOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IERRNO, Next: INDEX intrinsic, Prev: IEOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.110 `IERRNO' -- Get the last system error number
|
8.110 `IERRNO' -- Get the last system error number
|
==================================================
|
==================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the last system error number, as given by the C `errno()'
|
Returns the last system error number, as given by the C `errno()'
|
function.
|
function.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IERRNO()'
|
`RESULT = IERRNO()'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
None.
|
None.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note PERROR::
|
*note PERROR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INDEX intrinsic, Next: INT, Prev: IERRNO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INDEX intrinsic, Next: INT, Prev: IERRNO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.111 `INDEX' -- Position of a substring within a string
|
8.111 `INDEX' -- Position of a substring within a string
|
========================================================
|
========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of string
|
Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of string
|
SUBSTRING as a substring in STRING, counting from one. If
|
SUBSTRING as a substring in STRING, counting from one. If
|
SUBSTRING is not present in STRING, zero is returned. If the BACK
|
SUBSTRING is not present in STRING, zero is returned. If the BACK
|
argument is present and true, the return value is the start of the
|
argument is present and true, the return value is the start of the
|
last occurrence rather than the first.
|
last occurrence rather than the first.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
STRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
SUBSTRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
SUBSTRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
BACK (Optional) Shall be a scalar `LOGICAL', with
|
BACK (Optional) Shall be a scalar `LOGICAL', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SCAN::, *note VERIFY::
|
*note SCAN::, *note VERIFY::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT, Next: INT2, Prev: INDEX intrinsic, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT, Next: INT2, Prev: INDEX intrinsic, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.112 `INT' -- Convert to integer type
|
8.112 `INT' -- Convert to integer type
|
======================================
|
======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Convert to integer type
|
Convert to integer type
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = INT(A [, KIND))'
|
`RESULT = INT(A [, KIND))'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
These functions return a `INTEGER' variable or array under the
|
These functions return a `INTEGER' variable or array under the
|
following rules:
|
following rules:
|
|
|
(A)
|
(A)
|
If A is of type `INTEGER', `INT(A) = A'
|
If A is of type `INTEGER', `INT(A) = A'
|
|
|
(B)
|
(B)
|
If A is of type `REAL' and |A| < 1, `INT(A)' equals `0'. If
|
If A is of type `REAL' and |A| < 1, `INT(A)' equals `0'. If
|
|A| \geq 1, then `INT(A)' equals the largest integer that
|
|A| \geq 1, then `INT(A)' equals the largest integer that
|
does not exceed the range of A and whose sign is the same as
|
does not exceed the range of A and whose sign is the same as
|
the sign of A.
|
the sign of A.
|
|
|
(C)
|
(C)
|
If A is of type `COMPLEX', rule B is applied to the real part
|
If A is of type `COMPLEX', rule B is applied to the real part
|
of A.
|
of A.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_int
|
program test_int
|
integer :: i = 42
|
integer :: i = 42
|
complex :: z = (-3.7, 1.0)
|
complex :: z = (-3.7, 1.0)
|
print *, int(i)
|
print *, int(i)
|
print *, int(z), int(z,8)
|
print *, int(z), int(z,8)
|
end program
|
end program
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`IFIX(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and
|
`IFIX(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
`IDINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and
|
`IDINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT2, Next: INT8, Prev: INT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT2, Next: INT8, Prev: INT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.113 `INT2' -- Convert to 16-bit integer type
|
8.113 `INT2' -- Convert to 16-bit integer type
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Convert to a `KIND=2' integer type. This is equivalent to the
|
Convert to a `KIND=2' integer type. This is equivalent to the
|
standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=2',
|
standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=2',
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
|
|
The `SHORT' intrinsic is equivalent to `INT2'.
|
The `SHORT' intrinsic is equivalent to `INT2'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = INT2(A)'
|
`RESULT = INT2(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(2)' variable.
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(2)' variable.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INT::, *note INT8::, *note LONG::
|
*note INT::, *note INT8::, *note LONG::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT8, Next: IOR, Prev: INT2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: INT8, Next: IOR, Prev: INT2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.114 `INT8' -- Convert to 64-bit integer type
|
8.114 `INT8' -- Convert to 64-bit integer type
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Convert to a `KIND=8' integer type. This is equivalent to the
|
Convert to a `KIND=8' integer type. This is equivalent to the
|
standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=8',
|
standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=8',
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = INT8(A)'
|
`RESULT = INT8(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(8)' variable.
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(8)' variable.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INT::, *note INT2::, *note LONG::
|
*note INT::, *note INT2::, *note LONG::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IOR, Next: IRAND, Prev: INT8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IOR, Next: IRAND, Prev: INT8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.115 `IOR' -- Bitwise logical or
|
8.115 `IOR' -- Bitwise logical or
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IOR' returns the bitwise boolean inclusive-OR of I and J.
|
`IOR' returns the bitwise boolean inclusive-OR of I and J.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IOR(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = IOR(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds
|
are also permitted.)
|
are also permitted.)
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments.
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
(If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the
|
larger argument.)
|
larger argument.)
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IEOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
*note IEOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
IBCLR::, *note NOT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IRAND, Next: IS_IOSTAT_END, Prev: IOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IRAND, Next: IS_IOSTAT_END, Prev: IOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.116 `IRAND' -- Integer pseudo-random number
|
8.116 `IRAND' -- Integer pseudo-random number
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IRAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform
|
`IRAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform
|
distribution between 0 and a system-dependent limit (which is in
|
distribution between 0 and a system-dependent limit (which is in
|
most cases 2147483647). If FLAG is 0, the next number in the
|
most cases 2147483647). If FLAG is 0, the next number in the
|
current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is
|
current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is
|
restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is
|
restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is
|
used as a new seed with `SRAND'.
|
used as a new seed with `SRAND'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided
|
GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided
|
by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note
|
by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note
|
RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm.
|
RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IRAND(I)'
|
`RESULT = IRAND(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4.
|
I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type.
|
The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_irand
|
program test_irand
|
integer,parameter :: seed = 86456
|
integer,parameter :: seed = 86456
|
|
|
call srand(seed)
|
call srand(seed)
|
print *, irand(), irand(), irand(), irand()
|
print *, irand(), irand(), irand(), irand()
|
print *, irand(seed), irand(), irand(), irand()
|
print *, irand(seed), irand(), irand(), irand()
|
end program test_irand
|
end program test_irand
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_END, Next: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Prev: IRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_END, Next: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Prev: IRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.117 `IS_IOSTAT_END' -- Test for end-of-file value
|
8.117 `IS_IOSTAT_END' -- Test for end-of-file value
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IS_IOSTAT_END' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O
|
`IS_IOSTAT_END' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O
|
status "end of file". The function is equivalent to comparing the
|
status "end of file". The function is equivalent to comparing the
|
variable with the `IOSTAT_END' parameter of the intrinsic module
|
variable with the `IOSTAT_END' parameter of the intrinsic module
|
`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'.
|
`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_END(I)'
|
`RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_END(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'.
|
I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has
|
Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has
|
the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT=
|
the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT=
|
specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM iostat
|
PROGRAM iostat
|
IMPLICIT NONE
|
IMPLICIT NONE
|
INTEGER :: stat, i
|
INTEGER :: stat, i
|
OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat')
|
OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat')
|
READ(88, *, IOSTAT=stat) i
|
READ(88, *, IOSTAT=stat) i
|
IF(IS_IOSTAT_END(stat)) STOP 'END OF FILE'
|
IF(IS_IOSTAT_END(stat)) STOP 'END OF FILE'
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Next: ISATTY, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_END, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Next: ISATTY, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_END, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.118 `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' -- Test for end-of-record value
|
8.118 `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' -- Test for end-of-record value
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IS_IOSTAT_EOR' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O
|
`IS_IOSTAT_EOR' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O
|
status "end of record". The function is equivalent to comparing the
|
status "end of record". The function is equivalent to comparing the
|
variable with the `IOSTAT_EOR' parameter of the intrinsic module
|
variable with the `IOSTAT_EOR' parameter of the intrinsic module
|
`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'.
|
`ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_EOR(I)'
|
`RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_EOR(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'.
|
I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has
|
Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has
|
the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT=
|
the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT=
|
specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM iostat
|
PROGRAM iostat
|
IMPLICIT NONE
|
IMPLICIT NONE
|
INTEGER :: stat, i(50)
|
INTEGER :: stat, i(50)
|
OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat', FORM='UNFORMATTED')
|
OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat', FORM='UNFORMATTED')
|
READ(88, IOSTAT=stat) i
|
READ(88, IOSTAT=stat) i
|
IF(IS_IOSTAT_EOR(stat)) STOP 'END OF RECORD'
|
IF(IS_IOSTAT_EOR(stat)) STOP 'END OF RECORD'
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISATTY, Next: ISHFT, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISATTY, Next: ISHFT, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.119 `ISATTY' -- Whether a unit is a terminal device.
|
8.119 `ISATTY' -- Whether a unit is a terminal device.
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determine whether a unit is connected to a terminal device.
|
Determine whether a unit is connected to a terminal device.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ISATTY(UNIT)'
|
`RESULT = ISATTY(UNIT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if the UNIT is connected to a terminal device,
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if the UNIT is connected to a terminal device,
|
`.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
`.FALSE.' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_isatty
|
PROGRAM test_isatty
|
INTEGER(kind=1) :: unit
|
INTEGER(kind=1) :: unit
|
DO unit = 1, 10
|
DO unit = 1, 10
|
write(*,*) isatty(unit=unit)
|
write(*,*) isatty(unit=unit)
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note TTYNAM::
|
*note TTYNAM::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFT, Next: ISHFTC, Prev: ISATTY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFT, Next: ISHFTC, Prev: ISATTY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.120 `ISHFT' -- Shift bits
|
8.120 `ISHFT' -- Shift bits
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ISHFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
`ISHFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
shifted SHIFT places. A value of SHIFT greater than zero
|
shifted SHIFT places. A value of SHIFT greater than zero
|
corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no
|
corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no
|
shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift.
|
shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift.
|
If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the
|
If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the
|
value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end or right
|
value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end or right
|
end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end.
|
end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ISHFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
`RESULT = ISHFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ISHFTC::
|
*note ISHFTC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFTC, Next: ISNAN, Prev: ISHFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFTC, Next: ISNAN, Prev: ISHFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.121 `ISHFTC' -- Shift bits circularly
|
8.121 `ISHFTC' -- Shift bits circularly
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ISHFTC' returns a value corresponding to I with the rightmost
|
`ISHFTC' returns a value corresponding to I with the rightmost
|
SIZE bits shifted circularly SHIFT places; that is, bits shifted
|
SIZE bits shifted circularly SHIFT places; that is, bits shifted
|
out one end are shifted into the opposite end. A value of SHIFT
|
out one end are shifted into the opposite end. A value of SHIFT
|
greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero
|
greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero
|
corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to
|
corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to
|
a right shift. The absolute value of SHIFT must be less than
|
a right shift. The absolute value of SHIFT must be less than
|
SIZE. If the SIZE argument is omitted, it is taken to be
|
SIZE. If the SIZE argument is omitted, it is taken to be
|
equivalent to `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
equivalent to `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = ISHFTC(I, SHIFT [, SIZE])'
|
`RESULT = ISHFTC(I, SHIFT [, SIZE])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SIZE (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'; the
|
SIZE (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'; the
|
value must be greater than zero and less than
|
value must be greater than zero and less than
|
or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ISHFT::
|
*note ISHFT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISNAN, Next: ITIME, Prev: ISHFTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISNAN, Next: ITIME, Prev: ISHFTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.122 `ISNAN' -- Test for a NaN
|
8.122 `ISNAN' -- Test for a NaN
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`ISNAN' tests whether a floating-point value is an IEEE
|
`ISNAN' tests whether a floating-point value is an IEEE
|
Not-a-Number (NaN).
|
Not-a-Number (NaN).
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`ISNAN(X)'
|
`ISNAN(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Variable of the type `REAL'.
|
X Variable of the type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns a default-kind `LOGICAL'. The returned value is `TRUE' if
|
Returns a default-kind `LOGICAL'. The returned value is `TRUE' if
|
X is a NaN and `FALSE' otherwise.
|
X is a NaN and `FALSE' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_nan
|
program test_nan
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
real :: x
|
real :: x
|
x = -1.0
|
x = -1.0
|
x = sqrt(x)
|
x = sqrt(x)
|
if (isnan(x)) stop '"x" is a NaN'
|
if (isnan(x)) stop '"x" is a NaN'
|
end program test_nan
|
end program test_nan
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ITIME, Next: KILL, Prev: ISNAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ITIME, Next: KILL, Prev: ISNAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.123 `ITIME' -- Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds)
|
8.123 `ITIME' -- Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds)
|
=========================================================================
|
=========================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the
|
`IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the
|
current local time. The hour (in the range 1-24), minute (in the
|
current local time. The hour (in the range 1-24), minute (in the
|
range 1-60), and seconds (in the range 1-60) appear in elements 1,
|
range 1-60), and seconds (in the range 1-60) appear in elements 1,
|
2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively.
|
2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL ITIME(VALUES)'
|
`CALL ITIME(VALUES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and
|
the kind shall be the default integer kind.
|
the kind shall be the default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Does not return anything.
|
Does not return anything.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_itime
|
program test_itime
|
integer, dimension(3) :: tarray
|
integer, dimension(3) :: tarray
|
call itime(tarray)
|
call itime(tarray)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(1)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(2)
|
print *, tarray(3)
|
print *, tarray(3)
|
end program test_itime
|
end program test_itime
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KILL, Next: KIND, Prev: ITIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KILL, Next: KIND, Prev: ITIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.124 `KILL' -- Send a signal to a process
|
8.124 `KILL' -- Send a signal to a process
|
==========================================
|
==========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Sends the signal specified by SIGNAL to the process PID. See
|
Sends the signal specified by SIGNAL to the process PID. See
|
`kill(2)'.
|
`kill(2)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL KILL(C, VALUE [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL KILL(C, VALUE [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
C Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
VALUE Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)' or
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)' or
|
`INTEGER(8)'. Returns 0 on success, or a
|
`INTEGER(8)'. Returns 0 on success, or a
|
system-specific error code otherwise.
|
system-specific error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ABORT::, *note EXIT::
|
*note ABORT::, *note EXIT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND, Next: LBOUND, Prev: KILL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND, Next: LBOUND, Prev: KILL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.125 `KIND' -- Kind of an entity
|
8.125 `KIND' -- Kind of an entity
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`KIND(X)' returns the kind value of the entity X.
|
`KIND(X)' returns the kind value of the entity X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`K = KIND(X)'
|
`K = KIND(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', `REAL',
|
X Shall be of type `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', `REAL',
|
`COMPLEX' or `CHARACTER'.
|
`COMPLEX' or `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default
|
integer kind.
|
integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_kind
|
program test_kind
|
integer,parameter :: kc = kind(' ')
|
integer,parameter :: kc = kind(' ')
|
integer,parameter :: kl = kind(.true.)
|
integer,parameter :: kl = kind(.true.)
|
|
|
print *, "The default character kind is ", kc
|
print *, "The default character kind is ", kc
|
print *, "The default logical kind is ", kl
|
print *, "The default logical kind is ", kl
|
end program test_kind
|
end program test_kind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LBOUND, Next: LEADZ, Prev: KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LBOUND, Next: LEADZ, Prev: KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.126 `LBOUND' -- Lower dimension bounds of an array
|
8.126 `LBOUND' -- Lower dimension bounds of an array
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound
|
Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound
|
along the DIM dimension.
|
along the DIM dimension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = LBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
absent, the result is an array of the lower bounds of ARRAY. If
|
absent, the result is an array of the lower bounds of ARRAY. If
|
DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower
|
DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower
|
bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an
|
bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an
|
expression rather than a whole array or array structure component,
|
expression rather than a whole array or array structure component,
|
or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the lower
|
or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the lower
|
bound is taken to be 1.
|
bound is taken to be 1.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note UBOUND::
|
*note UBOUND::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEADZ, Next: LEN, Prev: LBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEADZ, Next: LEN, Prev: LBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.127 `LEADZ' -- Number of leading zero bits of an integer
|
8.127 `LEADZ' -- Number of leading zero bits of an integer
|
==========================================================
|
==========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LEADZ' returns the number of leading zero bits of an integer.
|
`LEADZ' returns the number of leading zero bits of an integer.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LEADZ(I)'
|
`RESULT = LEADZ(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the
|
The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the
|
bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_leadz
|
PROGRAM test_leadz
|
WRITE (*,*) LEADZ(1) ! prints 8 if BITSIZE(I) has the value 32
|
WRITE (*,*) LEADZ(1) ! prints 8 if BITSIZE(I) has the value 32
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note TRAILZ::
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note TRAILZ::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN, Next: LEN_TRIM, Prev: LEADZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN, Next: LEN_TRIM, Prev: LEADZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.128 `LEN' -- Length of a character entity
|
8.128 `LEN' -- Length of a character entity
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the length of a character string. If STRING is an array,
|
Returns the length of a character string. If STRING is an array,
|
the length of an element of STRING is returned. Note that STRING
|
the length of an element of STRING is returned. Note that STRING
|
need not be defined when this intrinsic is invoked, since only the
|
need not be defined when this intrinsic is invoked, since only the
|
length, not the content, of STRING is needed.
|
length, not the content, of STRING is needed.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`L = LEN(STRING [, KIND])'
|
`L = LEN(STRING [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be a scalar or array of type
|
STRING Shall be a scalar or array of type
|
`CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
`CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)'
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LEN_TRIM::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
*note LEN_TRIM::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN_TRIM, Next: LGE, Prev: LEN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN_TRIM, Next: LGE, Prev: LEN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.129 `LEN_TRIM' -- Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters
|
8.129 `LEN_TRIM' -- Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters
|
==================================================================================
|
==================================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing
|
Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing
|
blanks.
|
blanks.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LEN_TRIM(STRING [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = LEN_TRIM(STRING [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LEN::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
*note LEN::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LGE, Next: LGT, Prev: LEN_TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LGE, Next: LGT, Prev: LEN_TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.130 `LGE' -- Lexical greater than or equal
|
8.130 `LGE' -- Lexical greater than or equal
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines whether one string is lexically greater than or equal to
|
Determines whether one string is lexically greater than or equal to
|
another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing
|
another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing
|
ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the
|
ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the
|
same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to
|
same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to
|
it to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
it to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
|
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
`RESULT = LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A >= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A >= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LGT::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::
|
*note LGT::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LGT, Next: LINK, Prev: LGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LGT, Next: LINK, Prev: LGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.131 `LGT' -- Lexical greater than
|
8.131 `LGT' -- Lexical greater than
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines whether one string is lexically greater than another
|
Determines whether one string is lexically greater than another
|
string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII
|
string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII
|
character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same
|
character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same
|
length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it
|
length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it
|
to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
|
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
`RESULT = LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A > STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A > STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LGE::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::
|
*note LGE::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LINK, Next: LLE, Prev: LGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LINK, Next: LLE, Prev: LGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.132 `LINK' -- Create a hard link
|
8.132 `LINK' -- Create a hard link
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Makes a (hard) link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
Makes a (hard) link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `link(2)'.
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `link(2)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL LINK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL LINK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = LINK(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
`STATUS = LINK(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SYMLNK::, *note UNLINK::
|
*note SYMLNK::, *note UNLINK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LLE, Next: LLT, Prev: LINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LLE, Next: LLT, Prev: LINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.133 `LLE' -- Lexical less than or equal
|
8.133 `LLE' -- Lexical less than or equal
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines whether one string is lexically less than or equal to
|
Determines whether one string is lexically less than or equal to
|
another string, where the two strings are interpreted as
|
another string, where the two strings are interpreted as
|
containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B
|
containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B
|
are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were
|
are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were
|
appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the
|
appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the
|
longer.
|
longer.
|
|
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
`RESULT = LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A <= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A <= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLT::
|
*note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LLT, Next: LNBLNK, Prev: LLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LLT, Next: LNBLNK, Prev: LLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.134 `LLT' -- Lexical less than
|
8.134 `LLT' -- Lexical less than
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines whether one string is lexically less than another
|
Determines whether one string is lexically less than another
|
string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII
|
string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII
|
character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same
|
character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same
|
length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it
|
length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it
|
to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
to form a value that has the same length as the longer.
|
|
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE',
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
`.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
`RESULT = LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A < STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A < STRING_B', and `.FALSE.'
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLE::
|
*note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LNBLNK, Next: LOC, Prev: LLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LNBLNK, Next: LOC, Prev: LLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.135 `LNBLNK' -- Index of the last non-blank character in a string
|
8.135 `LNBLNK' -- Index of the last non-blank character in a string
|
===================================================================
|
===================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing
|
Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing
|
blanks. This is identical to the standard `LEN_TRIM' intrinsic,
|
blanks. This is identical to the standard `LEN_TRIM' intrinsic,
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
and is only included for backwards compatibility.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LNBLNK(STRING)'
|
`RESULT = LNBLNK(STRING)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
`INTENT(IN)'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type.
|
The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INDEX intrinsic::, *note LEN_TRIM::
|
*note INDEX intrinsic::, *note LEN_TRIM::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOC, Next: LOG, Prev: LNBLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOC, Next: LOG, Prev: LNBLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.136 `LOC' -- Returns the address of a variable
|
8.136 `LOC' -- Returns the address of a variable
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LOC(X)' returns the address of X as an integer.
|
`LOC(X)' returns the address of X as an integer.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LOC(X)'
|
`RESULT = LOC(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Variable of any type.
|
X Variable of any type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER', with a `KIND' corresponding
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER', with a `KIND' corresponding
|
to the size (in bytes) of a memory address on the target machine.
|
to the size (in bytes) of a memory address on the target machine.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_loc
|
program test_loc
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
real :: r
|
real :: r
|
i = loc(r)
|
i = loc(r)
|
print *, i
|
print *, i
|
end program test_loc
|
end program test_loc
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG, Next: LOG10, Prev: LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG, Next: LOG10, Prev: LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.137 `LOG' -- Logarithm function
|
8.137 `LOG' -- Logarithm function
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LOG(X)' computes the logarithm of X.
|
`LOG(X)' computes the logarithm of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LOG(X)'
|
`RESULT = LOG(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
parameter is the same as X. If X is `COMPLEX', the imaginary part
|
parameter is the same as X. If X is `COMPLEX', the imaginary part
|
\omega is in the range -\pi \leq \omega \leq \pi.
|
\omega is in the range -\pi \leq \omega \leq \pi.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_log
|
program test_log
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 1.0_8
|
complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0)
|
complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0)
|
x = log(x)
|
x = log(x)
|
z = log(z)
|
z = log(z)
|
end program test_log
|
end program test_log
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`ALOG(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f95, gnu
|
`ALOG(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f95, gnu
|
`DLOG(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
`DLOG(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
`CLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu
|
`CLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
`ZLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
`ZLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
`CDLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
`CDLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG10, Next: LOG_GAMMA, Prev: LOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG10, Next: LOG_GAMMA, Prev: LOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.138 `LOG10' -- Base 10 logarithm function
|
8.138 `LOG10' -- Base 10 logarithm function
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LOG10(X)' computes the base 10 logarithm of X.
|
`LOG10(X)' computes the base 10 logarithm of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LOG10(X)'
|
`RESULT = LOG10(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
parameter is the same as X.
|
parameter is the same as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_log10
|
program test_log10
|
real(8) :: x = 10.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 10.0_8
|
x = log10(x)
|
x = log10(x)
|
end program test_log10
|
end program test_log10
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`ALOG10(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
`ALOG10(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
`DLOG10(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DLOG10(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG_GAMMA, Next: LOGICAL, Prev: LOG10, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG_GAMMA, Next: LOGICAL, Prev: LOG10, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.139 `LOG_GAMMA' -- Logarithm of the Gamma function
|
8.139 `LOG_GAMMA' -- Logarithm of the Gamma function
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LOG_GAMMA(X)' computes the natural logarithm of the absolute value
|
`LOG_GAMMA(X)' computes the natural logarithm of the absolute value
|
of the Gamma (\Gamma) function.
|
of the Gamma (\Gamma) function.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`X = LOG_GAMMA(X)'
|
`X = LOG_GAMMA(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a
|
negative integer.
|
negative integer.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X.
|
The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_log_gamma
|
program test_log_gamma
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
real :: x = 1.0
|
x = lgamma(x) ! returns 0.0
|
x = lgamma(x) ! returns 0.0
|
end program test_log_gamma
|
end program test_log_gamma
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`LGAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`LGAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`ALGAMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`ALGAMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension
|
`DLGAMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension
|
`DLGAMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Gamma function: *note GAMMA::
|
Gamma function: *note GAMMA::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOGICAL, Next: LONG, Prev: LOG_GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LOGICAL, Next: LONG, Prev: LOG_GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.140 `LOGICAL' -- Convert to logical type
|
8.140 `LOGICAL' -- Convert to logical type
|
==========================================
|
==========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Converts one kind of `LOGICAL' variable to another.
|
Converts one kind of `LOGICAL' variable to another.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LOGICAL(L [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = LOGICAL(L [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
L The type shall be `LOGICAL'.
|
L The type shall be `LOGICAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a `LOGICAL' value equal to L, with a kind
|
The return value is a `LOGICAL' value equal to L, with a kind
|
corresponding to KIND, or of the default logical kind if KIND is
|
corresponding to KIND, or of the default logical kind if KIND is
|
not given.
|
not given.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INT::, *note REAL::, *note CMPLX::
|
*note INT::, *note REAL::, *note CMPLX::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LONG, Next: LSHIFT, Prev: LOGICAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LONG, Next: LSHIFT, Prev: LOGICAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.141 `LONG' -- Convert to integer type
|
8.141 `LONG' -- Convert to integer type
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Convert to a `KIND=4' integer type, which is the same size as a C
|
Convert to a `KIND=4' integer type, which is the same size as a C
|
`long' integer. This is equivalent to the standard `INT'
|
`long' integer. This is equivalent to the standard `INT'
|
intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=4', and is only
|
intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=4', and is only
|
included for backwards compatibility.
|
included for backwards compatibility.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LONG(A)'
|
`RESULT = LONG(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(4)' variable.
|
The return value is a `INTEGER(4)' variable.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INT::, *note INT2::, *note INT8::
|
*note INT::, *note INT2::, *note INT8::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LSHIFT, Next: LSTAT, Prev: LONG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LSHIFT, Next: LSTAT, Prev: LONG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.142 `LSHIFT' -- Left shift bits
|
8.142 `LSHIFT' -- Left shift bits
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
`LSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is
|
shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is
|
greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted
|
greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted
|
out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the
|
out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the
|
opposite end.
|
opposite end.
|
|
|
This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which
|
This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which
|
is standard in Fortran 95 and later.
|
is standard in Fortran 95 and later.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = LSHIFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
`RESULT = LSHIFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note RSHIFT::
|
*note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note RSHIFT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LSTAT, Next: LTIME, Prev: LSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LSTAT, Next: LTIME, Prev: LSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.143 `LSTAT' -- Get file status
|
8.143 `LSTAT' -- Get file status
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`LSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that if path is a
|
`LSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that if path is a
|
symbolic link, then the link itself is statted, not the file that
|
symbolic link, then the link itself is statted, not the file that
|
it refers to.
|
it refers to.
|
|
|
The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::.
|
The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL LSTAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL LSTAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of the default
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of the default
|
kind, a valid path within the file system.
|
kind, a valid path within the file system.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
error code otherwise.
|
error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See *note STAT:: for an example.
|
See *note STAT:: for an example.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::
|
To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LTIME, Next: MALLOC, Prev: LSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: LTIME, Next: MALLOC, Prev: LSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.144 `LTIME' -- Convert time to local time info
|
8.144 `LTIME' -- Convert time to local time info
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8()'
|
Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8()'
|
intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate
|
intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate
|
to the local time zone using `localtime(3)'.
|
to the local time zone using `localtime(3)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL LTIME(TIME, VALUES)'
|
`CALL LTIME(TIME, VALUES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding
|
TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding
|
to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'.
|
to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'.
|
VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements,
|
VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements,
|
with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows:
|
The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows:
|
1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap
|
1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap
|
seconds
|
seconds
|
|
|
2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59
|
2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59
|
|
|
3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23
|
3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23
|
|
|
4. Day of month, range 0-31
|
4. Day of month, range 0-31
|
|
|
5. Number of months since January, range 0-12
|
5. Number of months since January, range 0-12
|
|
|
6. Years since 1900
|
6. Years since 1900
|
|
|
7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6
|
7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6
|
|
|
8. Days since January 1
|
8. Days since January 1
|
|
|
9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in
|
9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in
|
effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not
|
effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not
|
available.
|
available.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MALLOC, Next: MATMUL, Prev: LTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MALLOC, Next: MATMUL, Prev: LTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.145 `MALLOC' -- Allocate dynamic memory
|
8.145 `MALLOC' -- Allocate dynamic memory
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MALLOC(SIZE)' allocates SIZE bytes of dynamic memory and returns
|
`MALLOC(SIZE)' allocates SIZE bytes of dynamic memory and returns
|
the address of the allocated memory. The `MALLOC' intrinsic is an
|
the address of the allocated memory. The `MALLOC' intrinsic is an
|
extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided
|
extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided
|
in GNU Fortran to allow the user to compile legacy code. For new
|
in GNU Fortran to allow the user to compile legacy code. For new
|
code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory allocation intrinsic is
|
code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory allocation intrinsic is
|
`ALLOCATE'.
|
`ALLOCATE'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`PTR = MALLOC(SIZE)'
|
`PTR = MALLOC(SIZE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SIZE The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SIZE The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(K)', with K such that
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER(K)', with K such that
|
variables of type `INTEGER(K)' have the same size as C pointers
|
variables of type `INTEGER(K)' have the same size as C pointers
|
(`sizeof(void *)').
|
(`sizeof(void *)').
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
The following example demonstrates the use of `MALLOC' and `FREE'
|
The following example demonstrates the use of `MALLOC' and `FREE'
|
with Cray pointers.
|
with Cray pointers.
|
|
|
program test_malloc
|
program test_malloc
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
integer i
|
integer i
|
real*8 x(*), z
|
real*8 x(*), z
|
pointer(ptr_x,x)
|
pointer(ptr_x,x)
|
|
|
ptr_x = malloc(20*8)
|
ptr_x = malloc(20*8)
|
do i = 1, 20
|
do i = 1, 20
|
x(i) = sqrt(1.0d0 / i)
|
x(i) = sqrt(1.0d0 / i)
|
end do
|
end do
|
z = 0
|
z = 0
|
do i = 1, 20
|
do i = 1, 20
|
z = z + x(i)
|
z = z + x(i)
|
print *, z
|
print *, z
|
end do
|
end do
|
call free(ptr_x)
|
call free(ptr_x)
|
end program test_malloc
|
end program test_malloc
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note FREE::
|
*note FREE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MATMUL, Next: MAX, Prev: MALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MATMUL, Next: MAX, Prev: MALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.146 `MATMUL' -- matrix multiplication
|
8.146 `MATMUL' -- matrix multiplication
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Performs a matrix multiplication on numeric or logical arguments.
|
Performs a matrix multiplication on numeric or logical arguments.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MATMUL(MATRIX_A, MATRIX_B)'
|
`RESULT = MATMUL(MATRIX_A, MATRIX_B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MATRIX_A An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', `COMPLEX', or
|
MATRIX_A An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', `COMPLEX', or
|
`LOGICAL' type, with a rank of one or two.
|
`LOGICAL' type, with a rank of one or two.
|
MATRIX_B An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'
|
MATRIX_B An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'
|
type if MATRIX_A is of a numeric type;
|
type if MATRIX_A is of a numeric type;
|
otherwise, an array of `LOGICAL' type. The
|
otherwise, an array of `LOGICAL' type. The
|
rank shall be one or two, and the first (or
|
rank shall be one or two, and the first (or
|
only) dimension of MATRIX_B shall be equal to
|
only) dimension of MATRIX_B shall be equal to
|
the last (or only) dimension of MATRIX_A.
|
the last (or only) dimension of MATRIX_A.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The matrix product of MATRIX_A and MATRIX_B. The type and kind of
|
The matrix product of MATRIX_A and MATRIX_B. The type and kind of
|
the result follow the usual type and kind promotion rules, as for
|
the result follow the usual type and kind promotion rules, as for
|
the `*' or `.AND.' operators.
|
the `*' or `.AND.' operators.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAX, Next: MAXEXPONENT, Prev: MATMUL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAX, Next: MAXEXPONENT, Prev: MATMUL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.147 `MAX' -- Maximum value of an argument list
|
8.147 `MAX' -- Maximum value of an argument list
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the argument with the largest (most positive) value.
|
Returns the argument with the largest (most positive) value.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MAX(A1, A2 [, A3 [, ...]])'
|
`RESULT = MAX(A1, A2 [, A3 [, ...]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1.
|
A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1.
|
... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different
|
... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different
|
kinds are permitted.)
|
kinds are permitted.)
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the
|
The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the
|
arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument.
|
arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument.
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`MAX0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`MAX0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
I' later
|
I' later
|
`AMAX0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MAX(X))'Fortran 77 and
|
`AMAX0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MAX(X))'Fortran 77 and
|
I' later
|
I' later
|
`MAX1(X)' `REAL X' `INT(MAX(X))' Fortran 77 and
|
`MAX1(X)' `REAL X' `INT(MAX(X))' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
`AMAX1(X)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`AMAX1(X)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`DMAX1(X)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DMAX1(X)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MAXLOC:: *note MAXVAL::, *note MIN::
|
*note MAXLOC:: *note MAXVAL::, *note MIN::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXEXPONENT, Next: MAXLOC, Prev: MAX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXEXPONENT, Next: MAXLOC, Prev: MAX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.148 `MAXEXPONENT' -- Maximum exponent of a real kind
|
8.148 `MAXEXPONENT' -- Maximum exponent of a real kind
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MAXEXPONENT(X)' returns the maximum exponent in the model of the
|
`MAXEXPONENT(X)' returns the maximum exponent in the model of the
|
type of `X'.
|
type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MAXEXPONENT(X)'
|
`RESULT = MAXEXPONENT(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program exponents
|
program exponents
|
real(kind=4) :: x
|
real(kind=4) :: x
|
real(kind=8) :: y
|
real(kind=8) :: y
|
|
|
print *, minexponent(x), maxexponent(x)
|
print *, minexponent(x), maxexponent(x)
|
print *, minexponent(y), maxexponent(y)
|
print *, minexponent(y), maxexponent(y)
|
end program exponents
|
end program exponents
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXLOC, Next: MAXVAL, Prev: MAXEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXLOC, Next: MAXVAL, Prev: MAXEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.149 `MAXLOC' -- Location of the maximum value within an array
|
8.149 `MAXLOC' -- Location of the maximum value within an array
|
===============================================================
|
===============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the location of the element in the array with the
|
Determines the location of the element in the array with the
|
maximum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the
|
maximum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the
|
locations of the maximum element along each row of the array in the
|
locations of the maximum element along each row of the array in the
|
DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which
|
DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which
|
MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the
|
MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the
|
array has the maximum value, the location returned is that of the
|
array has the maximum value, the location returned is that of the
|
first such element in array element order. If the array has zero
|
first such element in array element order. If the array has zero
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and
|
result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and
|
all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result
|
all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result
|
value for that row is zero.
|
value for that row is zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
optional dummy argument.
|
optional dummy argument.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length
|
If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length
|
equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an
|
equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an
|
array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size
|
array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size
|
corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed.
|
corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed.
|
If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type.
|
scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MAX::, *note MAXVAL::
|
*note MAX::, *note MAXVAL::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXVAL, Next: MCLOCK, Prev: MAXLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXVAL, Next: MCLOCK, Prev: MAXLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.150 `MAXVAL' -- Maximum value of an array
|
8.150 `MAXVAL' -- Maximum value of an array
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the maximum value of the elements in an array value,
|
Determines the maximum value of the elements in an array value,
|
or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the maximum value
|
or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the maximum value
|
along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is
|
along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is
|
present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are
|
present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are
|
considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of
|
considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of
|
MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `-HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is
|
MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `-HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is
|
numeric, or a string of nulls if ARRAY is of character type.
|
numeric, or a string of nulls if ARRAY is of character type.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
optional dummy argument.
|
optional dummy argument.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one
|
scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one
|
less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size
|
less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size
|
of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result
|
of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result
|
is of the same type and kind as ARRAY.
|
is of the same type and kind as ARRAY.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MAX::, *note MAXLOC::
|
*note MAX::, *note MAXLOC::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK, Next: MCLOCK8, Prev: MAXVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK, Next: MCLOCK8, Prev: MAXVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.151 `MCLOCK' -- Time function
|
8.151 `MCLOCK' -- Time function
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process,
|
Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process,
|
based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'.
|
based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with
|
This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with
|
32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits.
|
32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits.
|
Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or
|
Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or
|
become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during
|
become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during
|
a single run of the compiled program.
|
a single run of the compiled program.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MCLOCK()'
|
`RESULT = MCLOCK()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)', equal to the
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)', equal to the
|
number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if
|
number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if
|
the system does not support `clock(3)'.
|
the system does not support `clock(3)'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note TIME::
|
*note TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK8, Next: MERGE, Prev: MCLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK8, Next: MERGE, Prev: MCLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.152 `MCLOCK8' -- Time function (64-bit)
|
8.152 `MCLOCK8' -- Time function (64-bit)
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process,
|
Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process,
|
based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'.
|
based on the UNIX function `clock(3)'.
|
|
|
_Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing
|
_Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing
|
values over that returned by `clock(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit
|
values over that returned by `clock(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit
|
`clock(3)', `MCLOCK8()' will return a 32-bit value, even though it
|
`clock(3)', `MCLOCK8()' will return a 32-bit value, even though it
|
is converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows
|
is converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows
|
of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values
|
of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values
|
returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or
|
returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or
|
numerically less than previous values during a single run of the
|
numerically less than previous values during a single run of the
|
compiled program.
|
compiled program.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MCLOCK8()'
|
`RESULT = MCLOCK8()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)', equal to the
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)', equal to the
|
number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if
|
number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if
|
the system does not support `clock(3)'.
|
the system does not support `clock(3)'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note TIME8::
|
*note TIME8::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE, Next: MIN, Prev: MCLOCK8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE, Next: MIN, Prev: MCLOCK8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.153 `MERGE' -- Merge variables
|
8.153 `MERGE' -- Merge variables
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Select values from two arrays according to a logical mask. The
|
Select values from two arrays according to a logical mask. The
|
result is equal to TSOURCE if MASK is `.TRUE.', or equal to
|
result is equal to TSOURCE if MASK is `.TRUE.', or equal to
|
FSOURCE if it is `.FALSE.'.
|
FSOURCE if it is `.FALSE.'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MERGE(TSOURCE, FSOURCE, MASK)'
|
`RESULT = MERGE(TSOURCE, FSOURCE, MASK)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TSOURCE May be of any type.
|
TSOURCE May be of any type.
|
FSOURCE Shall be of the same type and type parameters
|
FSOURCE Shall be of the same type and type parameters
|
as TSOURCE.
|
as TSOURCE.
|
MASK Shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
MASK Shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE.
|
The result is of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MIN, Next: MINEXPONENT, Prev: MERGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MIN, Next: MINEXPONENT, Prev: MERGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.154 `MIN' -- Minimum value of an argument list
|
8.154 `MIN' -- Minimum value of an argument list
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the argument with the smallest (most negative) value.
|
Returns the argument with the smallest (most negative) value.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MIN(A1, A2 [, A3, ...])'
|
`RESULT = MIN(A1, A2 [, A3, ...])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1.
|
A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1.
|
... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different
|
... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different
|
kinds are permitted.)
|
kinds are permitted.)
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the
|
The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the
|
arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument.
|
arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument.
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`MIN0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`MIN0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
I' later
|
I' later
|
`AMIN0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MIN(X))'Fortran 77 and
|
`AMIN0(I)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MIN(X))'Fortran 77 and
|
I' later
|
I' later
|
`MIN1(X)' `REAL X' `INT(MIN(X))' Fortran 77 and
|
`MIN1(X)' `REAL X' `INT(MIN(X))' Fortran 77 and
|
later
|
later
|
`AMIN1(X)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
`AMIN1(X)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`DMIN1(X)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
`DMIN1(X)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MAX::, *note MINLOC::, *note MINVAL::
|
*note MAX::, *note MINLOC::, *note MINVAL::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINEXPONENT, Next: MINLOC, Prev: MIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINEXPONENT, Next: MINLOC, Prev: MIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.155 `MINEXPONENT' -- Minimum exponent of a real kind
|
8.155 `MINEXPONENT' -- Minimum exponent of a real kind
|
======================================================
|
======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MINEXPONENT(X)' returns the minimum exponent in the model of the
|
`MINEXPONENT(X)' returns the minimum exponent in the model of the
|
type of `X'.
|
type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MINEXPONENT(X)'
|
`RESULT = MINEXPONENT(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `MAXEXPONENT' for an example.
|
See `MAXEXPONENT' for an example.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINLOC, Next: MINVAL, Prev: MINEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINLOC, Next: MINVAL, Prev: MINEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.156 `MINLOC' -- Location of the minimum value within an array
|
8.156 `MINLOC' -- Location of the minimum value within an array
|
===============================================================
|
===============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the location of the element in the array with the
|
Determines the location of the element in the array with the
|
minimum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the
|
minimum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the
|
locations of the minimum element along each row of the array in the
|
locations of the minimum element along each row of the array in the
|
DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which
|
DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which
|
MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the
|
MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the
|
array has the minimum value, the location returned is that of the
|
array has the minimum value, the location returned is that of the
|
first such element in array element order. If the array has zero
|
first such element in array element order. If the array has zero
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the
|
result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and
|
result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and
|
all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result
|
all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result
|
value for that row is zero.
|
value for that row is zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
optional dummy argument.
|
optional dummy argument.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length
|
If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length
|
equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an
|
equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an
|
array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size
|
array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size
|
corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed.
|
corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed.
|
If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type.
|
scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MIN::, *note MINVAL::
|
*note MIN::, *note MINVAL::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINVAL, Next: MOD, Prev: MINLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MINVAL, Next: MOD, Prev: MINLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.157 `MINVAL' -- Minimum value of an array
|
8.157 `MINVAL' -- Minimum value of an array
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the minimum value of the elements in an array value,
|
Determines the minimum value of the elements in an array value,
|
or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the minimum value
|
or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the minimum value
|
along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is
|
along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is
|
present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are
|
present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are
|
considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of
|
considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of
|
MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is
|
MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is
|
numeric, or a string of `CHAR(255)' characters if ARRAY is of
|
numeric, or a string of `CHAR(255)' characters if ARRAY is of
|
character type.
|
character type.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
`INTEGER', with a value between one and the
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an
|
optional dummy argument.
|
optional dummy argument.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
conformable with ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a
|
scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one
|
scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one
|
less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size
|
less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size
|
of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result
|
of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result
|
is of the same type and kind as ARRAY.
|
is of the same type and kind as ARRAY.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note MIN::, *note MINLOC::
|
*note MIN::, *note MINLOC::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MOD, Next: MODULO, Prev: MINVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MOD, Next: MODULO, Prev: MINVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.158 `MOD' -- Remainder function
|
8.158 `MOD' -- Remainder function
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MOD(A,P)' computes the remainder of the division of A by P. It is
|
`MOD(A,P)' computes the remainder of the division of A by P. It is
|
calculated as `A - (INT(A/P) * P)'.
|
calculated as `A - (INT(A/P) * P)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MOD(A, P)'
|
`RESULT = MOD(A, P)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
P Shall be a scalar of the same type as A and not
|
P Shall be a scalar of the same type as A and not
|
equal to zero
|
equal to zero
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The kind of the return value is the result of cross-promoting the
|
The kind of the return value is the result of cross-promoting the
|
kinds of the arguments.
|
kinds of the arguments.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_mod
|
program test_mod
|
print *, mod(17,3)
|
print *, mod(17,3)
|
print *, mod(17.5,5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5,5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5d0,5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5d0,5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5,5.5d0)
|
print *, mod(17.5,5.5d0)
|
|
|
print *, mod(-17,3)
|
print *, mod(-17,3)
|
print *, mod(-17.5,5.5)
|
print *, mod(-17.5,5.5)
|
print *, mod(-17.5d0,5.5)
|
print *, mod(-17.5d0,5.5)
|
print *, mod(-17.5,5.5d0)
|
print *, mod(-17.5,5.5d0)
|
|
|
print *, mod(17,-3)
|
print *, mod(17,-3)
|
print *, mod(17.5,-5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5,-5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5d0,-5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5d0,-5.5)
|
print *, mod(17.5,-5.5d0)
|
print *, mod(17.5,-5.5d0)
|
end program test_mod
|
end program test_mod
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Arguments Return type Standard
|
Name Arguments Return type Standard
|
`AMOD(A,P)' `REAL(4)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
`AMOD(A,P)' `REAL(4)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
`DMOD(A,P)' `REAL(8)' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DMOD(A,P)' `REAL(8)' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MODULO, Next: MOVE_ALLOC, Prev: MOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MODULO, Next: MOVE_ALLOC, Prev: MOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.159 `MODULO' -- Modulo function
|
8.159 `MODULO' -- Modulo function
|
=================================
|
=================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MODULO(A,P)' computes the A modulo P.
|
`MODULO(A,P)' computes the A modulo P.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = MODULO(A, P)'
|
`RESULT = MODULO(A, P)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
P Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as
|
P Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as
|
A
|
A
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The type and kind of the result are those of the arguments.
|
The type and kind of the result are those of the arguments.
|
If A and P are of type `INTEGER':
|
If A and P are of type `INTEGER':
|
`MODULO(A,P)' has the value R such that `A=Q*P+R', where Q is
|
`MODULO(A,P)' has the value R such that `A=Q*P+R', where Q is
|
an integer and R is between 0 (inclusive) and P (exclusive).
|
an integer and R is between 0 (inclusive) and P (exclusive).
|
|
|
If A and P are of type `REAL':
|
If A and P are of type `REAL':
|
`MODULO(A,P)' has the value of `A - FLOOR (A / P) * P'.
|
`MODULO(A,P)' has the value of `A - FLOOR (A / P) * P'.
|
In all cases, if P is zero the result is processor-dependent.
|
In all cases, if P is zero the result is processor-dependent.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_modulo
|
program test_modulo
|
print *, modulo(17,3)
|
print *, modulo(17,3)
|
print *, modulo(17.5,5.5)
|
print *, modulo(17.5,5.5)
|
|
|
print *, modulo(-17,3)
|
print *, modulo(-17,3)
|
print *, modulo(-17.5,5.5)
|
print *, modulo(-17.5,5.5)
|
|
|
print *, modulo(17,-3)
|
print *, modulo(17,-3)
|
print *, modulo(17.5,-5.5)
|
print *, modulo(17.5,-5.5)
|
end program
|
end program
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MOVE_ALLOC, Next: MVBITS, Prev: MODULO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MOVE_ALLOC, Next: MVBITS, Prev: MODULO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.160 `MOVE_ALLOC' -- Move allocation from one object to another
|
8.160 `MOVE_ALLOC' -- Move allocation from one object to another
|
================================================================
|
================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' moves the allocation from FROM to TO. FROM
|
`MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' moves the allocation from FROM to TO. FROM
|
will become deallocated in the process.
|
will become deallocated in the process.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)'
|
`CALL MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
FROM `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(INOUT)', may be of any
|
FROM `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(INOUT)', may be of any
|
type and kind.
|
type and kind.
|
TO `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(OUT)', shall be of the
|
TO `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(OUT)', shall be of the
|
same type, kind and rank as FROM.
|
same type, kind and rank as FROM.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_move_alloc
|
program test_move_alloc
|
integer, allocatable :: a(:), b(:)
|
integer, allocatable :: a(:), b(:)
|
|
|
allocate(a(3))
|
allocate(a(3))
|
a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
|
a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
|
call move_alloc(a, b)
|
call move_alloc(a, b)
|
print *, allocated(a), allocated(b)
|
print *, allocated(a), allocated(b)
|
print *, b
|
print *, b
|
end program test_move_alloc
|
end program test_move_alloc
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MVBITS, Next: NEAREST, Prev: MOVE_ALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: MVBITS, Next: NEAREST, Prev: MOVE_ALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.161 `MVBITS' -- Move bits from one integer to another
|
8.161 `MVBITS' -- Move bits from one integer to another
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Moves LEN bits from positions FROMPOS through `FROMPOS+LEN-1' of
|
Moves LEN bits from positions FROMPOS through `FROMPOS+LEN-1' of
|
FROM to positions TOPOS through `TOPOS+LEN-1' of TO. The portion
|
FROM to positions TOPOS through `TOPOS+LEN-1' of TO. The portion
|
of argument TO not affected by the movement of bits is unchanged.
|
of argument TO not affected by the movement of bits is unchanged.
|
The values of `FROMPOS+LEN-1' and `TOPOS+LEN-1' must be less than
|
The values of `FROMPOS+LEN-1' and `TOPOS+LEN-1' must be less than
|
`BIT_SIZE(FROM)'.
|
`BIT_SIZE(FROM)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental subroutine
|
Elemental subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL MVBITS(FROM, FROMPOS, LEN, TO, TOPOS)'
|
`CALL MVBITS(FROM, FROMPOS, LEN, TO, TOPOS)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
FROM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
FROM The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
FROMPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
FROMPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
TO The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
TO The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind
|
as FROM.
|
as FROM.
|
TOPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
TOPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note
|
*note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note
|
IOR::, *note IEOR::
|
IOR::, *note IEOR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NEAREST, Next: NEW_LINE, Prev: MVBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NEAREST, Next: NEW_LINE, Prev: MVBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.162 `NEAREST' -- Nearest representable number
|
8.162 `NEAREST' -- Nearest representable number
|
===============================================
|
===============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`NEAREST(X, S)' returns the processor-representable number nearest
|
`NEAREST(X, S)' returns the processor-representable number nearest
|
to `X' in the direction indicated by the sign of `S'.
|
to `X' in the direction indicated by the sign of `S'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = NEAREST(X, S)'
|
`RESULT = NEAREST(X, S)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
S (Optional) shall be of type `REAL' and not
|
S (Optional) shall be of type `REAL' and not
|
equal to zero.
|
equal to zero.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type as `X'. If `S' is positive,
|
The return value is of the same type as `X'. If `S' is positive,
|
`NEAREST' returns the processor-representable number greater than
|
`NEAREST' returns the processor-representable number greater than
|
`X' and nearest to it. If `S' is negative, `NEAREST' returns the
|
`X' and nearest to it. If `S' is negative, `NEAREST' returns the
|
processor-representable number smaller than `X' and nearest to it.
|
processor-representable number smaller than `X' and nearest to it.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_nearest
|
program test_nearest
|
real :: x, y
|
real :: x, y
|
x = nearest(42.0, 1.0)
|
x = nearest(42.0, 1.0)
|
y = nearest(42.0, -1.0)
|
y = nearest(42.0, -1.0)
|
write (*,"(3(G20.15))") x, y, x - y
|
write (*,"(3(G20.15))") x, y, x - y
|
end program test_nearest
|
end program test_nearest
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NEW_LINE, Next: NINT, Prev: NEAREST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NEW_LINE, Next: NINT, Prev: NEAREST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.163 `NEW_LINE' -- New line character
|
8.163 `NEW_LINE' -- New line character
|
======================================
|
======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`NEW_LINE(C)' returns the new-line character.
|
`NEW_LINE(C)' returns the new-line character.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = NEW_LINE(C)'
|
`RESULT = NEW_LINE(C)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
C The argument shall be a scalar or array of the
|
C The argument shall be a scalar or array of the
|
type `CHARACTER'.
|
type `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns a CHARACTER scalar of length one with the new-line
|
Returns a CHARACTER scalar of length one with the new-line
|
character of the same kind as parameter C.
|
character of the same kind as parameter C.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program newline
|
program newline
|
implicit none
|
implicit none
|
write(*,'(A)') 'This is record 1.'//NEW_LINE('A')//'This is record 2.'
|
write(*,'(A)') 'This is record 1.'//NEW_LINE('A')//'This is record 2.'
|
end program newline
|
end program newline
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NINT, Next: NOT, Prev: NEW_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NINT, Next: NOT, Prev: NEW_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.164 `NINT' -- Nearest whole number
|
8.164 `NINT' -- Nearest whole number
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`NINT(A)' rounds its argument to the nearest whole number.
|
`NINT(A)' rounds its argument to the nearest whole number.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 90 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 90 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = NINT(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = NINT(A [, KIND])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns A with the fractional portion of its magnitude eliminated
|
Returns A with the fractional portion of its magnitude eliminated
|
by rounding to the nearest whole number and with its sign
|
by rounding to the nearest whole number and with its sign
|
preserved, converted to an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
preserved, converted to an `INTEGER' of the default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_nint
|
program test_nint
|
real(4) x4
|
real(4) x4
|
real(8) x8
|
real(8) x8
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x4 = 1.234E0_4
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
x8 = 4.321_8
|
print *, nint(x4), idnint(x8)
|
print *, nint(x4), idnint(x8)
|
end program test_nint
|
end program test_nint
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Standard
|
Name Argument Standard
|
`IDNINT(X)' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`IDNINT(X)' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CEILING::, *note FLOOR::
|
*note CEILING::, *note FLOOR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NOT, Next: NULL, Prev: NINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NOT, Next: NULL, Prev: NINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.165 `NOT' -- Logical negation
|
8.165 `NOT' -- Logical negation
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`NOT' returns the bitwise boolean inverse of I.
|
`NOT' returns the bitwise boolean inverse of I.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = NOT(I)'
|
`RESULT = NOT(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the argument.
|
The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the argument.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IAND::, *note IEOR::, *note IOR::, *note IBITS::, *note
|
*note IAND::, *note IEOR::, *note IOR::, *note IBITS::, *note
|
IBSET::, *note IBCLR::
|
IBSET::, *note IBCLR::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NULL, Next: OR, Prev: NOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: NULL, Next: OR, Prev: NOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.166 `NULL' -- Function that returns an disassociated pointer
|
8.166 `NULL' -- Function that returns an disassociated pointer
|
==============================================================
|
==============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns a disassociated pointer.
|
Returns a disassociated pointer.
|
|
|
If MOLD is present, a dissassociated pointer of the same type is
|
If MOLD is present, a dissassociated pointer of the same type is
|
returned, otherwise the type is determined by context.
|
returned, otherwise the type is determined by context.
|
|
|
In Fortran 95, MOLD is optional. Please note that Fortran 2003
|
In Fortran 95, MOLD is optional. Please note that Fortran 2003
|
includes cases where it is required.
|
includes cases where it is required.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`PTR => NULL([MOLD])'
|
`PTR => NULL([MOLD])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MOLD (Optional) shall be a pointer of any
|
MOLD (Optional) shall be a pointer of any
|
association status and of any type.
|
association status and of any type.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
A disassociated pointer.
|
A disassociated pointer.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
REAL, POINTER, DIMENSION(:) :: VEC => NULL ()
|
REAL, POINTER, DIMENSION(:) :: VEC => NULL ()
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ASSOCIATED::
|
*note ASSOCIATED::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OR, Next: PACK, Prev: NULL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OR, Next: PACK, Prev: NULL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.167 `OR' -- Bitwise logical OR
|
8.167 `OR' -- Bitwise logical OR
|
================================
|
================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Bitwise logical `OR'.
|
Bitwise logical `OR'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
the use of the *note IOR:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran
|
the use of the *note IOR:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran
|
standard.
|
standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = OR(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = OR(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of J.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of J.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
has the larger kind.
|
has the larger kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_or
|
PROGRAM test_or
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
|
|
WRITE (*,*) OR(T, T), OR(T, F), OR(F, T), OR(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) OR(T, T), OR(T, F), OR(F, T), OR(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) OR(a, b)
|
WRITE (*,*) OR(a, b)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IOR::
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IOR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PACK, Next: PERROR, Prev: OR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PACK, Next: PERROR, Prev: OR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.168 `PACK' -- Pack an array into an array of rank one
|
8.168 `PACK' -- Pack an array into an array of rank one
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Stores the elements of ARRAY in an array of rank one.
|
Stores the elements of ARRAY in an array of rank one.
|
|
|
The beginning of the resulting array is made up of elements whose
|
The beginning of the resulting array is made up of elements whose
|
MASK equals `TRUE'. Afterwards, positions are filled with elements
|
MASK equals `TRUE'. Afterwards, positions are filled with elements
|
taken from VECTOR.
|
taken from VECTOR.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = PACK(ARRAY, MASK[,VECTOR]'
|
`RESULT = PACK(ARRAY, MASK[,VECTOR]'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' and of the
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' and of the
|
same size as ARRAY. Alternatively, it may be a
|
same size as ARRAY. Alternatively, it may be a
|
`LOGICAL' scalar.
|
`LOGICAL' scalar.
|
VECTOR (Optional) shall be an array of the same type
|
VECTOR (Optional) shall be an array of the same type
|
as ARRAY and of rank one. If present, the
|
as ARRAY and of rank one. If present, the
|
number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to
|
number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to
|
or greater than the number of true elements in
|
or greater than the number of true elements in
|
MASK. If MASK is scalar, the number of
|
MASK. If MASK is scalar, the number of
|
elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or
|
elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or
|
greater than the number of elements in ARRAY.
|
greater than the number of elements in ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is an array of rank one and the same type as that of
|
The result is an array of rank one and the same type as that of
|
ARRAY. If VECTOR is present, the result size is that of VECTOR,
|
ARRAY. If VECTOR is present, the result size is that of VECTOR,
|
the number of `TRUE' values in MASK otherwise.
|
the number of `TRUE' values in MASK otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
Gathering nonzero elements from an array:
|
Gathering nonzero elements from an array:
|
PROGRAM test_pack_1
|
PROGRAM test_pack_1
|
INTEGER :: m(6)
|
INTEGER :: m(6)
|
m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 /)
|
m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 /)
|
WRITE(*, FMT="(6(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0) ! "1 5"
|
WRITE(*, FMT="(6(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0) ! "1 5"
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
Gathering nonzero elements from an array and appending elements
|
Gathering nonzero elements from an array and appending elements
|
from VECTOR:
|
from VECTOR:
|
PROGRAM test_pack_2
|
PROGRAM test_pack_2
|
INTEGER :: m(4)
|
INTEGER :: m(4)
|
m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 2 /)
|
m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 2 /)
|
WRITE(*, FMT="(4(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0, (/ 0, 0, 3, 4 /)) ! "1 2 3 4"
|
WRITE(*, FMT="(4(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0, (/ 0, 0, 3, 4 /)) ! "1 2 3 4"
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note UNPACK::
|
*note UNPACK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PERROR, Next: PRECISION, Prev: PACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PERROR, Next: PRECISION, Prev: PACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.169 `PERROR' -- Print system error message
|
8.169 `PERROR' -- Print system error message
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Prints (on the C `stderr' stream) a newline-terminated error
|
Prints (on the C `stderr' stream) a newline-terminated error
|
message corresponding to the last system error. This is prefixed by
|
message corresponding to the last system error. This is prefixed by
|
STRING, a colon and a space. See `perror(3)'.
|
STRING, a colon and a space. See `perror(3)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL PERROR(STRING)'
|
`CALL PERROR(STRING)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING A scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of the
|
STRING A scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of the
|
default kind.
|
default kind.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note IERRNO::
|
*note IERRNO::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRECISION, Next: PRESENT, Prev: PERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRECISION, Next: PRESENT, Prev: PERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.170 `PRECISION' -- Decimal precision of a real kind
|
8.170 `PRECISION' -- Decimal precision of a real kind
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`PRECISION(X)' returns the decimal precision in the model of the
|
`PRECISION(X)' returns the decimal precision in the model of the
|
type of `X'.
|
type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = PRECISION(X)'
|
`RESULT = PRECISION(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program prec_and_range
|
program prec_and_range
|
real(kind=4) :: x(2)
|
real(kind=4) :: x(2)
|
complex(kind=8) :: y
|
complex(kind=8) :: y
|
|
|
print *, precision(x), range(x)
|
print *, precision(x), range(x)
|
print *, precision(y), range(y)
|
print *, precision(y), range(y)
|
end program prec_and_range
|
end program prec_and_range
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRESENT, Next: PRODUCT, Prev: PRECISION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRESENT, Next: PRODUCT, Prev: PRECISION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.171 `PRESENT' -- Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified
|
8.171 `PRESENT' -- Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified
|
============================================================================
|
============================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines whether an optional dummy argument is present.
|
Determines whether an optional dummy argument is present.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = PRESENT(A)'
|
`RESULT = PRESENT(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A May be of any type and may be a pointer,
|
A May be of any type and may be a pointer,
|
scalar or array value, or a dummy procedure.
|
scalar or array value, or a dummy procedure.
|
It shall be the name of an optional dummy
|
It shall be the name of an optional dummy
|
argument accessible within the current
|
argument accessible within the current
|
subroutine or function.
|
subroutine or function.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Returns either `TRUE' if the optional argument A is present, or
|
Returns either `TRUE' if the optional argument A is present, or
|
`FALSE' otherwise.
|
`FALSE' otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_present
|
PROGRAM test_present
|
WRITE(*,*) f(), f(42) ! "F T"
|
WRITE(*,*) f(), f(42) ! "F T"
|
CONTAINS
|
CONTAINS
|
LOGICAL FUNCTION f(x)
|
LOGICAL FUNCTION f(x)
|
INTEGER, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL :: x
|
INTEGER, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL :: x
|
f = PRESENT(x)
|
f = PRESENT(x)
|
END FUNCTION
|
END FUNCTION
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRODUCT, Next: RADIX, Prev: PRESENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: PRODUCT, Next: RADIX, Prev: PRESENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.172 `PRODUCT' -- Product of array elements
|
8.172 `PRODUCT' -- Product of array elements
|
============================================
|
============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Multiplies the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the
|
Multiplies the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the
|
corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'.
|
corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n
|
with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n
|
equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and
|
MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and
|
either be a scalar or an array of the same
|
either be a scalar or an array of the same
|
shape as ARRAY.
|
shape as ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is of the same type as ARRAY.
|
The result is of the same type as ARRAY.
|
|
|
If DIM is absent, a scalar with the product of all elements in
|
If DIM is absent, a scalar with the product of all elements in
|
ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals
|
ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals
|
the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with
|
the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with
|
dimension DIM dropped is returned.
|
dimension DIM dropped is returned.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_product
|
PROGRAM test_product
|
INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /)
|
INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /)
|
print *, PRODUCT(x) ! all elements, product = 120
|
print *, PRODUCT(x) ! all elements, product = 120
|
print *, PRODUCT(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, product = 15
|
print *, PRODUCT(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, product = 15
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SUM::
|
*note SUM::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RADIX, Next: RANDOM_NUMBER, Prev: PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RADIX, Next: RANDOM_NUMBER, Prev: PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.173 `RADIX' -- Base of a model number
|
8.173 `RADIX' -- Base of a model number
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`RADIX(X)' returns the base of the model representing the entity X.
|
`RADIX(X)' returns the base of the model representing the entity X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RADIX(X)'
|
`RESULT = RADIX(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
X Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default
|
integer kind.
|
integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_radix
|
program test_radix
|
print *, "The radix for the default integer kind is", radix(0)
|
print *, "The radix for the default integer kind is", radix(0)
|
print *, "The radix for the default real kind is", radix(0.0)
|
print *, "The radix for the default real kind is", radix(0.0)
|
end program test_radix
|
end program test_radix
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RAN, Next: REAL, Prev: RANGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RAN, Next: REAL, Prev: RANGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.174 `RAN' -- Real pseudo-random number
|
8.174 `RAN' -- Real pseudo-random number
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
For compatibility with HP FORTRAN 77/iX, the `RAN' intrinsic is
|
For compatibility with HP FORTRAN 77/iX, the `RAN' intrinsic is
|
provided as an alias for `RAND'. See *note RAND:: for complete
|
provided as an alias for `RAND'. See *note RAND:: for complete
|
documentation.
|
documentation.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
*note RAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RAND, Next: RANGE, Prev: RANDOM_SEED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RAND, Next: RANGE, Prev: RANDOM_SEED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.175 `RAND' -- Real pseudo-random number
|
8.175 `RAND' -- Real pseudo-random number
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`RAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform
|
`RAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform
|
distribution between 0 and 1. If FLAG is 0, the next number in the
|
distribution between 0 and 1. If FLAG is 0, the next number in the
|
current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is
|
current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is
|
restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is
|
restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is
|
used as a new seed with `SRAND'.
|
used as a new seed with `SRAND'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided
|
GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided
|
by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note
|
by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note
|
RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm.
|
RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RAND(I)'
|
`RESULT = RAND(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4.
|
I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of `REAL' type and the default kind.
|
The return value is of `REAL' type and the default kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_rand
|
program test_rand
|
integer,parameter :: seed = 86456
|
integer,parameter :: seed = 86456
|
|
|
call srand(seed)
|
call srand(seed)
|
print *, rand(), rand(), rand(), rand()
|
print *, rand(), rand(), rand(), rand()
|
print *, rand(seed), rand(), rand(), rand()
|
print *, rand(seed), rand(), rand(), rand()
|
end program test_rand
|
end program test_rand
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SRAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
*note SRAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_NUMBER, Next: RANDOM_SEED, Prev: RADIX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_NUMBER, Next: RANDOM_SEED, Prev: RADIX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.176 `RANDOM_NUMBER' -- Pseudo-random number
|
8.176 `RANDOM_NUMBER' -- Pseudo-random number
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns a single pseudorandom number or an array of pseudorandom
|
Returns a single pseudorandom number or an array of pseudorandom
|
numbers from the uniform distribution over the range 0 \leq x < 1.
|
numbers from the uniform distribution over the range 0 \leq x < 1.
|
|
|
The runtime-library implements George Marsaglia's KISS (Keep It
|
The runtime-library implements George Marsaglia's KISS (Keep It
|
Simple Stupid) random number generator (RNG). This RNG combines:
|
Simple Stupid) random number generator (RNG). This RNG combines:
|
1. The congruential generator x(n) = 69069 \cdot x(n-1) +
|
1. The congruential generator x(n) = 69069 \cdot x(n-1) +
|
1327217885 with a period of 2^32,
|
1327217885 with a period of 2^32,
|
|
|
2. A 3-shift shift-register generator with a period of 2^32 - 1,
|
2. A 3-shift shift-register generator with a period of 2^32 - 1,
|
|
|
3. Two 16-bit multiply-with-carry generators with a period of
|
3. Two 16-bit multiply-with-carry generators with a period of
|
597273182964842497 > 2^59.
|
597273182964842497 > 2^59.
|
The overall period exceeds 2^123.
|
The overall period exceeds 2^123.
|
|
|
Please note, this RNG is thread safe if used within OpenMP
|
Please note, this RNG is thread safe if used within OpenMP
|
directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from
|
directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from
|
multiple threads. However, the KISS generator does not create
|
multiple threads. However, the KISS generator does not create
|
random numbers in parallel from multiple sources, but in sequence
|
random numbers in parallel from multiple sources, but in sequence
|
from a single source. If an OpenMP-enabled application heavily
|
from a single source. If an OpenMP-enabled application heavily
|
relies on random numbers, one should consider employing a
|
relies on random numbers, one should consider employing a
|
dedicated parallel random number generator instead.
|
dedicated parallel random number generator instead.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RANDOM_NUMBER(HARVEST)'
|
`RANDOM_NUMBER(HARVEST)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
HARVEST Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
HARVEST Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_random_number
|
program test_random_number
|
REAL :: r(5,5)
|
REAL :: r(5,5)
|
CALL init_random_seed() ! see example of RANDOM_SEED
|
CALL init_random_seed() ! see example of RANDOM_SEED
|
CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(r)
|
CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(r)
|
end program
|
end program
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RANDOM_SEED::
|
*note RANDOM_SEED::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_SEED, Next: RAND, Prev: RANDOM_NUMBER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_SEED, Next: RAND, Prev: RANDOM_NUMBER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.177 `RANDOM_SEED' -- Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence
|
8.177 `RANDOM_SEED' -- Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence
|
=================================================================
|
=================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Restarts or queries the state of the pseudorandom number generator
|
Restarts or queries the state of the pseudorandom number generator
|
used by `RANDOM_NUMBER'.
|
used by `RANDOM_NUMBER'.
|
|
|
If `RANDOM_SEED' is called without arguments, it is initialized to
|
If `RANDOM_SEED' is called without arguments, it is initialized to
|
a default state. The example below shows how to initialize the
|
a default state. The example below shows how to initialize the
|
random seed based on the system's time.
|
random seed based on the system's time.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL RANDOM_SEED([SIZE, PUT, GET])'
|
`CALL RANDOM_SEED([SIZE, PUT, GET])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SIZE (Optional) Shall be a scalar and of type
|
SIZE (Optional) Shall be a scalar and of type
|
default `INTEGER', with `INTENT(OUT)'. It
|
default `INTEGER', with `INTENT(OUT)'. It
|
specifies the minimum size of the arrays used
|
specifies the minimum size of the arrays used
|
with the PUT and GET arguments.
|
with the PUT and GET arguments.
|
PUT (Optional) Shall be an array of type default
|
PUT (Optional) Shall be an array of type default
|
`INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(IN)' and
|
`INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(IN)' and
|
the size of the array must be larger than or
|
the size of the array must be larger than or
|
equal to the number returned by the SIZE
|
equal to the number returned by the SIZE
|
argument.
|
argument.
|
GET (Optional) Shall be an array of type default
|
GET (Optional) Shall be an array of type default
|
`INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(OUT)'
|
`INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(OUT)'
|
and the size of the array must be larger than
|
and the size of the array must be larger than
|
or equal to the number returned by the SIZE
|
or equal to the number returned by the SIZE
|
argument.
|
argument.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
SUBROUTINE init_random_seed()
|
SUBROUTINE init_random_seed()
|
INTEGER :: i, n, clock
|
INTEGER :: i, n, clock
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed
|
|
|
CALL RANDOM_SEED(size = n)
|
CALL RANDOM_SEED(size = n)
|
ALLOCATE(seed(n))
|
ALLOCATE(seed(n))
|
|
|
CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(COUNT=clock)
|
CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(COUNT=clock)
|
|
|
seed = clock + 37 * (/ (i - 1, i = 1, n) /)
|
seed = clock + 37 * (/ (i - 1, i = 1, n) /)
|
CALL RANDOM_SEED(PUT = seed)
|
CALL RANDOM_SEED(PUT = seed)
|
|
|
DEALLOCATE(seed)
|
DEALLOCATE(seed)
|
END SUBROUTINE
|
END SUBROUTINE
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
*note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANGE, Next: RAN, Prev: RAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RANGE, Next: RAN, Prev: RAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.178 `RANGE' -- Decimal exponent range
|
8.178 `RANGE' -- Decimal exponent range
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`RANGE(X)' returns the decimal exponent range in the model of the
|
`RANGE(X)' returns the decimal exponent range in the model of the
|
type of `X'.
|
type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RANGE(X)'
|
`RESULT = RANGE(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
X Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer
|
kind.
|
kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `PRECISION' for an example.
|
See `PRECISION' for an example.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: REAL, Next: RENAME, Prev: RAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: REAL, Next: RENAME, Prev: RAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.179 `REAL' -- Convert to real type
|
8.179 `REAL' -- Convert to real type
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`REAL(A [, KIND])' converts its argument A to a real type. The
|
`REAL(A [, KIND])' converts its argument A to a real type. The
|
`REALPART' function is provided for compatibility with `g77', and
|
`REALPART' function is provided for compatibility with `g77', and
|
its use is strongly discouraged.
|
its use is strongly discouraged.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = REAL(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = REAL(A [, KIND])'
|
`RESULT = REALPART(Z)'
|
`RESULT = REALPART(Z)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'.
|
A Shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
These functions return a `REAL' variable or array under the
|
These functions return a `REAL' variable or array under the
|
following rules:
|
following rules:
|
|
|
(A)
|
(A)
|
`REAL(A)' is converted to a default real type if A is an
|
`REAL(A)' is converted to a default real type if A is an
|
integer or real variable.
|
integer or real variable.
|
|
|
(B)
|
(B)
|
`REAL(A)' is converted to a real type with the kind type
|
`REAL(A)' is converted to a real type with the kind type
|
parameter of A if A is a complex variable.
|
parameter of A if A is a complex variable.
|
|
|
(C)
|
(C)
|
`REAL(A, KIND)' is converted to a real type with kind type
|
`REAL(A, KIND)' is converted to a real type with kind type
|
parameter KIND if A is a complex, integer, or real variable.
|
parameter KIND if A is a complex, integer, or real variable.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_real
|
program test_real
|
complex :: x = (1.0, 2.0)
|
complex :: x = (1.0, 2.0)
|
print *, real(x), real(x,8), realpart(x)
|
print *, real(x), real(x,8), realpart(x)
|
end program test_real
|
end program test_real
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DBLE::, *note DFLOAT::, *note FLOAT::
|
*note DBLE::, *note DFLOAT::, *note FLOAT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RENAME, Next: REPEAT, Prev: REAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RENAME, Next: REPEAT, Prev: REAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.180 `RENAME' -- Rename a file
|
8.180 `RENAME' -- Rename a file
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Renames a file from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
Renames a file from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `rename(2)'.
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `rename(2)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL RENAME(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL RENAME(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = RENAME(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
`STATUS = RENAME(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LINK::
|
*note LINK::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: REPEAT, Next: RESHAPE, Prev: RENAME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: REPEAT, Next: RESHAPE, Prev: RENAME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.181 `REPEAT' -- Repeated string concatenation
|
8.181 `REPEAT' -- Repeated string concatenation
|
===============================================
|
===============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Concatenates NCOPIES copies of a string.
|
Concatenates NCOPIES copies of a string.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = REPEAT(STRING, NCOPIES)'
|
`RESULT = REPEAT(STRING, NCOPIES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be scalar and of type `CHARACTER'.
|
STRING Shall be scalar and of type `CHARACTER'.
|
NCOPIES Shall be scalar and of type `INTEGER'.
|
NCOPIES Shall be scalar and of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
A new scalar of type `CHARACTER' built up from NCOPIES copies of
|
A new scalar of type `CHARACTER' built up from NCOPIES copies of
|
STRING.
|
STRING.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_repeat
|
program test_repeat
|
write(*,*) repeat("x", 5) ! "xxxxx"
|
write(*,*) repeat("x", 5) ! "xxxxx"
|
end program
|
end program
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RESHAPE, Next: RRSPACING, Prev: REPEAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RESHAPE, Next: RRSPACING, Prev: REPEAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.182 `RESHAPE' -- Function to reshape an array
|
8.182 `RESHAPE' -- Function to reshape an array
|
===============================================
|
===============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Reshapes SOURCE to correspond to SHAPE. If necessary, the new
|
Reshapes SOURCE to correspond to SHAPE. If necessary, the new
|
array may be padded with elements from PAD or permuted as defined
|
array may be padded with elements from PAD or permuted as defined
|
by ORDER.
|
by ORDER.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RESHAPE(SOURCE, SHAPE[, PAD, ORDER])'
|
`RESULT = RESHAPE(SOURCE, SHAPE[, PAD, ORDER])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SOURCE Shall be an array of any type.
|
SOURCE Shall be an array of any type.
|
SHAPE Shall be of type `INTEGER' and an array of
|
SHAPE Shall be of type `INTEGER' and an array of
|
rank one. Its values must be positive or zero.
|
rank one. Its values must be positive or zero.
|
PAD (Optional) shall be an array of the same type
|
PAD (Optional) shall be an array of the same type
|
as SOURCE.
|
as SOURCE.
|
ORDER (Optional) shall be of type `INTEGER' and an
|
ORDER (Optional) shall be of type `INTEGER' and an
|
array of the same shape as SHAPE. Its values
|
array of the same shape as SHAPE. Its values
|
shall be a permutation of the numbers from 1
|
shall be a permutation of the numbers from 1
|
to n, where n is the size of SHAPE. If ORDER
|
to n, where n is the size of SHAPE. If ORDER
|
is absent, the natural ordering shall be
|
is absent, the natural ordering shall be
|
assumed.
|
assumed.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is an array of shape SHAPE with the same type as SOURCE.
|
The result is an array of shape SHAPE with the same type as SOURCE.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_reshape
|
PROGRAM test_reshape
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(4) :: x
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(4) :: x
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(x) ! prints "4"
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(x) ! prints "4"
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(RESHAPE(x, (/2, 2/))) ! prints "2 2"
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(RESHAPE(x, (/2, 2/))) ! prints "2 2"
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SHAPE::
|
*note SHAPE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RRSPACING, Next: RSHIFT, Prev: RESHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RRSPACING, Next: RSHIFT, Prev: RESHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.183 `RRSPACING' -- Reciprocal of the relative spacing
|
8.183 `RRSPACING' -- Reciprocal of the relative spacing
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`RRSPACING(X)' returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of
|
`RRSPACING(X)' returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of
|
model numbers near X.
|
model numbers near X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RRSPACING(X)'
|
`RESULT = RRSPACING(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The value
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The value
|
returned is equal to `ABS(FRACTION(X)) *
|
returned is equal to `ABS(FRACTION(X)) *
|
FLOAT(RADIX(X))**DIGITS(X)'.
|
FLOAT(RADIX(X))**DIGITS(X)'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SPACING::
|
*note SPACING::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RSHIFT, Next: SCALE, Prev: RRSPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: RSHIFT, Next: SCALE, Prev: RRSPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.184 `RSHIFT' -- Right shift bits
|
8.184 `RSHIFT' -- Right shift bits
|
==================================
|
==================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`RSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
`RSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits
|
shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is
|
shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is
|
greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted
|
greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted
|
out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the
|
out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the
|
opposite end.
|
opposite end.
|
|
|
This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which
|
This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which
|
is standard in Fortran 95 and later.
|
is standard in Fortran 95 and later.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = RSHIFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
`RESULT = RSHIFT(I, SHIFT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
I The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note LSHIFT::
|
*note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note LSHIFT::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SCALE, Next: SCAN, Prev: RSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SCALE, Next: SCAN, Prev: RSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.185 `SCALE' -- Scale a real value
|
8.185 `SCALE' -- Scale a real value
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SCALE(X,I)' returns `X * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
`SCALE(X,I)' returns `X * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SCALE(X, I)'
|
`RESULT = SCALE(X, I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'.
|
X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'.
|
I The type of the argument shall be a `INTEGER'.
|
I The type of the argument shall be a `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. Its value is
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. Its value is
|
`X * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
`X * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_scale
|
program test_scale
|
real :: x = 178.1387e-4
|
real :: x = 178.1387e-4
|
integer :: i = 5
|
integer :: i = 5
|
print *, scale(x,i), x*radix(x)**i
|
print *, scale(x,i), x*radix(x)**i
|
end program test_scale
|
end program test_scale
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SCAN, Next: SECNDS, Prev: SCALE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SCAN, Next: SECNDS, Prev: SCALE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.186 `SCAN' -- Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters
|
8.186 `SCAN' -- Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters
|
=====================================================================
|
=====================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Scans a STRING for any of the characters in a SET of characters.
|
Scans a STRING for any of the characters in a SET of characters.
|
|
|
If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns
|
If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns
|
the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is in SET.
|
the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is in SET.
|
If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If no
|
If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If no
|
character of SET is found in STRING, the result is zero.
|
character of SET is found in STRING, the result is zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SCAN(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = SCAN(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_scan
|
PROGRAM test_scan
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 2, found 'O'
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 2, found 'O'
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO", .TRUE.) ! 6, found 'A'
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO", .TRUE.) ! 6, found 'A'
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 0, found none
|
WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 0, found none
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note INDEX intrinsic::, *note VERIFY::
|
*note INDEX intrinsic::, *note VERIFY::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SECNDS, Next: SECOND, Prev: SCAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SECNDS, Next: SECOND, Prev: SCAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.187 `SECNDS' -- Time function
|
8.187 `SECNDS' -- Time function
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SECNDS(X)' gets the time in seconds from the real-time system
|
`SECNDS(X)' gets the time in seconds from the real-time system
|
clock. X is a reference time, also in seconds. If this is zero,
|
clock. X is a reference time, also in seconds. If this is zero,
|
the time in seconds from midnight is returned. This function is
|
the time in seconds from midnight is returned. This function is
|
non-standard and its use is discouraged.
|
non-standard and its use is discouraged.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SECNDS (X)'
|
`RESULT = SECNDS (X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
T Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
T Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
None
|
None
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_secnds
|
program test_secnds
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
real(4) :: t1, t2
|
real(4) :: t1, t2
|
print *, secnds (0.0) ! seconds since midnight
|
print *, secnds (0.0) ! seconds since midnight
|
t1 = secnds (0.0) ! reference time
|
t1 = secnds (0.0) ! reference time
|
do i = 1, 10000000 ! do something
|
do i = 1, 10000000 ! do something
|
end do
|
end do
|
t2 = secnds (t1) ! elapsed time
|
t2 = secnds (t1) ! elapsed time
|
print *, "Something took ", t2, " seconds."
|
print *, "Something took ", t2, " seconds."
|
end program test_secnds
|
end program test_secnds
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SECOND, Next: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Prev: SECNDS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SECOND, Next: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Prev: SECNDS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.188 `SECOND' -- CPU time function
|
8.188 `SECOND' -- CPU time function
|
===================================
|
===================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns a `REAL(4)' value representing the elapsed CPU time in
|
Returns a `REAL(4)' value representing the elapsed CPU time in
|
seconds. This provides the same functionality as the standard
|
seconds. This provides the same functionality as the standard
|
`CPU_TIME' intrinsic, and is only included for backwards
|
`CPU_TIME' intrinsic, and is only included for backwards
|
compatibility.
|
compatibility.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SECOND(TIME)'
|
`CALL SECOND(TIME)'
|
`TIME = SECOND()'
|
`TIME = SECOND()'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
TIME Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
TIME Shall be of type `REAL(4)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
In either syntax, TIME is set to the process's current runtime in
|
In either syntax, TIME is set to the process's current runtime in
|
seconds.
|
seconds.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
*note CPU_TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Next: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Prev: SECOND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Next: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Prev: SECOND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.189 `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' -- Choose character kind
|
8.189 `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' -- Choose character kind
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' returns the kind value for the character
|
`SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' returns the kind value for the character
|
set named NAME, if a character set with such a name is supported,
|
set named NAME, if a character set with such a name is supported,
|
or -1 otherwise. Currently, supported character sets include
|
or -1 otherwise. Currently, supported character sets include
|
"ASCII" and "DEFAULT", which are equivalent.
|
"ASCII" and "DEFAULT", which are equivalent.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)'
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME Shall be a scalar and of the default character
|
NAME Shall be a scalar and of the default character
|
type.
|
type.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program ascii_kind
|
program ascii_kind
|
integer,parameter :: ascii = selected_char_kind("ascii")
|
integer,parameter :: ascii = selected_char_kind("ascii")
|
character(kind=ascii, len=26) :: s
|
character(kind=ascii, len=26) :: s
|
|
|
s = ascii_"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
|
s = ascii_"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
|
print *, s
|
print *, s
|
end program ascii_kind
|
end program ascii_kind
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Next: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Prev: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Next: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Prev: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.190 `SELECTED_INT_KIND' -- Choose integer kind
|
8.190 `SELECTED_INT_KIND' -- Choose integer kind
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' return the kind value of the smallest
|
`SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' return the kind value of the smallest
|
integer type that can represent all values ranging from -10^R
|
integer type that can represent all values ranging from -10^R
|
(exclusive) to 10^R (exclusive). If there is no integer kind that
|
(exclusive) to 10^R (exclusive). If there is no integer kind that
|
accommodates this range, `SELECTED_INT_KIND' returns -1.
|
accommodates this range, `SELECTED_INT_KIND' returns -1.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)'
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
R Shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'.
|
R Shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program large_integers
|
program large_integers
|
integer,parameter :: k5 = selected_int_kind(5)
|
integer,parameter :: k5 = selected_int_kind(5)
|
integer,parameter :: k15 = selected_int_kind(15)
|
integer,parameter :: k15 = selected_int_kind(15)
|
integer(kind=k5) :: i5
|
integer(kind=k5) :: i5
|
integer(kind=k15) :: i15
|
integer(kind=k15) :: i15
|
|
|
print *, huge(i5), huge(i15)
|
print *, huge(i5), huge(i15)
|
|
|
! The following inequalities are always true
|
! The following inequalities are always true
|
print *, huge(i5) >= 10_k5**5-1
|
print *, huge(i5) >= 10_k5**5-1
|
print *, huge(i15) >= 10_k15**15-1
|
print *, huge(i15) >= 10_k15**15-1
|
end program large_integers
|
end program large_integers
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Next: SET_EXPONENT, Prev: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Next: SET_EXPONENT, Prev: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.191 `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' -- Choose real kind
|
8.191 `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' -- Choose real kind
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SELECTED_REAL_KIND(P,R)' returns the kind value of a real data
|
`SELECTED_REAL_KIND(P,R)' returns the kind value of a real data
|
type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits and exponent
|
type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits and exponent
|
range greater at least `R'.
|
range greater at least `R'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_REAL_KIND([P, R])'
|
`RESULT = SELECTED_REAL_KIND([P, R])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
P (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type
|
P (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type
|
`INTEGER'.
|
`INTEGER'.
|
R (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type
|
R (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type
|
`INTEGER'.
|
`INTEGER'.
|
At least one argument shall be present.
|
At least one argument shall be present.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
`SELECTED_REAL_KIND' returns the value of the kind type parameter
|
`SELECTED_REAL_KIND' returns the value of the kind type parameter
|
of a real data type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits
|
of a real data type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits
|
and a decimal exponent range of at least `R'. If more than one
|
and a decimal exponent range of at least `R'. If more than one
|
real data type meet the criteria, the kind of the data type with
|
real data type meet the criteria, the kind of the data type with
|
the smallest decimal precision is returned. If no real data type
|
the smallest decimal precision is returned. If no real data type
|
matches the criteria, the result is
|
matches the criteria, the result is
|
-1 if the processor does not support a real data type with a
|
-1 if the processor does not support a real data type with a
|
precision greater than or equal to `P'
|
precision greater than or equal to `P'
|
|
|
-2 if the processor does not support a real type with an exponent
|
-2 if the processor does not support a real type with an exponent
|
range greater than or equal to `R'
|
range greater than or equal to `R'
|
|
|
-3 if neither is supported.
|
-3 if neither is supported.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program real_kinds
|
program real_kinds
|
integer,parameter :: p6 = selected_real_kind(6)
|
integer,parameter :: p6 = selected_real_kind(6)
|
integer,parameter :: p10r100 = selected_real_kind(10,100)
|
integer,parameter :: p10r100 = selected_real_kind(10,100)
|
integer,parameter :: r400 = selected_real_kind(r=400)
|
integer,parameter :: r400 = selected_real_kind(r=400)
|
real(kind=p6) :: x
|
real(kind=p6) :: x
|
real(kind=p10r100) :: y
|
real(kind=p10r100) :: y
|
real(kind=r400) :: z
|
real(kind=r400) :: z
|
|
|
print *, precision(x), range(x)
|
print *, precision(x), range(x)
|
print *, precision(y), range(y)
|
print *, precision(y), range(y)
|
print *, precision(z), range(z)
|
print *, precision(z), range(z)
|
end program real_kinds
|
end program real_kinds
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SET_EXPONENT, Next: SHAPE, Prev: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SET_EXPONENT, Next: SHAPE, Prev: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.192 `SET_EXPONENT' -- Set the exponent of the model
|
8.192 `SET_EXPONENT' -- Set the exponent of the model
|
=====================================================
|
=====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' returns the real number whose fractional part
|
`SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' returns the real number whose fractional part
|
is that that of X and whose exponent part is I.
|
is that that of X and whose exponent part is I.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SET_EXPONENT(X, I)'
|
`RESULT = SET_EXPONENT(X, I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real
|
number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent
|
number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent
|
part if I is returned; it is `FRACTION(X) * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
part if I is returned; it is `FRACTION(X) * RADIX(X)**I'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_setexp
|
PROGRAM test_setexp
|
REAL :: x = 178.1387e-4
|
REAL :: x = 178.1387e-4
|
INTEGER :: i = 17
|
INTEGER :: i = 17
|
PRINT *, SET_EXPONENT(x, i), FRACTION(x) * RADIX(x)**i
|
PRINT *, SET_EXPONENT(x, i), FRACTION(x) * RADIX(x)**i
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SHAPE, Next: SIGN, Prev: SET_EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SHAPE, Next: SIGN, Prev: SET_EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.193 `SHAPE' -- Determine the shape of an array
|
8.193 `SHAPE' -- Determine the shape of an array
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the shape of an array.
|
Determines the shape of an array.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SHAPE(SOURCE)'
|
`RESULT = SHAPE(SOURCE)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SOURCE Shall be an array or scalar of any type. If
|
SOURCE Shall be an array or scalar of any type. If
|
SOURCE is a pointer it must be associated and
|
SOURCE is a pointer it must be associated and
|
allocatable arrays must be allocated.
|
allocatable arrays must be allocated.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
An `INTEGER' array of rank one with as many elements as SOURCE has
|
An `INTEGER' array of rank one with as many elements as SOURCE has
|
dimensions. The elements of the resulting array correspond to the
|
dimensions. The elements of the resulting array correspond to the
|
extend of SOURCE along the respective dimensions. If SOURCE is a
|
extend of SOURCE along the respective dimensions. If SOURCE is a
|
scalar, the result is the rank one array of size zero.
|
scalar, the result is the rank one array of size zero.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_shape
|
PROGRAM test_shape
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(-1:1, -1:2) :: A
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(-1:1, -1:2) :: A
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(A) ! (/ 3, 4 /)
|
WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(A) ! (/ 3, 4 /)
|
WRITE(*,*) SIZE(SHAPE(42)) ! (/ /)
|
WRITE(*,*) SIZE(SHAPE(42)) ! (/ /)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RESHAPE::, *note SIZE::
|
*note RESHAPE::, *note SIZE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGN, Next: SIGNAL, Prev: SHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGN, Next: SIGNAL, Prev: SHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.194 `SIGN' -- Sign copying function
|
8.194 `SIGN' -- Sign copying function
|
=====================================
|
=====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SIGN(A,B)' returns the value of A with the sign of B.
|
`SIGN(A,B)' returns the value of A with the sign of B.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SIGN(A, B)'
|
`RESULT = SIGN(A, B)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
A Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'
|
B Shall be of the same type and kind as A
|
B Shall be of the same type and kind as A
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The kind of the return value is that of A and B. If B\ge 0 then
|
The kind of the return value is that of A and B. If B\ge 0 then
|
the result is `ABS(A)', else it is `-ABS(A)'.
|
the result is `ABS(A)', else it is `-ABS(A)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_sign
|
program test_sign
|
print *, sign(-12,1)
|
print *, sign(-12,1)
|
print *, sign(-12,0)
|
print *, sign(-12,0)
|
print *, sign(-12,-1)
|
print *, sign(-12,-1)
|
|
|
print *, sign(-12.,1.)
|
print *, sign(-12.,1.)
|
print *, sign(-12.,0.)
|
print *, sign(-12.,0.)
|
print *, sign(-12.,-1.)
|
print *, sign(-12.,-1.)
|
end program test_sign
|
end program test_sign
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Arguments Return type Standard
|
Name Arguments Return type Standard
|
`ISIGN(A,P)' `INTEGER(4)' `INTEGER(4)' f95, gnu
|
`ISIGN(A,P)' `INTEGER(4)' `INTEGER(4)' f95, gnu
|
`DSIGN(A,P)' `REAL(8)' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
`DSIGN(A,P)' `REAL(8)' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGNAL, Next: SIN, Prev: SIGN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGNAL, Next: SIN, Prev: SIGN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.195 `SIGNAL' -- Signal handling subroutine (or function)
|
8.195 `SIGNAL' -- Signal handling subroutine (or function)
|
==========================================================
|
==========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine
|
`SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine
|
HANDLER to be executed with a single integer argument when signal
|
HANDLER to be executed with a single integer argument when signal
|
NUMBER occurs. If HANDLER is an integer, it can be used to turn
|
NUMBER occurs. If HANDLER is an integer, it can be used to turn
|
off handling of signal NUMBER or revert to its default action.
|
off handling of signal NUMBER or revert to its default action.
|
See `signal(2)'.
|
See `signal(2)'.
|
|
|
If `SIGNAL' is called as a subroutine and the STATUS argument is
|
If `SIGNAL' is called as a subroutine and the STATUS argument is
|
supplied, it is set to the value returned by `signal(2)'.
|
supplied, it is set to the value returned by `signal(2)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER)'
|
`STATUS = SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NUMBER Shall be a scalar integer, with `INTENT(IN)'
|
NUMBER Shall be a scalar integer, with `INTENT(IN)'
|
HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or
|
HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or
|
`SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' scalar.
|
`SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' scalar.
|
`INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
`INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar integer.
|
STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar integer.
|
It has `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
It has `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The `SIGNAL' function returns the value returned by `signal(2)'.
|
The `SIGNAL' function returns the value returned by `signal(2)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_signal
|
program test_signal
|
intrinsic signal
|
intrinsic signal
|
external handler_print
|
external handler_print
|
|
|
call signal (12, handler_print)
|
call signal (12, handler_print)
|
call signal (10, 1)
|
call signal (10, 1)
|
|
|
call sleep (30)
|
call sleep (30)
|
end program test_signal
|
end program test_signal
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIN, Next: SINH, Prev: SIGNAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIN, Next: SINH, Prev: SIGNAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.196 `SIN' -- Sine function
|
8.196 `SIN' -- Sine function
|
============================
|
============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SIN(X)' computes the sine of X.
|
`SIN(X)' computes the sine of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SIN(X)'
|
`RESULT = SIN(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_sin
|
program test_sin
|
real :: x = 0.0
|
real :: x = 0.0
|
x = sin(x)
|
x = sin(x)
|
end program test_sin
|
end program test_sin
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DSIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
`DSIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu
|
`CSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu
|
`CSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
`ZSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
`ZSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
`CDSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
`CDSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ASIN::
|
*note ASIN::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SINH, Next: SIZE, Prev: SIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SINH, Next: SIZE, Prev: SIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.197 `SINH' -- Hyperbolic sine function
|
8.197 `SINH' -- Hyperbolic sine function
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic sine of X.
|
`SINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic sine of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 95 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SINH(X)'
|
`RESULT = SINH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_sinh
|
program test_sinh
|
real(8) :: x = - 1.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = - 1.0_8
|
x = sinh(x)
|
x = sinh(x)
|
end program test_sinh
|
end program test_sinh
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DSINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DSINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ASINH::
|
*note ASINH::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZE, Next: SIZEOF, Prev: SINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZE, Next: SIZEOF, Prev: SINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.198 `SIZE' -- Determine the size of an array
|
8.198 `SIZE' -- Determine the size of an array
|
==============================================
|
==============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determine the extent of ARRAY along a specified dimension DIM, or
|
Determine the extent of ARRAY along a specified dimension DIM, or
|
the total number of elements in ARRAY if DIM is absent.
|
the total number of elements in ARRAY if DIM is absent.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SIZE(ARRAY[, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = SIZE(ARRAY[, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. If ARRAY is a
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. If ARRAY is a
|
pointer it must be associated and allocatable
|
pointer it must be associated and allocatable
|
arrays must be allocated.
|
arrays must be allocated.
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
and its value shall be in the range from 1 to
|
and its value shall be in the range from 1 to
|
n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_size
|
PROGRAM test_size
|
WRITE(*,*) SIZE((/ 1, 2 /)) ! 2
|
WRITE(*,*) SIZE((/ 1, 2 /)) ! 2
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SHAPE::, *note RESHAPE::
|
*note SHAPE::, *note RESHAPE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZEOF, Next: SLEEP, Prev: SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZEOF, Next: SLEEP, Prev: SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.199 `SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression
|
8.199 `SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the
|
`SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the
|
expression `X' occupies.
|
expression `X' occupies.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Intrinsic function
|
Intrinsic function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`N = SIZEOF(X)'
|
`N = SIZEOF(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The argument shall be of any type, rank or
|
X The argument shall be of any type, rank or
|
shape.
|
shape.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent
|
The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent
|
kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the
|
kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the
|
number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the
|
number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the
|
`POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area
|
`POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area
|
pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with
|
pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with
|
`POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't
|
`POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value doesn't
|
account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components.
|
account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
integer :: i
|
integer :: i
|
real :: r, s(5)
|
real :: r, s(5)
|
print *, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(r) == 5)
|
print *, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(r) == 5)
|
end
|
end
|
The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform
|
The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform
|
where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded.
|
where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note C_SIZEOF::
|
*note C_SIZEOF::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SLEEP, Next: SNGL, Prev: SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SLEEP, Next: SNGL, Prev: SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.200 `SLEEP' -- Sleep for the specified number of seconds
|
8.200 `SLEEP' -- Sleep for the specified number of seconds
|
==========================================================
|
==========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Calling this subroutine causes the process to pause for SECONDS
|
Calling this subroutine causes the process to pause for SECONDS
|
seconds.
|
seconds.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SLEEP(SECONDS)'
|
`CALL SLEEP(SECONDS)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SECONDS The type shall be of default `INTEGER'.
|
SECONDS The type shall be of default `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_sleep
|
program test_sleep
|
call sleep(5)
|
call sleep(5)
|
end
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SNGL, Next: SPACING, Prev: SLEEP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SNGL, Next: SPACING, Prev: SLEEP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.201 `SNGL' -- Convert double precision real to default real
|
8.201 `SNGL' -- Convert double precision real to default real
|
=============================================================
|
=============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SNGL(A)' converts the double precision real A to a default real
|
`SNGL(A)' converts the double precision real A to a default real
|
value. This is an archaic form of `REAL' that is specific to one
|
value. This is an archaic form of `REAL' that is specific to one
|
type for A.
|
type for A.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SNGL(A)'
|
`RESULT = SNGL(A)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
A The type shall be a double precision `REAL'.
|
A The type shall be a double precision `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type default `REAL'.
|
The return value is of type default `REAL'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DBLE::
|
*note DBLE::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SPACING, Next: SPREAD, Prev: SNGL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SPACING, Next: SPREAD, Prev: SNGL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.202 `SPACING' -- Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type
|
8.202 `SPACING' -- Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type
|
========================================================================
|
========================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the distance between the argument X and the nearest
|
Determines the distance between the argument X and the nearest
|
adjacent number of the same type.
|
adjacent number of the same type.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SPACING(X)'
|
`RESULT = SPACING(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is of the same type as the input argument X.
|
The result is of the same type as the input argument X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_spacing
|
PROGRAM test_spacing
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37)
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37)
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200)
|
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200)
|
|
|
WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL) ! "1.1920929E-07" on i686
|
WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL) ! "1.1920929E-07" on i686
|
WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL) ! "2.220446049250313E-016" on i686
|
WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL) ! "2.220446049250313E-016" on i686
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RRSPACING::
|
*note RRSPACING::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SPREAD, Next: SQRT, Prev: SPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SPREAD, Next: SQRT, Prev: SPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.203 `SPREAD' -- Add a dimension to an array
|
8.203 `SPREAD' -- Add a dimension to an array
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Replicates a SOURCE array NCOPIES times along a specified
|
Replicates a SOURCE array NCOPIES times along a specified
|
dimension DIM.
|
dimension DIM.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SPREAD(SOURCE, DIM, NCOPIES)'
|
`RESULT = SPREAD(SOURCE, DIM, NCOPIES)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type and
|
SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type and
|
a rank less than seven.
|
a rank less than seven.
|
DIM Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a
|
DIM Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a
|
value in the range from 1 to n+1, where n
|
value in the range from 1 to n+1, where n
|
equals the rank of SOURCE.
|
equals the rank of SOURCE.
|
NCOPIES Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
NCOPIES Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is an array of the same type as SOURCE and has rank n+1
|
The result is an array of the same type as SOURCE and has rank n+1
|
where n equals the rank of SOURCE.
|
where n equals the rank of SOURCE.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_spread
|
PROGRAM test_spread
|
INTEGER :: a = 1, b(2) = (/ 1, 2 /)
|
INTEGER :: a = 1, b(2) = (/ 1, 2 /)
|
WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(A, 1, 2) ! "1 1"
|
WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(A, 1, 2) ! "1 1"
|
WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(B, 1, 2) ! "1 1 2 2"
|
WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(B, 1, 2) ! "1 1 2 2"
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note UNPACK::
|
*note UNPACK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SQRT, Next: SRAND, Prev: SPREAD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SQRT, Next: SRAND, Prev: SPREAD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.204 `SQRT' -- Square-root function
|
8.204 `SQRT' -- Square-root function
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SQRT(X)' computes the square root of X.
|
`SQRT(X)' computes the square root of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
Fortran 77 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SQRT(X)'
|
`RESULT = SQRT(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type
|
parameter is the same as X.
|
parameter is the same as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_sqrt
|
program test_sqrt
|
real(8) :: x = 2.0_8
|
real(8) :: x = 2.0_8
|
complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0)
|
complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0)
|
x = sqrt(x)
|
x = sqrt(x)
|
z = sqrt(z)
|
z = sqrt(z)
|
end program test_sqrt
|
end program test_sqrt
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DSQRT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DSQRT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
`CSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
`CSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 95 and
|
X' later
|
X' later
|
`ZSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`ZSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
`CDSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
`CDSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension
|
X'
|
X'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SRAND, Next: STAT, Prev: SQRT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SRAND, Next: STAT, Prev: SQRT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.205 `SRAND' -- Reinitialize the random number generator
|
8.205 `SRAND' -- Reinitialize the random number generator
|
=========================================================
|
=========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`SRAND' reinitializes the pseudo-random number generator called by
|
`SRAND' reinitializes the pseudo-random number generator called by
|
`RAND' and `IRAND'. The new seed used by the generator is
|
`RAND' and `IRAND'. The new seed used by the generator is
|
specified by the required argument SEED.
|
specified by the required argument SEED.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SRAND(SEED)'
|
`CALL SRAND(SEED)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SEED Shall be a scalar `INTEGER(kind=4)'.
|
SEED Shall be a scalar `INTEGER(kind=4)'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
Does not return anything.
|
Does not return anything.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `RAND' and `IRAND' for examples.
|
See `RAND' and `IRAND' for examples.
|
|
|
_Notes_:
|
_Notes_:
|
The Fortran 2003 standard specifies the intrinsic `RANDOM_SEED' to
|
The Fortran 2003 standard specifies the intrinsic `RANDOM_SEED' to
|
initialize the pseudo-random numbers generator and `RANDOM_NUMBER'
|
initialize the pseudo-random numbers generator and `RANDOM_NUMBER'
|
to generate pseudo-random numbers. Please note that in GNU
|
to generate pseudo-random numbers. Please note that in GNU
|
Fortran, these two sets of intrinsics (`RAND', `IRAND' and `SRAND'
|
Fortran, these two sets of intrinsics (`RAND', `IRAND' and `SRAND'
|
on the one hand, `RANDOM_NUMBER' and `RANDOM_SEED' on the other
|
on the one hand, `RANDOM_NUMBER' and `RANDOM_SEED' on the other
|
hand) access two independent pseudo-random number generators.
|
hand) access two independent pseudo-random number generators.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note RAND::, *note RANDOM_SEED::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
*note RAND::, *note RANDOM_SEED::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: STAT, Next: SUM, Prev: SRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: STAT, Next: SUM, Prev: SRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.206 `STAT' -- Get file status
|
8.206 `STAT' -- Get file status
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
This function returns information about a file. No permissions are
|
This function returns information about a file. No permissions are
|
required on the file itself, but execute (search) permission is
|
required on the file itself, but execute (search) permission is
|
required on all of the directories in path that lead to the file.
|
required on all of the directories in path that lead to the file.
|
|
|
The elements that are obtained and stored in the array `VALUES':
|
The elements that are obtained and stored in the array `VALUES':
|
`VALUES(1)'Device ID
|
`VALUES(1)'Device ID
|
`VALUES(2)'Inode number
|
`VALUES(2)'Inode number
|
`VALUES(3)'File mode
|
`VALUES(3)'File mode
|
`VALUES(4)'Number of links
|
`VALUES(4)'Number of links
|
`VALUES(5)'Owner's uid
|
`VALUES(5)'Owner's uid
|
`VALUES(6)'Owner's gid
|
`VALUES(6)'Owner's gid
|
`VALUES(7)'ID of device containing directory entry for
|
`VALUES(7)'ID of device containing directory entry for
|
file (0 if not available)
|
file (0 if not available)
|
`VALUES(8)'File size (bytes)
|
`VALUES(8)'File size (bytes)
|
`VALUES(9)'Last access time
|
`VALUES(9)'Last access time
|
`VALUES(10)'Last modification time
|
`VALUES(10)'Last modification time
|
`VALUES(11)'Last file status change time
|
`VALUES(11)'Last file status change time
|
`VALUES(12)'Preferred I/O block size (-1 if not available)
|
`VALUES(12)'Preferred I/O block size (-1 if not available)
|
`VALUES(13)'Number of blocks allocated (-1 if not
|
`VALUES(13)'Number of blocks allocated (-1 if not
|
available)
|
available)
|
|
|
Not all these elements are relevant on all systems. If an element
|
Not all these elements are relevant on all systems. If an element
|
is not relevant, it is returned as 0.
|
is not relevant, it is returned as 0.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL STAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL STAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER', of the default
|
NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER', of the default
|
kind and a valid path within the file system.
|
kind and a valid path within the file system.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
Returns 0 on success and a system specific
|
error code otherwise.
|
error code otherwise.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_stat
|
PROGRAM test_stat
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(13) :: buff
|
INTEGER, DIMENSION(13) :: buff
|
INTEGER :: status
|
INTEGER :: status
|
|
|
CALL STAT("/etc/passwd", buff, status)
|
CALL STAT("/etc/passwd", buff, status)
|
|
|
IF (status == 0) THEN
|
IF (status == 0) THEN
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Device ID:', T30, I19)") buff(1)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Device ID:', T30, I19)") buff(1)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Inode number:', T30, I19)") buff(2)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Inode number:', T30, I19)") buff(2)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('File mode (octal):', T30, O19)") buff(3)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('File mode (octal):', T30, O19)") buff(3)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Number of links:', T30, I19)") buff(4)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Number of links:', T30, I19)") buff(4)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s uid:', T30, I19)") buff(5)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s uid:', T30, I19)") buff(5)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s gid:', T30, I19)") buff(6)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s gid:', T30, I19)") buff(6)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Device where located:', T30, I19)") buff(7)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Device where located:', T30, I19)") buff(7)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('File size:', T30, I19)") buff(8)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('File size:', T30, I19)") buff(8)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last access time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(9))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last access time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(9))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last modification time', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(10))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last modification time', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(10))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last status change time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(11))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Last status change time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(11))
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Preferred block size:', T30, I19)") buff(12)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('Preferred block size:', T30, I19)") buff(12)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('No. of blocks allocated:', T30, I19)") buff(13)
|
WRITE (*, FMT="('No. of blocks allocated:', T30, I19)") buff(13)
|
END IF
|
END IF
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a link: *note LSTAT::
|
To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a link: *note LSTAT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SUM, Next: SYMLNK, Prev: STAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SUM, Next: SYMLNK, Prev: STAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.207 `SUM' -- Sum of array elements
|
8.207 `SUM' -- Sum of array elements
|
====================================
|
====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Adds the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the
|
Adds the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the
|
corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'.
|
corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = SUM(ARRAY[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = SUM(ARRAY[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = SUM(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])'
|
`RESULT = SUM(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
`COMPLEX'.
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'
|
with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n
|
with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n
|
equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
equals the rank of ARRAY.
|
MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and
|
MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and
|
either be a scalar or an array of the same
|
either be a scalar or an array of the same
|
shape as ARRAY.
|
shape as ARRAY.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result is of the same type as ARRAY.
|
The result is of the same type as ARRAY.
|
|
|
If DIM is absent, a scalar with the sum of all elements in ARRAY
|
If DIM is absent, a scalar with the sum of all elements in ARRAY
|
is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the
|
is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the
|
rank of ARRAY,and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension
|
rank of ARRAY,and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension
|
DIM dropped is returned.
|
DIM dropped is returned.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_sum
|
PROGRAM test_sum
|
INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /)
|
INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /)
|
print *, SUM(x) ! all elements, sum = 15
|
print *, SUM(x) ! all elements, sum = 15
|
print *, SUM(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, sum = 9
|
print *, SUM(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, sum = 9
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note PRODUCT::
|
*note PRODUCT::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYMLNK, Next: SYSTEM, Prev: SUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYMLNK, Next: SYSTEM, Prev: SUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.208 `SYMLNK' -- Create a symbolic link
|
8.208 `SYMLNK' -- Create a symbolic link
|
========================================
|
========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Makes a symbolic link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
Makes a symbolic link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
(`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored.
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `symlink(2)'. If the system
|
nonzero error code upon return; see `symlink(2)'. If the system
|
does not supply `symlink(2)', `ENOSYS' is returned.
|
does not supply `symlink(2)', `ENOSYS' is returned.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
`STATUS = SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LINK::, *note UNLINK::
|
*note LINK::, *note UNLINK::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM, Next: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Prev: SYMLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM, Next: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Prev: SYMLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.209 `SYSTEM' -- Execute a shell command
|
8.209 `SYSTEM' -- Execute a shell command
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Passes the command COMMAND to a shell (see `system(3)'). If
|
Passes the command COMMAND to a shell (see `system(3)'). If
|
argument STATUS is present, it contains the value returned by
|
argument STATUS is present, it contains the value returned by
|
`system(3)', which is presumably 0 if the shell command succeeded.
|
`system(3)', which is presumably 0 if the shell command succeeded.
|
Note that which shell is used to invoke the command is
|
Note that which shell is used to invoke the command is
|
system-dependent and environment-dependent.
|
system-dependent and environment-dependent.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SYSTEM(COMMAND [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL SYSTEM(COMMAND [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = SYSTEM(COMMAND)'
|
`STATUS = SYSTEM(COMMAND)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
COMMAND Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
COMMAND Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Next: TAN, Prev: SYSTEM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Next: TAN, Prev: SYSTEM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.210 `SYSTEM_CLOCK' -- Time function
|
8.210 `SYSTEM_CLOCK' -- Time function
|
=====================================
|
=====================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Determines the COUNT of milliseconds of wall clock time since the
|
Determines the COUNT of milliseconds of wall clock time since the
|
Epoch (00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970) modulo COUNT_MAX, COUNT_RATE
|
Epoch (00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970) modulo COUNT_MAX, COUNT_RATE
|
determines the number of clock ticks per second. COUNT_RATE and
|
determines the number of clock ticks per second. COUNT_RATE and
|
COUNT_MAX are constant and specific to `gfortran'.
|
COUNT_MAX are constant and specific to `gfortran'.
|
|
|
If there is no clock, COUNT is set to `-HUGE(COUNT)', and
|
If there is no clock, COUNT is set to `-HUGE(COUNT)', and
|
COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are set to zero
|
COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are set to zero
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine
|
Subroutine
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK([COUNT, COUNT_RATE, COUNT_MAX])'
|
`CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK([COUNT, COUNT_RATE, COUNT_MAX])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
COUNT (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
COUNT (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
COUNT_RATE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
COUNT_RATE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
COUNT_MAX (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
COUNT_MAX (Optional) shall be a scalar of type default
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
`INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_system_clock
|
PROGRAM test_system_clock
|
INTEGER :: count, count_rate, count_max
|
INTEGER :: count, count_rate, count_max
|
CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(count, count_rate, count_max)
|
CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(count, count_rate, count_max)
|
WRITE(*,*) count, count_rate, count_max
|
WRITE(*,*) count, count_rate, count_max
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CPU_TIME::
|
*note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CPU_TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TAN, Next: TANH, Prev: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TAN, Next: TANH, Prev: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.211 `TAN' -- Tangent function
|
8.211 `TAN' -- Tangent function
|
===============================
|
===============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`TAN(X)' computes the tangent of X.
|
`TAN(X)' computes the tangent of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TAN(X)'
|
`RESULT = TAN(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
The return value has same type and kind as X.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_tan
|
program test_tan
|
real(8) :: x = 0.165_8
|
real(8) :: x = 0.165_8
|
x = tan(x)
|
x = tan(x)
|
end program test_tan
|
end program test_tan
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DTAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DTAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ATAN::
|
*note ATAN::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TANH, Next: TIME, Prev: TAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TANH, Next: TIME, Prev: TAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.212 `TANH' -- Hyperbolic tangent function
|
8.212 `TANH' -- Hyperbolic tangent function
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`TANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic tangent of X.
|
`TANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic tangent of X.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`X = TANH(X)'
|
`X = TANH(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the
|
imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the
|
return value lies in the range - 1 \leq tanh(x) \leq 1 .
|
return value lies in the range - 1 \leq tanh(x) \leq 1 .
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
program test_tanh
|
program test_tanh
|
real(8) :: x = 2.1_8
|
real(8) :: x = 2.1_8
|
x = tanh(x)
|
x = tanh(x)
|
end program test_tanh
|
end program test_tanh
|
|
|
_Specific names_:
|
_Specific names_:
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
Name Argument Return type Standard
|
`DTANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
`DTANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and
|
later
|
later
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ATANH::
|
*note ATANH::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME, Next: TIME8, Prev: TANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME, Next: TIME8, Prev: TANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.213 `TIME' -- Time function
|
8.213 `TIME' -- Time function
|
=============================
|
=============================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of
|
Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of
|
the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to
|
the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to
|
`CTIME()', `GMTIME()', and `LTIME()'.
|
`CTIME()', `GMTIME()', and `LTIME()'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with
|
This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with
|
32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits.
|
32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits.
|
Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or
|
Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or
|
become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during
|
become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during
|
a single run of the compiled program.
|
a single run of the compiled program.
|
|
|
See *note TIME8::, for information on a similar intrinsic that
|
See *note TIME8::, for information on a similar intrinsic that
|
might be portable to more GNU Fortran implementations, though to
|
might be portable to more GNU Fortran implementations, though to
|
fewer Fortran compilers.
|
fewer Fortran compilers.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TIME()'
|
`RESULT = TIME()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::,
|
*note TIME8::
|
*note TIME8::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME8, Next: TINY, Prev: TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME8, Next: TINY, Prev: TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.214 `TIME8' -- Time function (64-bit)
|
8.214 `TIME8' -- Time function (64-bit)
|
=======================================
|
=======================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of
|
Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of
|
the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to
|
the UNIX function `time(3)'). This value is suitable for passing to
|
`CTIME()', `GMTIME()', and `LTIME()'.
|
`CTIME()', `GMTIME()', and `LTIME()'.
|
|
|
_Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing
|
_Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing
|
values over that returned by `time(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit
|
values over that returned by `time(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit
|
`time(3)', `TIME8()' will return a 32-bit value, even though it is
|
`time(3)', `TIME8()' will return a 32-bit value, even though it is
|
converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows of
|
converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows of
|
the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned
|
the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned
|
by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less
|
by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less
|
than previous values during a single run of the compiled program.
|
than previous values during a single run of the compiled program.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TIME8()'
|
`RESULT = TIME8()'
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)'.
|
The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)'.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK8::,
|
*note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK8::,
|
*note TIME::
|
*note TIME::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TINY, Next: TRAILZ, Prev: TIME8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TINY, Next: TRAILZ, Prev: TIME8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.215 `TINY' -- Smallest positive number of a real kind
|
8.215 `TINY' -- Smallest positive number of a real kind
|
=======================================================
|
=======================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`TINY(X)' returns the smallest positive (non zero) number in the
|
`TINY(X)' returns the smallest positive (non zero) number in the
|
model of the type of `X'.
|
model of the type of `X'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TINY(X)'
|
`RESULT = TINY(X)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
X Shall be of type `REAL'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X
|
The return value is of the same type and kind as X
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
See `HUGE' for an example.
|
See `HUGE' for an example.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRAILZ, Next: TRANSFER, Prev: TINY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRAILZ, Next: TRANSFER, Prev: TINY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.216 `TRAILZ' -- Number of trailing zero bits of an integer
|
8.216 `TRAILZ' -- Number of trailing zero bits of an integer
|
============================================================
|
============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
`TRAILZ' returns the number of trailing zero bits of an integer.
|
`TRAILZ' returns the number of trailing zero bits of an integer.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
Fortran 2008 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TRAILZ(I)'
|
`RESULT = TRAILZ(I)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
I Shall be of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the
|
The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the
|
bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_trailz
|
PROGRAM test_trailz
|
WRITE (*,*) TRAILZ(8) ! prints 3
|
WRITE (*,*) TRAILZ(8) ! prints 3
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note LEADZ::
|
*note BIT_SIZE::, *note LEADZ::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSFER, Next: TRANSPOSE, Prev: TRAILZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSFER, Next: TRANSPOSE, Prev: TRAILZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.217 `TRANSFER' -- Transfer bit patterns
|
8.217 `TRANSFER' -- Transfer bit patterns
|
=========================================
|
=========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Interprets the bitwise representation of SOURCE in memory as if it
|
Interprets the bitwise representation of SOURCE in memory as if it
|
is the representation of a variable or array of the same type and
|
is the representation of a variable or array of the same type and
|
type parameters as MOLD.
|
type parameters as MOLD.
|
|
|
This is approximately equivalent to the C concept of _casting_ one
|
This is approximately equivalent to the C concept of _casting_ one
|
type to another.
|
type to another.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TRANSFER(SOURCE, MOLD[, SIZE])'
|
`RESULT = TRANSFER(SOURCE, MOLD[, SIZE])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type.
|
SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type.
|
MOLD Shall be a scalar or an array of any type.
|
MOLD Shall be a scalar or an array of any type.
|
SIZE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
SIZE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result has the same type as MOLD, with the bit level
|
The result has the same type as MOLD, with the bit level
|
representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is present, the result is a
|
representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is present, the result is a
|
one-dimensional array of length SIZE. If SIZE is absent but MOLD
|
one-dimensional array of length SIZE. If SIZE is absent but MOLD
|
is an array (of any size or shape), the result is a one-
|
is an array (of any size or shape), the result is a one-
|
dimensional array of the minimum length needed to contain the
|
dimensional array of the minimum length needed to contain the
|
entirety of the bitwise representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is
|
entirety of the bitwise representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is
|
absent and MOLD is a scalar, the result is a scalar.
|
absent and MOLD is a scalar, the result is a scalar.
|
|
|
If the bitwise representation of the result is longer than that of
|
If the bitwise representation of the result is longer than that of
|
SOURCE, then the leading bits of the result correspond to those of
|
SOURCE, then the leading bits of the result correspond to those of
|
SOURCE and any trailing bits are filled arbitrarily.
|
SOURCE and any trailing bits are filled arbitrarily.
|
|
|
When the resulting bit representation does not correspond to a
|
When the resulting bit representation does not correspond to a
|
valid representation of a variable of the same type as MOLD, the
|
valid representation of a variable of the same type as MOLD, the
|
results are undefined, and subsequent operations on the result
|
results are undefined, and subsequent operations on the result
|
cannot be guaranteed to produce sensible behavior. For example,
|
cannot be guaranteed to produce sensible behavior. For example,
|
it is possible to create `LOGICAL' variables for which `VAR' and
|
it is possible to create `LOGICAL' variables for which `VAR' and
|
`.NOT.VAR' both appear to be true.
|
`.NOT.VAR' both appear to be true.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_transfer
|
PROGRAM test_transfer
|
integer :: x = 2143289344
|
integer :: x = 2143289344
|
print *, transfer(x, 1.0) ! prints "NaN" on i686
|
print *, transfer(x, 1.0) ! prints "NaN" on i686
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSPOSE, Next: TRIM, Prev: TRANSFER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSPOSE, Next: TRIM, Prev: TRANSFER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.218 `TRANSPOSE' -- Transpose an array of rank two
|
8.218 `TRANSPOSE' -- Transpose an array of rank two
|
===================================================
|
===================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Transpose an array of rank two. Element (i, j) of the result has
|
Transpose an array of rank two. Element (i, j) of the result has
|
the value `MATRIX(j, i)', for all i, j.
|
the value `MATRIX(j, i)', for all i, j.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TRANSPOSE(MATRIX)'
|
`RESULT = TRANSPOSE(MATRIX)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MATRIX Shall be an array of any type and have a rank
|
MATRIX Shall be an array of any type and have a rank
|
of two.
|
of two.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The result has the same type as MATRIX, and has shape `(/ m, n /)'
|
The result has the same type as MATRIX, and has shape `(/ m, n /)'
|
if MATRIX has shape `(/ n, m /)'.
|
if MATRIX has shape `(/ n, m /)'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRIM, Next: TTYNAM, Prev: TRANSPOSE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TRIM, Next: TTYNAM, Prev: TRANSPOSE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.219 `TRIM' -- Remove trailing blank characters of a string
|
8.219 `TRIM' -- Remove trailing blank characters of a string
|
============================================================
|
============================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Removes trailing blank characters of a string.
|
Removes trailing blank characters of a string.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = TRIM(STRING)'
|
`RESULT = TRIM(STRING)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER'.
|
STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
A scalar of type `CHARACTER' which length is that of STRING less
|
A scalar of type `CHARACTER' which length is that of STRING less
|
the number of trailing blanks.
|
the number of trailing blanks.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_trim
|
PROGRAM test_trim
|
CHARACTER(len=10), PARAMETER :: s = "GFORTRAN "
|
CHARACTER(len=10), PARAMETER :: s = "GFORTRAN "
|
WRITE(*,*) LEN(s), LEN(TRIM(s)) ! "10 8", with/without trailing blanks
|
WRITE(*,*) LEN(s), LEN(TRIM(s)) ! "10 8", with/without trailing blanks
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
*note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TTYNAM, Next: UBOUND, Prev: TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: TTYNAM, Next: UBOUND, Prev: TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.220 `TTYNAM' -- Get the name of a terminal device.
|
8.220 `TTYNAM' -- Get the name of a terminal device.
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Get the name of a terminal device. For more information, see
|
Get the name of a terminal device. For more information, see
|
`ttyname(3)'.
|
`ttyname(3)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL TTYNAM(UNIT, NAME)'
|
`CALL TTYNAM(UNIT, NAME)'
|
`NAME = TTYNAM(UNIT)'
|
`NAME = TTYNAM(UNIT)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_ttynam
|
PROGRAM test_ttynam
|
INTEGER :: unit
|
INTEGER :: unit
|
DO unit = 1, 10
|
DO unit = 1, 10
|
IF (isatty(unit=unit)) write(*,*) ttynam(unit)
|
IF (isatty(unit=unit)) write(*,*) ttynam(unit)
|
END DO
|
END DO
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note ISATTY::
|
*note ISATTY::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UBOUND, Next: UMASK, Prev: TTYNAM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UBOUND, Next: UMASK, Prev: TTYNAM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.221 `UBOUND' -- Upper dimension bounds of an array
|
8.221 `UBOUND' -- Upper dimension bounds of an array
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Returns the upper bounds of an array, or a single upper bound
|
Returns the upper bounds of an array, or a single upper bound
|
along the DIM dimension.
|
along the DIM dimension.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Inquiry function
|
Inquiry function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = UBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = UBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type.
|
ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is
|
absent, the result is an array of the upper bounds of ARRAY. If
|
absent, the result is an array of the upper bounds of ARRAY. If
|
DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the upper
|
DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the upper
|
bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an
|
bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an
|
expression rather than a whole array or array structure component,
|
expression rather than a whole array or array structure component,
|
or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the upper
|
or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the upper
|
bound is taken to be the number of elements along the relevant
|
bound is taken to be the number of elements along the relevant
|
dimension.
|
dimension.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LBOUND::
|
*note LBOUND::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UMASK, Next: UNLINK, Prev: UBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UMASK, Next: UNLINK, Prev: UBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.222 `UMASK' -- Set the file creation mask
|
8.222 `UMASK' -- Set the file creation mask
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Sets the file creation mask to MASK. If called as a function, it
|
Sets the file creation mask to MASK. If called as a function, it
|
returns the old value. If called as a subroutine and argument OLD
|
returns the old value. If called as a subroutine and argument OLD
|
if it is supplied, it is set to the old value. See `umask(2)'.
|
if it is supplied, it is set to the old value. See `umask(2)'.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL UMASK(MASK [, OLD])' `OLD = UMASK(MASK)'
|
`CALL UMASK(MASK [, OLD])' `OLD = UMASK(MASK)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
MASK Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
MASK Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
OLD (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
OLD (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UNLINK, Next: UNPACK, Prev: UMASK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UNLINK, Next: UNPACK, Prev: UMASK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.223 `UNLINK' -- Remove a file from the file system
|
8.223 `UNLINK' -- Remove a file from the file system
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Unlinks the file PATH. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to
|
Unlinks the file PATH. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to
|
mark the end of the name in PATH; otherwise, trailing blanks in
|
mark the end of the name in PATH; otherwise, trailing blanks in
|
the file name are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it
|
the file name are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it
|
contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see
|
contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see
|
`unlink(2)'.
|
`unlink(2)'.
|
|
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms;
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Subroutine, function
|
Subroutine, function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`CALL UNLINK(PATH [, STATUS])'
|
`CALL UNLINK(PATH [, STATUS])'
|
`STATUS = UNLINK(PATH)'
|
`STATUS = UNLINK(PATH)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
PATH Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
PATH Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type.
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note LINK::, *note SYMLNK::
|
*note LINK::, *note SYMLNK::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UNPACK, Next: VERIFY, Prev: UNLINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: UNPACK, Next: VERIFY, Prev: UNLINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.224 `UNPACK' -- Unpack an array of rank one into an array
|
8.224 `UNPACK' -- Unpack an array of rank one into an array
|
===========================================================
|
===========================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Store the elements of VECTOR in an array of higher rank.
|
Store the elements of VECTOR in an array of higher rank.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Transformational function
|
Transformational function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = UNPACK(VECTOR, MASK, FIELD)'
|
`RESULT = UNPACK(VECTOR, MASK, FIELD)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
VECTOR Shall be an array of any type and rank one. It
|
VECTOR Shall be an array of any type and rank one. It
|
shall have at least as many elements as MASK
|
shall have at least as many elements as MASK
|
has `TRUE' values.
|
has `TRUE' values.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL'.
|
MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL'.
|
FIELD Shall be of the same type as VECTOR and have
|
FIELD Shall be of the same type as VECTOR and have
|
the same shape as MASK.
|
the same shape as MASK.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The resulting array corresponds to FIELD with `TRUE' elements of
|
The resulting array corresponds to FIELD with `TRUE' elements of
|
MASK replaced by values from VECTOR in array element order.
|
MASK replaced by values from VECTOR in array element order.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_unpack
|
PROGRAM test_unpack
|
integer :: vector(2) = (/1,1/)
|
integer :: vector(2) = (/1,1/)
|
logical :: mask(4) = (/ .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE. /)
|
logical :: mask(4) = (/ .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE. /)
|
integer :: field(2,2) = 0, unity(2,2)
|
integer :: field(2,2) = 0, unity(2,2)
|
|
|
! result: unity matrix
|
! result: unity matrix
|
unity = unpack(vector, reshape(mask, (/2,2/)), field)
|
unity = unpack(vector, reshape(mask, (/2,2/)), field)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note PACK::, *note SPREAD::
|
*note PACK::, *note SPREAD::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: VERIFY, Next: XOR, Prev: UNPACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: VERIFY, Next: XOR, Prev: UNPACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.225 `VERIFY' -- Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters
|
8.225 `VERIFY' -- Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters
|
======================================================================
|
======================================================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Verifies that all the characters in a SET are present in a STRING.
|
Verifies that all the characters in a SET are present in a STRING.
|
|
|
If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns
|
If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns
|
the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is not in
|
the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is not in
|
SET. If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If
|
SET. If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If
|
all characters of SET are found in STRING, the result is zero.
|
all characters of SET are found in STRING, the result is zero.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Elemental function
|
Elemental function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = VERIFY(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
`RESULT = VERIFY(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'.
|
BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'.
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
expression indicating the kind parameter of
|
the result.
|
the result.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
absent, the return value is of default integer kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_verify
|
PROGRAM test_verify
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 1, found 'F'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 1, found 'F'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FOO") ! 3, found 'R'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FOO") ! 3, found 'R'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 1, found 'F'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 1, found 'F'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++", .TRUE.) ! 7, found 'N'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++", .TRUE.) ! 7, found 'N'
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FORTRAN") ! 0' found none
|
WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FORTRAN") ! 0' found none
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
*note SCAN::, *note INDEX intrinsic::
|
*note SCAN::, *note INDEX intrinsic::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: XOR, Prev: VERIFY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: XOR, Prev: VERIFY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures
|
|
|
8.226 `XOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive OR
|
8.226 `XOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive OR
|
===========================================
|
===========================================
|
|
|
_Description_:
|
_Description_:
|
Bitwise logical exclusive or.
|
Bitwise logical exclusive or.
|
|
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider
|
the use of the *note IEOR:: intrinsic and for logical arguments the
|
the use of the *note IEOR:: intrinsic and for logical arguments the
|
`.NEQV.' operator, which are both defined by the Fortran standard.
|
`.NEQV.' operator, which are both defined by the Fortran standard.
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
GNU extension
|
GNU extension
|
|
|
_Class_:
|
_Class_:
|
Function
|
Function
|
|
|
_Syntax_:
|
_Syntax_:
|
`RESULT = XOR(I, J)'
|
`RESULT = XOR(I, J)'
|
|
|
_Arguments_:
|
_Arguments_:
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER'
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of I.
|
J The type shall be the same as the type of I.
|
|
|
_Return value_:
|
_Return value_:
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
`LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return
|
has the larger kind.
|
has the larger kind.
|
|
|
_Example_:
|
_Example_:
|
PROGRAM test_xor
|
PROGRAM test_xor
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
INTEGER :: a, b
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /
|
|
|
WRITE (*,*) XOR(T, T), XOR(T, F), XOR(F, T), XOR(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) XOR(T, T), XOR(T, F), XOR(F, T), XOR(F, F)
|
WRITE (*,*) XOR(a, b)
|
WRITE (*,*) XOR(a, b)
|
END PROGRAM
|
END PROGRAM
|
|
|
_See also_:
|
_See also_:
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IEOR::
|
Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IEOR::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Modules, Next: Contributing, Prev: Intrinsic Procedures, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Modules, Next: Contributing, Prev: Intrinsic Procedures, Up: Top
|
|
|
9 Intrinsic Modules
|
9 Intrinsic Modules
|
*******************
|
*******************
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::
|
* ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::
|
* ISO_C_BINDING::
|
* ISO_C_BINDING::
|
* OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS::
|
* OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Next: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Next: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
|
|
9.1 `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'
|
9.1 `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'
|
=====================
|
=====================
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later; `INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64',
|
Fortran 2003 and later; `INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64',
|
`REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128' are Fortran 2008 or later
|
`REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128' are Fortran 2008 or later
|
|
|
The `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module provides the following scalar
|
The `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module provides the following scalar
|
default-integer named constants:
|
default-integer named constants:
|
|
|
`CHARACTER_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
`CHARACTER_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
Size in bits of the character storage unit.
|
Size in bits of the character storage unit.
|
|
|
`ERROR_UNIT':
|
`ERROR_UNIT':
|
Identifies the preconnected unit used for error reporting.
|
Identifies the preconnected unit used for error reporting.
|
|
|
`FILE_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
`FILE_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
Size in bits of the file-storage unit.
|
Size in bits of the file-storage unit.
|
|
|
`INPUT_UNIT':
|
`INPUT_UNIT':
|
Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*')
|
Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*')
|
in `READ' statement.
|
in `READ' statement.
|
|
|
`INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64'
|
`INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64'
|
Kind type parameters to specify an INTEGER type with a storage
|
Kind type parameters to specify an INTEGER type with a storage
|
size of 16, 32, and 64 bits. It is negative if a target platform
|
size of 16, 32, and 64 bits. It is negative if a target platform
|
does not support the particular kind.
|
does not support the particular kind.
|
|
|
`IOSTAT_END':
|
`IOSTAT_END':
|
The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier
|
The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier
|
of an input/output statement if an end-of-file condition occurred.
|
of an input/output statement if an end-of-file condition occurred.
|
|
|
`IOSTAT_EOR':
|
`IOSTAT_EOR':
|
The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier
|
The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier
|
of an input/output statement if an end-of-record condition
|
of an input/output statement if an end-of-record condition
|
occurred.
|
occurred.
|
|
|
`NUMERIC_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
`NUMERIC_STORAGE_SIZE':
|
The size in bits of the numeric storage unit.
|
The size in bits of the numeric storage unit.
|
|
|
`OUTPUT_UNIT':
|
`OUTPUT_UNIT':
|
Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*')
|
Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*')
|
in `WRITE' statement.
|
in `WRITE' statement.
|
|
|
`REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128'
|
`REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128'
|
Kind type parameters to specify a REAL type with a storage size of
|
Kind type parameters to specify a REAL type with a storage size of
|
32, 64, and 128 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not
|
32, 64, and 128 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not
|
support the particular kind.
|
support the particular kind.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_C_BINDING, Next: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_C_BINDING, Next: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
|
|
9.2 `ISO_C_BINDING'
|
9.2 `ISO_C_BINDING'
|
===================
|
===================
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
Fortran 2003 and later, GNU extensions
|
Fortran 2003 and later, GNU extensions
|
|
|
The following intrinsic procedures are provided by the module; their
|
The following intrinsic procedures are provided by the module; their
|
definition can be found in the section Intrinsic Procedures of this
|
definition can be found in the section Intrinsic Procedures of this
|
manual.
|
manual.
|
|
|
`C_ASSOCIATED'
|
`C_ASSOCIATED'
|
|
|
`C_F_POINTER'
|
`C_F_POINTER'
|
|
|
`C_F_PROCPOINTER'
|
`C_F_PROCPOINTER'
|
|
|
`C_FUNLOC'
|
`C_FUNLOC'
|
|
|
`C_LOC'
|
`C_LOC'
|
|
|
The `ISO_C_BINDING' module provides the following named constants of
|
The `ISO_C_BINDING' module provides the following named constants of
|
type default integer, which can be used as KIND type parameters.
|
type default integer, which can be used as KIND type parameters.
|
|
|
In addition to the integer named constants required by the Fortran
|
In addition to the integer named constants required by the Fortran
|
2003 standard, GNU Fortran provides as an extension named constants for
|
2003 standard, GNU Fortran provides as an extension named constants for
|
the 128-bit integer types supported by the C compiler: `C_INT128_T,
|
the 128-bit integer types supported by the C compiler: `C_INT128_T,
|
C_INT_LEAST128_T, C_INT_FAST128_T'.
|
C_INT_LEAST128_T, C_INT_FAST128_T'.
|
|
|
Fortran Named constant C type Extension
|
Fortran Named constant C type Extension
|
Type
|
Type
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT' `int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT' `int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_SHORT' `short int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_SHORT' `short int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_LONG' `long int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_LONG' `long int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_LONG_LONG' `long long int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_LONG_LONG' `long long int'
|
`INTEGER' `C_SIGNED_CHAR' `signed char'/`unsigned
|
`INTEGER' `C_SIGNED_CHAR' `signed char'/`unsigned
|
char'
|
char'
|
`INTEGER' `C_SIZE_T' `size_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_SIZE_T' `size_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT8_T' `int8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT8_T' `int8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT16_T' `int16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT16_T' `int16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT32_T' `int32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT32_T' `int32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT64_T' `int64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT64_T' `int64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT128_T' `int128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT128_T' `int128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST8_T' `int_least8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST8_T' `int_least8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST16_T' `int_least16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST16_T' `int_least16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST32_T' `int_least32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST32_T' `int_least32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST64_T' `int_least64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST64_T' `int_least64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST128_T' `int_least128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST128_T' `int_least128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST8_T' `int_fast8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST8_T' `int_fast8_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST16_T' `int_fast16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST16_T' `int_fast16_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST32_T' `int_fast32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST32_T' `int_fast32_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST64_T' `int_fast64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST64_T' `int_fast64_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST128_T' `int_fast128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST128_T' `int_fast128_t' Ext.
|
`INTEGER' `C_INTMAX_T' `intmax_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INTMAX_T' `intmax_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INTPTR_T' `intptr_t'
|
`INTEGER' `C_INTPTR_T' `intptr_t'
|
`REAL' `C_FLOAT' `float'
|
`REAL' `C_FLOAT' `float'
|
`REAL' `C_DOUBLE' `double'
|
`REAL' `C_DOUBLE' `double'
|
`REAL' `C_LONG_DOUBLE' `long double'
|
`REAL' `C_LONG_DOUBLE' `long double'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_FLOAT_COMPLEX' `float _Complex'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_FLOAT_COMPLEX' `float _Complex'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `double _Complex'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `double _Complex'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `long double _Complex'
|
`COMPLEX' `C_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `long double _Complex'
|
`LOGICAL' `C_BOOL' `_Bool'
|
`LOGICAL' `C_BOOL' `_Bool'
|
`CHARACTER' `C_CHAR' `char'
|
`CHARACTER' `C_CHAR' `char'
|
|
|
Additionally, the following parameters of type
|
Additionally, the following parameters of type
|
`CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR)' are defined.
|
`CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR)' are defined.
|
|
|
Name C definition Value
|
Name C definition Value
|
`C_NULL_CHAR' null character `'\0''
|
`C_NULL_CHAR' null character `'\0''
|
`C_ALERT' alert `'\a''
|
`C_ALERT' alert `'\a''
|
`C_BACKSPACE' backspace `'\b''
|
`C_BACKSPACE' backspace `'\b''
|
`C_FORM_FEED' form feed `'\f''
|
`C_FORM_FEED' form feed `'\f''
|
`C_NEW_LINE' new line `'\n''
|
`C_NEW_LINE' new line `'\n''
|
`C_CARRIAGE_RETURN'carriage return `'\r''
|
`C_CARRIAGE_RETURN'carriage return `'\r''
|
`C_HORIZONTAL_TAB'horizontal tab `'\t''
|
`C_HORIZONTAL_TAB'horizontal tab `'\t''
|
`C_VERTICAL_TAB'vertical tab `'\v''
|
`C_VERTICAL_TAB'vertical tab `'\v''
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules
|
|
|
9.3 OpenMP Modules `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS'
|
9.3 OpenMP Modules `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS'
|
================================================
|
================================================
|
|
|
_Standard_:
|
_Standard_:
|
OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.0
|
OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.0
|
|
|
The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
|
The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
|
form of two Fortran 90 modules, named `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS',
|
form of two Fortran 90 modules, named `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS',
|
and in a form of a Fortran `include' file named `omp_lib.h'. The
|
and in a form of a Fortran `include' file named `omp_lib.h'. The
|
procedures provided by `OMP_LIB' can be found in the *note
|
procedures provided by `OMP_LIB' can be found in the *note
|
Introduction: (libgomp)Top. manual, the named constants defined in the
|
Introduction: (libgomp)Top. manual, the named constants defined in the
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS' module are listed below.
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS' module are listed below.
|
|
|
For details refer to the actual OpenMP Application Program Interface
|
For details refer to the actual OpenMP Application Program Interface
|
v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf).
|
v3.0 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec30.pdf).
|
|
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS' provides the following scalar default-integer named
|
`OMP_LIB_KINDS' provides the following scalar default-integer named
|
constants:
|
constants:
|
|
|
`omp_integer_kind'
|
`omp_integer_kind'
|
|
|
`omp_logical_kind'
|
`omp_logical_kind'
|
|
|
`omp_lock_kind'
|
`omp_lock_kind'
|
|
|
`omp_nest_lock_kind'
|
`omp_nest_lock_kind'
|
|
|
`omp_sched_kind'
|
`omp_sched_kind'
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributing, Next: Copying, Prev: Intrinsic Modules, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributing, Next: Copying, Prev: Intrinsic Modules, Up: Top
|
|
|
Contributing
|
Contributing
|
************
|
************
|
|
|
Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts to
|
Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts to
|
create it. We're always in need of more people helping out with ideas
|
create it. We're always in need of more people helping out with ideas
|
and comments, writing documentation and contributing code.
|
and comments, writing documentation and contributing code.
|
|
|
If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran, have a look at the long
|
If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran, have a look at the long
|
lists of projects you can take on. Some of these projects are small,
|
lists of projects you can take on. Some of these projects are small,
|
some of them are large; some are completely orthogonal to the rest of
|
some of them are large; some are completely orthogonal to the rest of
|
what is happening on GNU Fortran, but others are "mainstream" projects
|
what is happening on GNU Fortran, but others are "mainstream" projects
|
in need of enthusiastic hackers. All of these projects are important!
|
in need of enthusiastic hackers. All of these projects are important!
|
We'll eventually get around to the things here, but they are also
|
We'll eventually get around to the things here, but they are also
|
things doable by someone who is willing and able.
|
things doable by someone who is willing and able.
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
* Contributors::
|
* Contributors::
|
* Projects::
|
* Projects::
|
* Proposed Extensions::
|
* Proposed Extensions::
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Projects, Up: Contributing
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Projects, Up: Contributing
|
|
|
Contributors to GNU Fortran
|
Contributors to GNU Fortran
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
Most of the parser was hand-crafted by _Andy Vaught_, who is also the
|
Most of the parser was hand-crafted by _Andy Vaught_, who is also the
|
initiator of the whole project. Thanks Andy! Most of the interface
|
initiator of the whole project. Thanks Andy! Most of the interface
|
with GCC was written by _Paul Brook_.
|
with GCC was written by _Paul Brook_.
|
|
|
The following individuals have contributed code and/or ideas and
|
The following individuals have contributed code and/or ideas and
|
significant help to the GNU Fortran project (in alphabetical order):
|
significant help to the GNU Fortran project (in alphabetical order):
|
|
|
- Janne Blomqvist
|
- Janne Blomqvist
|
|
|
- Steven Bosscher
|
- Steven Bosscher
|
|
|
- Paul Brook
|
- Paul Brook
|
|
|
- Tobias Burnus
|
- Tobias Burnus
|
|
|
- Franc,ois-Xavier Coudert
|
- Franc,ois-Xavier Coudert
|
|
|
- Bud Davis
|
- Bud Davis
|
|
|
- Jerry DeLisle
|
- Jerry DeLisle
|
|
|
- Erik Edelmann
|
- Erik Edelmann
|
|
|
- Bernhard Fischer
|
- Bernhard Fischer
|
|
|
- Daniel Franke
|
- Daniel Franke
|
|
|
- Richard Guenther
|
- Richard Guenther
|
|
|
- Richard Henderson
|
- Richard Henderson
|
|
|
- Katherine Holcomb
|
- Katherine Holcomb
|
|
|
- Jakub Jelinek
|
- Jakub Jelinek
|
|
|
- Niels Kristian Bech Jensen
|
- Niels Kristian Bech Jensen
|
|
|
- Steven Johnson
|
- Steven Johnson
|
|
|
- Steven G. Kargl
|
- Steven G. Kargl
|
|
|
- Thomas Koenig
|
- Thomas Koenig
|
|
|
- Asher Langton
|
- Asher Langton
|
|
|
- H. J. Lu
|
- H. J. Lu
|
|
|
- Toon Moene
|
- Toon Moene
|
|
|
- Brooks Moses
|
- Brooks Moses
|
|
|
- Andrew Pinski
|
- Andrew Pinski
|
|
|
- Tim Prince
|
- Tim Prince
|
|
|
- Christopher D. Rickett
|
- Christopher D. Rickett
|
|
|
- Richard Sandiford
|
- Richard Sandiford
|
|
|
- Tobias Schlu"ter
|
- Tobias Schlu"ter
|
|
|
- Roger Sayle
|
- Roger Sayle
|
|
|
- Paul Thomas
|
- Paul Thomas
|
|
|
- Andy Vaught
|
- Andy Vaught
|
|
|
- Feng Wang
|
- Feng Wang
|
|
|
- Janus Weil
|
- Janus Weil
|
|
|
- Daniel Kraft
|
- Daniel Kraft
|
|
|
The following people have contributed bug reports, smaller or larger
|
The following people have contributed bug reports, smaller or larger
|
patches, and much needed feedback and encouragement for the GNU Fortran
|
patches, and much needed feedback and encouragement for the GNU Fortran
|
project:
|
project:
|
|
|
- Bill Clodius
|
- Bill Clodius
|
|
|
- Dominique d'Humie`res
|
- Dominique d'Humie`res
|
|
|
- Kate Hedstrom
|
- Kate Hedstrom
|
|
|
- Erik Schnetter
|
- Erik Schnetter
|
|
|
- Joost VandeVondele
|
- Joost VandeVondele
|
|
|
Many other individuals have helped debug, test and improve the GNU
|
Many other individuals have helped debug, test and improve the GNU
|
Fortran compiler over the past few years, and we welcome you to do the
|
Fortran compiler over the past few years, and we welcome you to do the
|
same! If you already have done so, and you would like to see your name
|
same! If you already have done so, and you would like to see your name
|
listed in the list above, please contact us.
|
listed in the list above, please contact us.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Projects, Next: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Contributors, Up: Contributing
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Projects, Next: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Contributors, Up: Contributing
|
|
|
Projects
|
Projects
|
========
|
========
|
|
|
_Help build the test suite_
|
_Help build the test suite_
|
Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more
|
Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more
|
extensive the testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things
|
extensive the testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things
|
in the future! We can keep code private on request.
|
in the future! We can keep code private on request.
|
|
|
_Bug hunting/squishing_
|
_Bug hunting/squishing_
|
Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very
|
Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very
|
welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs
|
welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs
|
instead of isolating them. Going through the bugzilla database at
|
instead of isolating them. Going through the bugzilla database at
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/' to reduce testcases posted there and
|
`http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/' to reduce testcases posted there and
|
add more information (for example, for which version does the
|
add more information (for example, for which version does the
|
testcase work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very
|
testcase work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very
|
helpful.
|
helpful.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Projects, Up: Contributing
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Projects, Up: Contributing
|
|
|
Proposed Extensions
|
Proposed Extensions
|
===================
|
===================
|
|
|
Here's a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in
|
Here's a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in
|
no particular order. Most of these are necessary to be fully
|
no particular order. Most of these are necessary to be fully
|
compatible with existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of
|
compatible with existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of
|
the official J3 Fortran 95 standard.
|
the official J3 Fortran 95 standard.
|
|
|
Compiler extensions:
|
Compiler extensions:
|
--------------------
|
--------------------
|
|
|
* User-specified alignment rules for structures.
|
* User-specified alignment rules for structures.
|
|
|
* Flag to generate `Makefile' info.
|
* Flag to generate `Makefile' info.
|
|
|
* Automatically extend single precision constants to double.
|
* Automatically extend single precision constants to double.
|
|
|
* Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating
|
* Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating
|
common and module storage either on stack or heap.
|
common and module storage either on stack or heap.
|
|
|
* Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking
|
* Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking
|
(suggest -CC).
|
(suggest -CC).
|
|
|
* User control of symbol names (underscores, etc).
|
* User control of symbol names (underscores, etc).
|
|
|
* Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before
|
* Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before
|
spilling parts to static or heap.
|
spilling parts to static or heap.
|
|
|
* Flag to force local variables into static space.
|
* Flag to force local variables into static space.
|
|
|
* Flag to force local variables onto stack.
|
* Flag to force local variables onto stack.
|
|
|
Environment Options
|
Environment Options
|
-------------------
|
-------------------
|
|
|
* Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra. LA
|
* Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra. LA
|
should use BLAS calling conventions.
|
should use BLAS calling conventions.
|
|
|
* Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions
|
* Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions
|
like overflow, underflow, precision loss--Generate NaN, abort,
|
like overflow, underflow, precision loss--Generate NaN, abort,
|
default. action.
|
default. action.
|
|
|
* Set precision for fp units that support it (i387).
|
* Set precision for fp units that support it (i387).
|
|
|
* Variable for setting fp rounding mode.
|
* Variable for setting fp rounding mode.
|
|
|
* Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit
|
* Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit
|
pattern.
|
pattern.
|
|
|
* Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that
|
* Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that
|
unit number.
|
unit number.
|
|
|
* Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed.
|
* Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed.
|
|
|
* Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees.
|
* Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees.
|
|
|
* Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program
|
* Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program
|
end.
|
end.
|
|
|
* Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit.
|
* Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit.
|
|
|
* Environment variable for temporary file directory.
|
* Environment variable for temporary file directory.
|
|
|
* Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered
|
* Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered
|
(unix).
|
(unix).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top
|
|
|
GNU General Public License
|
GNU General Public License
|
**************************
|
**************************
|
|
|
Version 3, 29 June 2007
|
Version 3, 29 June 2007
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/'
|
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/'
|
|
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
|
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
|
|
Preamble
|
Preamble
|
========
|
========
|
|
|
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
|
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
|
and other kinds of works.
|
and other kinds of works.
|
|
|
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
|
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
|
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
|
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
|
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
|
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
|
share and change all versions of a program-to make sure it remains free
|
share and change all versions of a program-to make sure it remains free
|
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
|
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
|
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
|
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
|
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
|
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
|
your programs, too.
|
your programs, too.
|
|
|
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
|
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
|
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
|
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
|
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
|
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
|
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
|
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
|
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
|
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
|
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
|
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
|
|
|
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
|
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
|
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you
|
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you
|
have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software,
|
have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software,
|
or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
|
or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
|
|
|
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
|
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
|
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
|
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
|
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
|
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
|
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
|
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
|
know their rights.
|
know their rights.
|
|
|
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
|
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
|
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
|
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
|
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
|
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
|
|
|
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
|
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
|
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
|
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
|
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
|
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
|
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
|
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
|
authors of previous versions.
|
authors of previous versions.
|
|
|
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
|
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
|
modified versions of the software inside them, although the
|
modified versions of the software inside them, although the
|
manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the
|
manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the
|
aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The
|
aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The
|
systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for
|
systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for
|
individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.
|
individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.
|
Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the
|
Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the
|
practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in
|
practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in
|
other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains
|
other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains
|
in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of
|
in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of
|
users.
|
users.
|
|
|
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
|
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
|
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
|
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
|
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
|
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
|
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
|
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
|
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
|
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
|
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
|
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
|
|
|
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
|
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
|
modification follow.
|
modification follow.
|
|
|
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
====================
|
====================
|
|
|
0. Definitions.
|
0. Definitions.
|
|
|
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public
|
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public
|
License.
|
License.
|
|
|
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other
|
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other
|
kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.
|
kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.
|
|
|
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
|
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
|
License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
|
License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
|
"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
|
"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
|
|
|
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the
|
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the
|
work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the
|
work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the
|
making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified
|
making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified
|
version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
|
version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
|
|
|
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work
|
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work
|
based on the Program.
|
based on the Program.
|
|
|
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
|
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
|
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
|
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
|
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it
|
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it
|
on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes
|
on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes
|
copying, distribution (with or without modification), making
|
copying, distribution (with or without modification), making
|
available to the public, and in some countries other activities as
|
available to the public, and in some countries other activities as
|
well.
|
well.
|
|
|
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
|
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
|
parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user
|
parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user
|
through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not
|
through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not
|
conveying.
|
conveying.
|
|
|
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
|
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
|
to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
|
to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
|
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
|
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
|
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to
|
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to
|
the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may
|
the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may
|
convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this
|
convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this
|
License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or
|
License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or
|
options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this
|
options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this
|
criterion.
|
criterion.
|
|
|
1. Source Code.
|
1. Source Code.
|
|
|
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
|
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
|
for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any
|
for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any
|
non-source form of a work.
|
non-source form of a work.
|
|
|
A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an
|
A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an
|
official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in
|
official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in
|
the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming
|
the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming
|
language, one that is widely used among developers working in that
|
language, one that is widely used among developers working in that
|
language.
|
language.
|
|
|
The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything,
|
The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything,
|
other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal
|
other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal
|
form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that
|
form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that
|
Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work
|
Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work
|
with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface
|
with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface
|
for which an implementation is available to the public in source
|
for which an implementation is available to the public in source
|
code form. A "Major Component", in this context, means a major
|
code form. A "Major Component", in this context, means a major
|
essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the
|
essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the
|
specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work
|
specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work
|
runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code
|
runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code
|
interpreter used to run it.
|
interpreter used to run it.
|
|
|
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
|
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
|
the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
|
the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
|
work) run the object code and to modify the work, including
|
work) run the object code and to modify the work, including
|
scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include
|
scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include
|
the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally
|
the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally
|
available free programs which are used unmodified in performing
|
available free programs which are used unmodified in performing
|
those activities but which are not part of the work. For example,
|
those activities but which are not part of the work. For example,
|
Corresponding Source includes interface definition files
|
Corresponding Source includes interface definition files
|
associated with source files for the work, and the source code for
|
associated with source files for the work, and the source code for
|
shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work
|
shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work
|
is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data
|
is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data
|
communication or control flow between those subprograms and other
|
communication or control flow between those subprograms and other
|
parts of the work.
|
parts of the work.
|
|
|
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can
|
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can
|
regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
|
regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
|
Source.
|
Source.
|
|
|
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
|
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
|
same work.
|
same work.
|
|
|
2. Basic Permissions.
|
2. Basic Permissions.
|
|
|
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
|
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
|
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
|
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
|
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
|
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
|
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running
|
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running
|
a covered work is covered by this License only if the output,
|
a covered work is covered by this License only if the output,
|
given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License
|
given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License
|
acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as
|
acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as
|
provided by copyright law.
|
provided by copyright law.
|
|
|
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
|
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
|
convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise
|
convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise
|
remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the
|
remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the
|
sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for
|
sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for
|
you, or provide you with facilities for running those works,
|
you, or provide you with facilities for running those works,
|
provided that you comply with the terms of this License in
|
provided that you comply with the terms of this License in
|
conveying all material for which you do not control copyright.
|
conveying all material for which you do not control copyright.
|
Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so
|
Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so
|
exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on
|
exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on
|
terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your
|
terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your
|
copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
|
copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
|
|
|
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
|
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
|
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section
|
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section
|
10 makes it unnecessary.
|
10 makes it unnecessary.
|
|
|
3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
|
3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
|
|
|
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
|
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
|
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under
|
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under
|
article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December
|
article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December
|
1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of
|
1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of
|
such measures.
|
such measures.
|
|
|
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
|
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
|
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such
|
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such
|
circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License
|
circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License
|
with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention
|
with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention
|
to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of
|
to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of
|
enforcing, against the work's users, your or third parties' legal
|
enforcing, against the work's users, your or third parties' legal
|
rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.
|
rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.
|
|
|
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
|
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
|
|
|
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
|
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
|
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
|
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
|
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
|
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
|
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
|
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
|
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the
|
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the
|
code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and
|
code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and
|
give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
|
give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
|
|
|
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
|
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
|
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
|
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
|
|
|
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
|
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
|
|
|
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
|
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
|
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
|
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
|
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these
|
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these
|
conditions:
|
conditions:
|
|
|
a. The work must carry prominent notices stating that you
|
a. The work must carry prominent notices stating that you
|
modified it, and giving a relevant date.
|
modified it, and giving a relevant date.
|
|
|
b. The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
|
b. The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
|
released under this License and any conditions added under
|
released under this License and any conditions added under
|
section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in
|
section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in
|
section 4 to "keep intact all notices".
|
section 4 to "keep intact all notices".
|
|
|
c. You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
|
c. You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
|
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
|
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
|
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable
|
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable
|
section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all
|
section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all
|
its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License
|
its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License
|
gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but
|
gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but
|
it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately
|
it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately
|
received it.
|
received it.
|
|
|
d. If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
|
d. If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
|
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has
|
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has
|
interactive interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal
|
interactive interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal
|
Notices, your work need not make them do so.
|
Notices, your work need not make them do so.
|
|
|
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
|
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
|
works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered
|
works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered
|
work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger
|
work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger
|
program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is
|
program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is
|
called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting
|
called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting
|
copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the
|
copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the
|
compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
|
compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
|
Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this
|
Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this
|
License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.
|
License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.
|
|
|
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
|
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
|
|
|
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
|
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
|
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
|
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
|
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this
|
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this
|
License, in one of these ways:
|
License, in one of these ways:
|
|
|
a. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
|
a. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
|
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
|
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
|
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
|
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
|
customarily used for software interchange.
|
customarily used for software interchange.
|
|
|
b. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
|
b. Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
|
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
|
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
|
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for
|
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for
|
as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that
|
as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that
|
product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code
|
product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code
|
either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the
|
either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the
|
software in the product that is covered by this License, on a
|
software in the product that is covered by this License, on a
|
durable physical medium customarily used for software
|
durable physical medium customarily used for software
|
interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of
|
interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of
|
physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access
|
physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access
|
to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no
|
to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no
|
charge.
|
charge.
|
|
|
c. Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of
|
c. Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of
|
the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
|
the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
|
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially,
|
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially,
|
and only if you received the object code with such an offer,
|
and only if you received the object code with such an offer,
|
in accord with subsection 6b.
|
in accord with subsection 6b.
|
|
|
d. Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
|
d. Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
|
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access
|
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access
|
to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same
|
to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same
|
place at no further charge. You need not require recipients
|
place at no further charge. You need not require recipients
|
to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code.
|
to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code.
|
If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the
|
If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the
|
Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated
|
Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated
|
by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying
|
by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying
|
facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to
|
facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to
|
the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source.
|
the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source.
|
Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you
|
Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you
|
remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long
|
remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long
|
as needed to satisfy these requirements.
|
as needed to satisfy these requirements.
|
|
|
e. Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission,
|
e. Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission,
|
provided you inform other peers where the object code and
|
provided you inform other peers where the object code and
|
Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the
|
Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the
|
general public at no charge under subsection 6d.
|
general public at no charge under subsection 6d.
|
|
|
|
|
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is
|
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is
|
excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need
|
excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need
|
not be included in conveying the object code work.
|
not be included in conveying the object code work.
|
|
|
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means
|
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means
|
any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal,
|
any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal,
|
family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for
|
family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for
|
incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product
|
incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product
|
is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of
|
is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of
|
coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user,
|
coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user,
|
"normally used" refers to a typical or common use of that class of
|
"normally used" refers to a typical or common use of that class of
|
product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the
|
product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the
|
way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is
|
way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is
|
expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product
|
expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product
|
regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial,
|
regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial,
|
industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the
|
industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the
|
only significant mode of use of the product.
|
only significant mode of use of the product.
|
|
|
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
|
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
|
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to
|
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to
|
install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that
|
install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that
|
User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source.
|
User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source.
|
The information must suffice to ensure that the continued
|
The information must suffice to ensure that the continued
|
functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or
|
functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or
|
interfered with solely because modification has been made.
|
interfered with solely because modification has been made.
|
|
|
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with,
|
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with,
|
or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying
|
or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying
|
occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession
|
occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession
|
and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in
|
and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in
|
perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction
|
perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction
|
is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this
|
is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this
|
section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But
|
section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But
|
this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party
|
this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party
|
retains the ability to install modified object code on the User
|
retains the ability to install modified object code on the User
|
Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).
|
Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).
|
|
|
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not
|
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not
|
include a requirement to continue to provide support service,
|
include a requirement to continue to provide support service,
|
warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or
|
warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or
|
installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it
|
installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it
|
has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied
|
has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied
|
when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the
|
when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the
|
operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for
|
operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for
|
communication across the network.
|
communication across the network.
|
|
|
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information
|
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information
|
provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is
|
provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is
|
publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the
|
publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the
|
public in source code form), and must require no special password
|
public in source code form), and must require no special password
|
or key for unpacking, reading or copying.
|
or key for unpacking, reading or copying.
|
|
|
7. Additional Terms.
|
7. Additional Terms.
|
|
|
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of
|
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of
|
this License by making exceptions from one or more of its
|
this License by making exceptions from one or more of its
|
conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the
|
conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the
|
entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in
|
entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in
|
this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable
|
this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable
|
law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program,
|
law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program,
|
that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the
|
that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the
|
entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to
|
entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to
|
the additional permissions.
|
the additional permissions.
|
|
|
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
|
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
|
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part
|
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part
|
of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
|
of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
|
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
|
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
|
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
|
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
|
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
|
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
|
|
|
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material
|
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material
|
you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright
|
you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright
|
holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License
|
holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License
|
with terms:
|
with terms:
|
|
|
a. Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from
|
a. Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from
|
the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
|
the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
|
|
|
b. Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices
|
b. Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices
|
or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate
|
or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate
|
Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or
|
Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or
|
|
|
c. Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material,
|
c. Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material,
|
or requiring that modified versions of such material be
|
or requiring that modified versions of such material be
|
marked in reasonable ways as different from the original
|
marked in reasonable ways as different from the original
|
version; or
|
version; or
|
|
|
d. Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors
|
d. Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors
|
or authors of the material; or
|
or authors of the material; or
|
|
|
e. Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
|
e. Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
|
trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
|
trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
|
|
|
f. Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
|
f. Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
|
material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified
|
material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified
|
versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to
|
versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to
|
the recipient, for any liability that these contractual
|
the recipient, for any liability that these contractual
|
assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.
|
assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.
|
|
|
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
|
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
|
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as
|
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as
|
you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that
|
you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that
|
it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further
|
it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further
|
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document
|
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document
|
contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or
|
contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or
|
conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work
|
conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work
|
material governed by the terms of that license document, provided
|
material governed by the terms of that license document, provided
|
that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or
|
that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or
|
conveying.
|
conveying.
|
|
|
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
|
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
|
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
|
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
|
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
|
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
|
where to find the applicable terms.
|
where to find the applicable terms.
|
|
|
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in
|
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in
|
the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
|
the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
|
the above requirements apply either way.
|
the above requirements apply either way.
|
|
|
8. Termination.
|
8. Termination.
|
|
|
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
|
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
|
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
|
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
|
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
|
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
|
under this License (including any patent licenses granted under
|
under this License (including any patent licenses granted under
|
the third paragraph of section 11).
|
the third paragraph of section 11).
|
|
|
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
|
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
|
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
|
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
|
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
|
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
|
and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
|
and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
|
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
|
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
|
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
|
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
|
|
|
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
|
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
|
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
|
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
|
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
|
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
|
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
|
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
|
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
|
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
|
after your receipt of the notice.
|
after your receipt of the notice.
|
|
|
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
|
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
|
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
|
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
|
you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
|
you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
|
not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new
|
not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new
|
licenses for the same material under section 10.
|
licenses for the same material under section 10.
|
|
|
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
|
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
|
|
|
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
|
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
|
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
|
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
|
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer
|
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer
|
transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require
|
transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require
|
acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you
|
acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you
|
permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions
|
permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions
|
infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore,
|
infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore,
|
by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your
|
by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your
|
acceptance of this License to do so.
|
acceptance of this License to do so.
|
|
|
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
|
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
|
|
|
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
|
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
|
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
|
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
|
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not
|
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not
|
responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this
|
responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this
|
License.
|
License.
|
|
|
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
|
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
|
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
|
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
|
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a
|
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a
|
covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
|
covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
|
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
|
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
|
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or
|
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or
|
could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to
|
could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to
|
possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the
|
possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the
|
predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it
|
predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it
|
with reasonable efforts.
|
with reasonable efforts.
|
|
|
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
|
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
|
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you
|
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you
|
may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for
|
may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for
|
exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not
|
exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not
|
initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a
|
initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a
|
lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making,
|
lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making,
|
using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any
|
using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any
|
portion of it.
|
portion of it.
|
|
|
11. Patents.
|
11. Patents.
|
|
|
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
|
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
|
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.
|
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.
|
The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor
|
The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor
|
version".
|
version".
|
|
|
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
|
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
|
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
|
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
|
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner,
|
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner,
|
permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its
|
permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its
|
contributor version, but do not include claims that would be
|
contributor version, but do not include claims that would be
|
infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the
|
infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the
|
contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control"
|
contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control"
|
includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner
|
includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner
|
consistent with the requirements of this License.
|
consistent with the requirements of this License.
|
|
|
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide,
|
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide,
|
royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential
|
royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential
|
patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and
|
patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and
|
otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its
|
otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its
|
contributor version.
|
contributor version.
|
|
|
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any
|
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any
|
express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to
|
express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to
|
enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a
|
enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a
|
patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To
|
patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To
|
"grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an
|
"grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an
|
agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
|
agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
|
|
|
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent
|
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent
|
license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available
|
license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available
|
for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this
|
for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this
|
License, through a publicly available network server or other
|
License, through a publicly available network server or other
|
readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the
|
readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the
|
Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive
|
Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive
|
yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular
|
yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular
|
work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements
|
work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements
|
of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream
|
of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream
|
recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge
|
recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge
|
that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work
|
that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work
|
in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a
|
in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a
|
country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
|
country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
|
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
|
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
|
|
|
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
|
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
|
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
|
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
|
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
|
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
|
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate,
|
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate,
|
modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the
|
modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the
|
patent license you grant is automatically extended to all
|
patent license you grant is automatically extended to all
|
recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
|
recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
|
|
|
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
|
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
|
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
|
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
|
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that
|
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that
|
are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a
|
are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a
|
covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third
|
covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third
|
party that is in the business of distributing software, under
|
party that is in the business of distributing software, under
|
which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of
|
which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of
|
your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third
|
your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third
|
party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered
|
party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered
|
work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection
|
work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection
|
with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made
|
with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made
|
from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with
|
from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with
|
specific products or compilations that contain the covered work,
|
specific products or compilations that contain the covered work,
|
unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license
|
unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license
|
was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
|
was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
|
|
|
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
|
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
|
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
|
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
|
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
|
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
|
|
|
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
|
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
|
|
|
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
|
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
|
agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
|
agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
|
License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
|
License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
|
License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy
|
License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy
|
simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other
|
simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other
|
pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it
|
pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it
|
at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to
|
at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to
|
collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you
|
collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you
|
convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those
|
convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those
|
terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying
|
terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying
|
the Program.
|
the Program.
|
|
|
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
|
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
|
|
|
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
|
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
|
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
|
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
|
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a
|
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a
|
single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms
|
single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms
|
of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the
|
of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the
|
covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero
|
covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero
|
General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through
|
General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through
|
a network will apply to the combination as such.
|
a network will apply to the combination as such.
|
|
|
14. Revised Versions of this License.
|
14. Revised Versions of this License.
|
|
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
|
versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time.
|
versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time.
|
Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
|
Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
|
version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
|
version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
|
concerns.
|
concerns.
|
|
|
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
|
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
|
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU
|
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU
|
General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
that numbered version or of any later version published by the
|
that numbered version or of any later version published by the
|
Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a
|
Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a
|
version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose
|
version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose
|
any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
|
any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
|
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
|
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that
|
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that
|
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
|
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
|
authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
|
authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
|
|
|
Later license versions may give you additional or different
|
Later license versions may give you additional or different
|
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
|
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
|
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
|
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
|
later version.
|
later version.
|
|
|
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
|
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
|
|
|
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
|
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
|
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
|
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
|
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS"
|
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS"
|
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
|
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
|
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
|
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
|
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
|
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
|
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
|
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
|
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
|
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
|
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
|
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
|
|
|
16. Limitation of Liability.
|
16. Limitation of Liability.
|
|
|
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
|
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
|
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
|
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
|
AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU
|
AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU
|
FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
|
FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
|
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
|
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
|
THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA
|
THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA
|
BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
|
BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
|
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
|
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
|
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
|
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
|
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
|
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
|
|
|
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
|
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
|
|
|
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
|
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
|
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
|
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
|
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely
|
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely
|
approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
|
approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in
|
connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
|
connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of
|
liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
|
liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
|
|
|
|
|
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
===========================
|
===========================
|
|
|
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
|
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
|
=============================================
|
=============================================
|
|
|
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
|
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
|
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
|
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
|
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
|
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
|
terms.
|
terms.
|
|
|
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
|
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
|
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
|
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
|
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
|
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
|
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
|
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
|
|
|
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
|
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
|
Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
|
Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
|
|
|
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
|
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
|
your option) any later version.
|
your option) any later version.
|
|
|
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
|
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
|
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
|
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
|
General Public License for more details.
|
General Public License for more details.
|
|
|
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
along with this program. If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.
|
along with this program. If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.
|
|
|
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
|
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
|
mail.
|
mail.
|
|
|
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
|
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
|
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
|
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
|
|
|
PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
|
PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
|
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
|
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
|
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
|
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
|
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
|
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
|
|
|
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
|
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
|
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
|
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
|
program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
|
program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
|
use an "about box".
|
use an "about box".
|
|
|
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
|
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
|
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
|
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
|
necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
|
necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
|
the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.
|
the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'.
|
|
|
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
|
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
|
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
|
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
|
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
|
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
|
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
|
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
|
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,
|
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,
|
please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'.
|
please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
|
|
|
GNU Free Documentation License
|
GNU Free Documentation License
|
******************************
|
******************************
|
|
|
Version 1.2, November 2002
|
Version 1.2, November 2002
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
|
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
|
|
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
|
|
0. PREAMBLE
|
0. PREAMBLE
|
|
|
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
|
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
|
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
|
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
|
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
|
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
|
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
|
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
|
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
|
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
|
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
|
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
|
|
|
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
|
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
|
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
license designed for free software.
|
license designed for free software.
|
|
|
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
|
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
|
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
|
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
|
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
|
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
|
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
|
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
|
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
|
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
|
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
|
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
|
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
|
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
|
instruction or reference.
|
instruction or reference.
|
|
|
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
|
|
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
|
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
|
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
|
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
|
can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
|
can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
|
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
|
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
|
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
|
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
|
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
|
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
|
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
|
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
|
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
|
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
|
way requiring permission under copyright law.
|
way requiring permission under copyright law.
|
|
|
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
|
|
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
|
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
|
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
|
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
|
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
|
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
|
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
|
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
|
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
|
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
|
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
|
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
|
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
|
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
|
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
|
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
|
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
|
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
|
regarding them.
|
regarding them.
|
|
|
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
|
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
|
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
|
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
|
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
|
License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
|
Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
|
Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
|
The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
|
The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
|
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
|
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
|
|
|
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
|
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
|
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
|
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
|
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
|
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
|
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
|
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
|
be at most 25 words.
|
be at most 25 words.
|
|
|
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
|
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
|
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
|
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
|
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
|
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
|
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
|
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
|
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
|
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
|
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
|
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
|
markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
|
markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
|
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
|
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
|
not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
|
not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
|
copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
|
|
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
|
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
|
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
|
standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
|
human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
|
human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
|
PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
|
PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
|
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
|
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
|
XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
|
available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
|
produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
|
produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
|
|
|
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
|
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
|
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
|
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
|
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
|
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
|
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
|
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
|
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
|
|
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
|
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
|
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
|
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
|
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
|
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
|
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
|
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
|
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
|
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
|
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
|
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
|
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
|
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
|
to this definition.
|
to this definition.
|
|
|
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
|
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
|
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
|
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
|
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
|
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
|
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
|
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
|
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
|
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
|
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
|
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
|
|
|
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
|
|
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
|
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
|
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
|
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
|
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
|
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
|
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
|
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
|
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
|
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
|
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
|
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
|
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
the conditions in section 3.
|
the conditions in section 3.
|
|
|
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
|
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
|
and you may publicly display copies.
|
and you may publicly display copies.
|
|
|
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
|
|
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
|
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
|
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
|
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
|
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
|
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
|
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
|
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
|
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
|
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
|
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
other respects.
|
other respects.
|
|
|
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
adjacent pages.
|
adjacent pages.
|
|
|
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
|
state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
|
which the general network-using public has access to download
|
which the general network-using public has access to download
|
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
|
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
|
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
|
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
|
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
|
|
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
version of the Document.
|
version of the Document.
|
|
|
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
|
|
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
things in the Modified Version:
|
things in the Modified Version:
|
|
|
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
that version gives permission.
|
that version gives permission.
|
|
|
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
|
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
|
from this requirement.
|
from this requirement.
|
|
|
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
|
|
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
|
|
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
|
|
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
the Addendum below.
|
the Addendum below.
|
|
|
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
license notice.
|
license notice.
|
|
|
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
|
|
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
|
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
|
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
|
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
|
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
the previous sentence.
|
the previous sentence.
|
|
|
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
|
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
|
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
|
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
|
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
|
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
|
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
work that was published at least four years before the
|
work that was published at least four years before the
|
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
|
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
|
it refers to gives permission.
|
it refers to gives permission.
|
|
|
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
|
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
|
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
|
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
|
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
|
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
|
|
|
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
|
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
|
titles.
|
titles.
|
|
|
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
|
|
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
|
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
|
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
|
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
|
Section.
|
Section.
|
|
|
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
|
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
|
|
|
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
other section titles.
|
other section titles.
|
|
|
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
definition of a standard.
|
definition of a standard.
|
|
|
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
publisher that added the old one.
|
publisher that added the old one.
|
|
|
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
|
|
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
|
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
|
their Warranty Disclaimers.
|
their Warranty Disclaimers.
|
|
|
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
combined work.
|
combined work.
|
|
|
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
|
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
|
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
|
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
|
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
|
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
|
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
|
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
|
|
|
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
documents in all other respects.
|
documents in all other respects.
|
|
|
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
that document.
|
that document.
|
|
|
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
|
|
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
|
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
|
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
|
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
|
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
|
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
|
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
|
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
|
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
|
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
|
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
|
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
|
|
|
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
|
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
|
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
|
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
|
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
|
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
|
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
|
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
|
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
|
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
|
the whole aggregate.
|
the whole aggregate.
|
|
|
8. TRANSLATION
|
8. TRANSLATION
|
|
|
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
|
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
|
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
|
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
|
include the original English version of this License and the
|
include the original English version of this License and the
|
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
|
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
|
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
|
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
|
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
|
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
|
prevail.
|
prevail.
|
|
|
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
|
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
|
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
|
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
|
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
|
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
|
actual title.
|
actual title.
|
|
|
9. TERMINATION
|
9. TERMINATION
|
|
|
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
|
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
|
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
|
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
|
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
|
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
|
from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
|
|
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
|
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
|
|
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
Free Software Foundation.
|
Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
====================================================
|
====================================================
|
|
|
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
notices just after the title page:
|
notices just after the title page:
|
|
|
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
|
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
|
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
Free Documentation License''.
|
Free Documentation License''.
|
|
|
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
|
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
|
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
|
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
|
|
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
|
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
|
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
|
being LIST.
|
being LIST.
|
|
|
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
|
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
|
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
|
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
|
situation.
|
situation.
|
|
|
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
permit their use in free software.
|
permit their use in free software.
|
|
|
|
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Funding, Next: Option Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
|
File: gfortran.info, Node: Funding, Next: Option Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
|
|
|
Funding Free Software
|
Funding Free Software
|
*********************
|
*********************
|
|
|
If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes
|
If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes
|
sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its
|
sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its
|
development. The most effective approach known is to encourage
|
development. The most effective approach known is to encourage
|
commercial redistributors to donate.
|
commercial redistributors to donate.
|
|
|
Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by
|
Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by
|
encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price
|
encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price
|
to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others.
|
to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others.
|
|
|
The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and
|
The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and
|
expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them
|
expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them
|
partly by how much they give to free software development. Show
|
partly by how much they give to free software development. Show
|
distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most.
|
distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most.
|
|
|
To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can
|
To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can
|
compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project
|
compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project
|
for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as
|
for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as
|
"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis
|
"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis
|
for comparison.
|
for comparison.
|
|
|
Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very
|
Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very
|
meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions
|
meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions
|
can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit.
|
can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit.
|
If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less
|
If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less
|
than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all.
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than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all.
|
|
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Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful
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Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful
|
too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do,
|
too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do,
|
and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term
|
and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term
|
difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of
|
difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of
|
a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a
|
a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a
|
program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports
|
program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports
|
contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult
|
contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult
|
ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection
|
ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection
|
contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most.
|
contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most.
|
|
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By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the
|
By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the
|
proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can
|
proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can
|
assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software.
|
assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software.
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Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted
|
Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted
|
without royalty; alteration is not permitted.
|
without royalty; alteration is not permitted.
|
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Index, Next: Keyword Index, Prev: Funding, Up: Top
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File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Index, Next: Keyword Index, Prev: Funding, Up: Top
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|
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Option Index
|
Option Index
|
************
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************
|
|
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`gfortran''s command line options are indexed here without any initial
|
`gfortran''s command line options are indexed here without any initial
|
`-' or `--'. Where an option has both positive and negative forms (such
|
`-' or `--'. Where an option has both positive and negative forms (such
|
as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in the manual are
|
as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in the manual are
|
indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to
|
indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to
|
look up both forms.
|
look up both forms.
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