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>Some implementation details</TITLE
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>Chapter 13. C and math library overview</TD
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>Chapter 13. C and math library overview</TD
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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><A
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NAME="LIBC-IMPLEMENTATION-DETAILS">Some implementation details</H1
|
NAME="LIBC-IMPLEMENTATION-DETAILS">Some implementation details</H1
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Here are some details about the implementation
|
>Here are some details about the implementation
|
which might be interesting, although they do not affect the ISO-defined
|
which might be interesting, although they do not affect the ISO-defined
|
semantics of the library. </P
|
semantics of the library. </P
|
><P
|
><P
|
></P
|
></P
|
><UL
|
><UL
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>It is possible to configure
|
>It is possible to configure
|
<SPAN
|
<SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>eCos</I
|
>eCos</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
>
|
>
|
to have the standard C library without the kernel. You might want
|
to have the standard C library without the kernel. You might want
|
to do this to use less memory. But if you disable the kernel, you
|
to do this to use less memory. But if you disable the kernel, you
|
will be unable to use memory allocation, thread-safety and certain
|
will be unable to use memory allocation, thread-safety and certain
|
stdio functions such as input. Other C library functionality is
|
stdio functions such as input. Other C library functionality is
|
unaffected.</P
|
unaffected.</P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The opaque type returned by
|
>The opaque type returned by
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>clock()</TT
|
>clock()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
is called clock_t, and is implemented as a 64 bit integer.
|
is called clock_t, and is implemented as a 64 bit integer.
|
The value returned by
|
The value returned by
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>clock()</TT
|
>clock()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
is only correct if the kernel is configured with real-time clock
|
is only correct if the kernel is configured with real-time clock
|
support, as determined by the CYGVAR_KERNEL_COUNTERS_CLOCK
|
support, as determined by the CYGVAR_KERNEL_COUNTERS_CLOCK
|
configuration option in
|
configuration option in
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
>kernel.h</TT
|
>kernel.h</TT
|
>
|
>
|
.</P
|
.</P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The FILE type is not implemented as a structure, but rather
|
>The FILE type is not implemented as a structure, but rather
|
as a CYG_ADDRESS. </P
|
as a CYG_ADDRESS. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The GNU C compiler will place its own <SPAN
|
>The GNU C compiler will place its own <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>built-in</I
|
>built-in</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> implementations
|
> implementations
|
instead of some C library functions. This can be turned off with
|
instead of some C library functions. This can be turned off with
|
the <SPAN
|
the <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>-fno-builtin</I
|
>-fno-builtin</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> option. The functions affected
|
> option. The functions affected
|
by this are
|
by this are
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>abs()</TT
|
>abs()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>cos()</TT
|
>cos()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>fabs()</TT
|
>fabs()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>labs()</TT
|
>labs()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>memcmp()</TT
|
>memcmp()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>memcpy()</TT
|
>memcpy()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>sin()</TT
|
>sin()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>sqrt()</TT
|
>sqrt()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>strcmp()</TT
|
>strcmp()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
,
|
,
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>strcpy()</TT
|
>strcpy()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
, and
|
, and
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>strlen()</TT
|
>strlen()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
.</P
|
.</P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>For faster execution speed you should avoid this option
|
>For faster execution speed you should avoid this option
|
and let the compiler use its built-ins. This can be turned off by
|
and let the compiler use its built-ins. This can be turned off by
|
invoking
|
invoking
|
<SPAN
|
<SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>GCC</I
|
>GCC</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
>
|
>
|
with the <SPAN
|
with the <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>-fno-builtin</I
|
>-fno-builtin</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> option. </P
|
> option. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
><TT
|
><TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>memcpy()</TT
|
>memcpy()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
and
|
and
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>memset()</TT
|
>memset()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
are located in the infrastructure package, not in the C library
|
are located in the infrastructure package, not in the C library
|
package. This is because the compiler calls these functions, and
|
package. This is because the compiler calls these functions, and
|
the kernel needs to resolve them even if the C library is not configured. </P
|
the kernel needs to resolve them even if the C library is not configured. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Error codes such as EDOM and ERANGE, as well as
|
>Error codes such as EDOM and ERANGE, as well as
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>strerror()</TT
|
>strerror()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
, are implemented in the <SPAN
|
, are implemented in the <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>error</I
|
>error</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> package. The
|
> package. The
|
error package is separate from the rest of the C and math libraries
|
error package is separate from the rest of the C and math libraries
|
so that the rest of
|
so that the rest of
|
<SPAN
|
<SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>eCos</I
|
>eCos</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
>
|
>
|
can use these error handling facilities even if the C library is
|
can use these error handling facilities even if the C library is
|
not configured. </P
|
not configured. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>When
|
>When
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>free()</TT
|
>free()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
is invoked, heap memory will normally be coalesced. If the CYGSEM_KERNEL_MEMORY_COALESCE
|
is invoked, heap memory will normally be coalesced. If the CYGSEM_KERNEL_MEMORY_COALESCE
|
configuration parameter is not set, memory will not be coalesced,
|
configuration parameter is not set, memory will not be coalesced,
|
which might cause programs to fail. </P
|
which might cause programs to fail. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Signals, as implemented by
|
>Signals, as implemented by
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
><signal.h></TT
|
><signal.h></TT
|
>, are guaranteed to work
|
>, are guaranteed to work
|
correctly if raised using the
|
correctly if raised using the
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>raise()</TT
|
>raise()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
function from a normal working program context. Using signals from
|
function from a normal working program context. Using signals from
|
within an ISR or DSR context is not expected to work. Also, it is
|
within an ISR or DSR context is not expected to work. Also, it is
|
not guaranteed that if CYGSEM_LIBC_SIGNALS_HWEXCEPTIONS
|
not guaranteed that if CYGSEM_LIBC_SIGNALS_HWEXCEPTIONS
|
is set, that handling a signal using
|
is set, that handling a signal using
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>signal()</TT
|
>signal()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
will necessarily catch that form of exception. For example, it
|
will necessarily catch that form of exception. For example, it
|
may be expected that a divide-by-zero error would be caught by handling
|
may be expected that a divide-by-zero error would be caught by handling
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="VARNAME"
|
CLASS="VARNAME"
|
>SIGFPE</TT
|
>SIGFPE</TT
|
>. However it depends on the underlying HAL implementation to implement
|
>. However it depends on the underlying HAL implementation to implement
|
the required hardware exception. And indeed the hardware itself
|
the required hardware exception. And indeed the hardware itself
|
may not be capable of detecting these exceptions so it may not be
|
may not be capable of detecting these exceptions so it may not be
|
possible for the HAL implementer to do this in any case. Despite
|
possible for the HAL implementer to do this in any case. Despite
|
this lack of guarantees in this respect, the signals implementation
|
this lack of guarantees in this respect, the signals implementation
|
is still ISO C compliant since ISO C does not offer any such guarantees
|
is still ISO C compliant since ISO C does not offer any such guarantees
|
either. </P
|
either. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The
|
>The
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>getenv()</TT
|
>getenv()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
function is implemented (unless the CYGPKG_LIBC_ENVIRONMENT configuration
|
function is implemented (unless the CYGPKG_LIBC_ENVIRONMENT configuration
|
option is turned off), but there is no shell or
|
option is turned off), but there is no shell or
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>putenv()</TT
|
>putenv()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
function to set the environment dynamically. The environment is
|
function to set the environment dynamically. The environment is
|
set in a global variable environ, declared as:</P
|
set in a global variable environ, declared as:</P
|
><TABLE
|
><TABLE
|
BORDER="5"
|
BORDER="5"
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
><PRE
|
><PRE
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
>extern char **environ; // Standard environment definition</PRE
|
>extern char **environ; // Standard environment definition</PRE
|
></TD
|
></TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></TABLE
|
></TABLE
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The environment can be statically initialized at startup time
|
>The environment can be statically initialized at startup time
|
using the CYGDAT_LIBC_DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT
|
using the CYGDAT_LIBC_DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT
|
option. If so, remember that the final entry of the array initializer
|
option. If so, remember that the final entry of the array initializer
|
must be NULL. </P
|
must be NULL. </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
></UL
|
></UL
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Here is a minimal <SPAN
|
>Here is a minimal <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>eCos</I
|
>eCos</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> program which
|
> program which
|
demonstrates the use of environments (see also the test case in <TT
|
demonstrates the use of environments (see also the test case in <TT
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
>language/c/libc/current/tests/stdlib/getenv.c</TT
|
>language/c/libc/current/tests/stdlib/getenv.c</TT
|
>): </P
|
>): </P
|
><TABLE
|
><TABLE
|
BORDER="5"
|
BORDER="5"
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
><PRE
|
><PRE
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
>#include <stdio.h>
|
>#include <stdio.h>
|
#include <stdlib.h> // Main header for stdlib functions
|
#include <stdlib.h> // Main header for stdlib functions
|
|
|
extern char **environ; // Standard environment definition
|
extern char **environ; // Standard environment definition
|
|
|
int
|
int
|
main( int argc, char *argv[] )
|
main( int argc, char *argv[] )
|
{
|
{
|
char *str;
|
char *str;
|
char *env[] = { "PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin",
|
char *env[] = { "PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin",
|
"HOME=/home/fred",
|
"HOME=/home/fred",
|
"TEST=1234=5678",
|
"TEST=1234=5678",
|
"home=hatstand",
|
"home=hatstand",
|
NULL };
|
NULL };
|
|
|
printf("Display the current PATH environment variable\n");
|
printf("Display the current PATH environment variable\n");
|
|
|
environ = (char **)&env;
|
environ = (char **)&env;
|
|
|
str = getenv("PATH");
|
str = getenv("PATH");
|
|
|
if (str==NULL) {
|
if (str==NULL) {
|
printf("The current PATH is unset\n");
|
printf("The current PATH is unset\n");
|
} else {
|
} else {
|
printf("The current PATH is \"%s\"\n", str);
|
printf("The current PATH is \"%s\"\n", str);
|
}
|
}
|
return 0;
|
return 0;
|
} </PRE
|
} </PRE
|
></TD
|
></TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></TABLE
|
></TABLE
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
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