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>Chapter 13. C and math library overview</TD
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>Chapter 13. C and math library overview</TD
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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><A
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NAME="MATH-LIBRARY-COMPATIBILITY-MODES">Math library compatibility modes</H1
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NAME="MATH-LIBRARY-COMPATIBILITY-MODES">Math library compatibility modes</H1
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><P
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><P
|
>This math library is capable of being operated in several
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>This math library is capable of being operated in several
|
different compatibility modes. These options deal solely with how
|
different compatibility modes. These options deal solely with how
|
errors are handled. </P
|
errors are handled. </P
|
><P
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><P
|
>There are 4 compatibility modes: ANSI/POSIX 1003.1;
|
>There are 4 compatibility modes: ANSI/POSIX 1003.1;
|
IEEE-754; X/Open Portability Guide issue 3 (XPG3); and
|
IEEE-754; X/Open Portability Guide issue 3 (XPG3); and
|
System V Interface Definition Edition 3. </P
|
System V Interface Definition Edition 3. </P
|
><P
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><P
|
>In IEEE mode, the <TT
|
>In IEEE mode, the <TT
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CLASS="FUNCTION"
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CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> function
|
> function
|
(see below) is never called, no warning messages are printed on
|
(see below) is never called, no warning messages are printed on
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the stderr output stream, and errno is never set. </P
|
the stderr output stream, and errno is never set. </P
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><P
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><P
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>In ANSI/POSIX mode, errno is set correctly,
|
>In ANSI/POSIX mode, errno is set correctly,
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but <TT
|
but <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> is never called and no warning messages
|
> is never called and no warning messages
|
are printed on the stderr output stream. </P
|
are printed on the stderr output stream. </P
|
><P
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><P
|
>In X/Open mode, errno is set correctly,
|
>In X/Open mode, errno is set correctly,
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<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> is called, but no warning messages are printed
|
> is called, but no warning messages are printed
|
on the stderr output stream. </P
|
on the stderr output stream. </P
|
><P
|
><P
|
>In SVID mode, functions which overflow return
|
>In SVID mode, functions which overflow return
|
a value HUGE (defined in <TT
|
a value HUGE (defined in <TT
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
>math.h</TT
|
>math.h</TT
|
>), which is the maximum
|
>), which is the maximum
|
single precision floating point value (as opposed to
|
single precision floating point value (as opposed to
|
HUGE_VAL which is meant to stand for infinity). errno is
|
HUGE_VAL which is meant to stand for infinity). errno is
|
set correctly and <TT
|
set correctly and <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> is called. If
|
> is called. If
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> returns 0, warning messages are printed on
|
> returns 0, warning messages are printed on
|
the stderr output stream for some errors. </P
|
the stderr output stream for some errors. </P
|
><P
|
><P
|
>The mode can be compiled-in as IEEE-only, or any one of the
|
>The mode can be compiled-in as IEEE-only, or any one of the
|
above methods settable at run-time. </P
|
above methods settable at run-time. </P
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
><P
|
><P
|
><B
|
><B
|
>Note: </B
|
>Note: </B
|
>This math library assumes that the hardware (or software floating
|
>This math library assumes that the hardware (or software floating
|
point emulation) supports IEEE-754 style arithmetic, 32-bit 2's
|
point emulation) supports IEEE-754 style arithmetic, 32-bit 2's
|
complement integer arithmetic, doubles are in 64-bit IEEE-754 format.</P
|
complement integer arithmetic, doubles are in 64-bit IEEE-754 format.</P
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
|
><H2
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
><A
|
><A
|
NAME="AEN10153">matherr()</H2
|
NAME="AEN10153">matherr()</H2
|
><P
|
><P
|
>As mentioned above, in X/Open or SVID modes, the user
|
>As mentioned above, in X/Open or SVID modes, the user
|
can supply a function <TT
|
can supply a function <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
> of
|
> of
|
the form:</P
|
the form:</P
|
><TABLE
|
><TABLE
|
BORDER="5"
|
BORDER="5"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
WIDTH="70%"
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><TR
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><TR
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><TD
|
><TD
|
><PRE
|
><PRE
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
>int <TT
|
>int <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr</TT
|
>matherr</TT
|
>( struct exception *e )</PRE
|
>( struct exception *e )</PRE
|
></TD
|
></TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></TABLE
|
></TABLE
|
><P
|
><P
|
>where struct exception is defined as:</P
|
>where struct exception is defined as:</P
|
><TABLE
|
><TABLE
|
BORDER="5"
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BORDER="5"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0F0"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
WIDTH="70%"
|
><TR
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><TR
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><TD
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><TD
|
><PRE
|
><PRE
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
>struct exception {
|
>struct exception {
|
int type;
|
int type;
|
char *name;
|
char *name;
|
double arg1, arg2, retval;
|
double arg1, arg2, retval;
|
}; </PRE
|
}; </PRE
|
></TD
|
></TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></TABLE
|
></TABLE
|
><P
|
><P
|
>type is the exception type and is one of:</P
|
>type is the exception type and is one of:</P
|
><P
|
><P
|
></P
|
></P
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
><DL
|
><DL
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>DOMAIN</DT
|
>DOMAIN</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>argument domain exception</P
|
>argument domain exception</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>SING</DT
|
>SING</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>argument singularity</P
|
>argument singularity</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>OVERFLOW</DT
|
>OVERFLOW</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>overflow range exception</P
|
>overflow range exception</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>UNDERFLOW</DT
|
>UNDERFLOW</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>underflow range exception</P
|
>underflow range exception</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>TLOSS</DT
|
>TLOSS</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>total loss of significance</P
|
>total loss of significance</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
><DT
|
><DT
|
>PLOSS</DT
|
>PLOSS</DT
|
><DD
|
><DD
|
><P
|
><P
|
>partial loss of significance</P
|
>partial loss of significance</P
|
></DD
|
></DD
|
></DL
|
></DL
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><P
|
><P
|
><TT
|
><TT
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
><I
|
><I
|
>name</I
|
>name</I
|
></TT
|
></TT
|
> is a string containing the name of the
|
> is a string containing the name of the
|
function</P
|
function</P
|
><P
|
><P
|
><TT
|
><TT
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
><I
|
><I
|
>arg1</I
|
>arg1</I
|
></TT
|
></TT
|
> and <TT
|
> and <TT
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
><I
|
><I
|
>arg2</I
|
>arg2</I
|
></TT
|
></TT
|
> are the
|
> are the
|
arguments passed to the function</P
|
arguments passed to the function</P
|
><P
|
><P
|
><TT
|
><TT
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
><I
|
><I
|
>retval</I
|
>retval</I
|
></TT
|
></TT
|
> is the default value that will be returned
|
> is the default value that will be returned
|
by the function, and can be changed by <TT
|
by the function, and can be changed by <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
></P
|
></P
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
CLASS="NOTE"
|
><P
|
><P
|
><B
|
><B
|
>Note: </B
|
>Note: </B
|
>matherr must have “C” linkage, not “C++” linkage.</P
|
>matherr must have “C” linkage, not “C++” linkage.</P
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><P
|
><P
|
>If matherr returns zero, or the user doesn't supply
|
>If matherr returns zero, or the user doesn't supply
|
their own matherr, then the following <SPAN
|
their own matherr, then the following <SPAN
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
><I
|
><I
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
>usually</I
|
>usually</I
|
></SPAN
|
></SPAN
|
> happens
|
> happens
|
in SVID mode:</P
|
in SVID mode:</P
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="TABLE"
|
CLASS="TABLE"
|
><A
|
><A
|
NAME="AEN10199"><P
|
NAME="AEN10199"><P
|
><B
|
><B
|
>Table 13-1. Behavior of math exception handling</B
|
>Table 13-1. Behavior of math exception handling</B
|
></P
|
></P
|
><TABLE
|
><TABLE
|
BORDER="1"
|
BORDER="1"
|
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
|
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
|
><THEAD
|
><THEAD
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TH
|
><TH
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>Type</TH
|
>Type</TH
|
><TH
|
><TH
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>Behavior</TH
|
>Behavior</TH
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></THEAD
|
></THEAD
|
><TBODY
|
><TBODY
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>DOMAIN</TD
|
>DOMAIN</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>0.0 returned,
|
>0.0 returned,
|
errno=EDOM, and a message printed on stderr</TD
|
errno=EDOM, and a message printed on stderr</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>SING</TD
|
>SING</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>HUGE of appropriate
|
>HUGE of appropriate
|
sign is returned, errno=EDOM, and a message is printed
|
sign is returned, errno=EDOM, and a message is printed
|
on stderr</TD
|
on stderr</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>OVERFLOW</TD
|
>OVERFLOW</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>HUGE of
|
>HUGE of
|
appropriate sign is returned, and errno=ERANGE</TD
|
appropriate sign is returned, and errno=ERANGE</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>UNDERFLOW</TD
|
>UNDERFLOW</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>0.0 is
|
>0.0 is
|
returned and errno=ERANGE</TD
|
returned and errno=ERANGE</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>TLOSS</TD
|
>TLOSS</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>0.0 is returned,
|
>0.0 is returned,
|
errno=ERANGE, and a message is printed on stderr</TD
|
errno=ERANGE, and a message is printed on stderr</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
><TR
|
><TR
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>PLOSS</TD
|
>PLOSS</TD
|
><TD
|
><TD
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
>The current
|
>The current
|
implementation doesn't return this type</TD
|
implementation doesn't return this type</TD
|
></TR
|
></TR
|
></TBODY
|
></TBODY
|
></TABLE
|
></TABLE
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><P
|
><P
|
>X/Open mode is similar except that the message is
|
>X/Open mode is similar except that the message is
|
not printed on stderr and HUGE_VAL is used in place of
|
not printed on stderr and HUGE_VAL is used in place of
|
HUGE</P
|
HUGE</P
|
></DIV
|
></DIV
|
><DIV
|
><DIV
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
><H2
|
><H2
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
><A
|
><A
|
NAME="AEN10226">Thread-safety and re-entrancy</H2
|
NAME="AEN10226">Thread-safety and re-entrancy</H2
|
><P
|
><P
|
>With the appropriate configuration options set below, the
|
>With the appropriate configuration options set below, the
|
math library is fully thread-safe if:</P
|
math library is fully thread-safe if:</P
|
><P
|
><P
|
></P
|
></P
|
><UL
|
><UL
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, the
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, the
|
setting of the errno variable from the C library is
|
setting of the errno variable from the C library is
|
thread-safe</P
|
thread-safe</P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, sending error messages
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, sending error messages
|
to the stderr output stream using the C library
|
to the stderr output stream using the C library
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>fputs()</TT
|
>fputs()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
function is thread-safe </P
|
function is thread-safe </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
><LI
|
><LI
|
><P
|
><P
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, the user-supplied
|
>Depending on the compatibility mode, the user-supplied
|
<TT
|
<TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>matherr()</TT
|
>
|
>
|
function and anything it depends on are thread-safe </P
|
function and anything it depends on are thread-safe </P
|
></LI
|
></LI
|
></UL
|
></UL
|
><P
|
><P
|
>In addition, with the exception of the <TT
|
>In addition, with the exception of the <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>gamma*()</TT
|
>gamma*()</TT
|
> and <TT
|
> and <TT
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
CLASS="FUNCTION"
|
>lgamma*()</TT
|
>lgamma*()</TT
|
> functions,
|
> functions,
|
the math library is reentrant (and thus safe to use from interrupt handlers)
|
the math library is reentrant (and thus safe to use from interrupt handlers)
|
if the Math library is always in IEEE mode.</P
|
if the Math library is always in IEEE mode.</P
|
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