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==== Serial Peripheral Interface Controller (SPI)

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|=======================
| Hardware source file(s): | neorv32_spi.vhd | 
| Software driver file(s): | neorv32_spi.c |
|                          | neorv32_spi.h |
| Top entity port:         | `spi_sck_o` | 1-bit serial clock output
|                          | `spi_sdo_i` | 1-bit serial data output
|                          | `spi_sdi_o` | 1-bit serial data input
|                          | `spi_csn_i` | 8-bit dedicated chip select (low-active)
| Configuration generics:  | _IO_SPI_EN_ | implement SPI controller when _true_
| CPU interrupts:          | fast IRQ channel 6 | transmission done interrupt (see <<_processor_interrupts>>)
|=======================

**Theory of Operation**

SPI is a synchronous serial transmission interface. The NEORV32 SPI transceiver allows 8-, 16-, 24- and 32-
bit long transmissions. The unit provides 8 dedicated chip select signals via the top entity's `spi_csn_o`
signal.

The SPI unit is enabled via the _SPI_CT_EN_ bit in the _SPI_CT_ control register. The idle clock polarity is configured via the _SPI_CT_CPHA_
bit and can be low (`0`) or high (`1`) during idle. The data quantity to be transferred within a
single transmission is defined via the _SPI_CT_SIZEx bits_. The unit supports 8-bit (`00`), 16-bit (`01`), 24-
bit (`10`) and 32-bit (`11`) transfers. Whenever a transfer is completed, the "transmission done interrupt" is triggered.
A transmission is still in progress as long as the _SPI_CT_BUSY_ flag is set.

The SPI controller features 8 dedicated chip-select lines. These lines are controlled via the control register's _SPI_CT_CSx_ bits. When
a specifc _SPI_CT_CSx_ bit is **set**, the according chip select line `spi_csn_o(x)` goes **low** (low-active chip select lines).

The SPI clock frequency is defined via the 3-bit _SPI_CT_PRSCx_ clock prescaler. The following prescalers
are available:

.SPI prescaler configuration
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|=======================
| **`SPI_CT_PRSCx`**          | `0b000` | `0b001` | `0b010` | `0b011` | `0b100` | `0b101` | `0b110` | `0b111`
| Resulting `clock_prescaler` |       2 |       4 |       8 |      64 |     128 |    1024 |    2048 |    4096
|=======================

Based on the _SPI_CT_PRSCx_ configuration, the actual SPI clock frequency f~SPI~ is derived from the processor's main clock f~main~ and is determined by:

_**f~SPI~**_ = _f~main~[Hz]_ / (2 * `clock_prescaler`)

A transmission is started when writing data to the _SPI_DATA_ register. The data must be LSB-aligned. So if
the SPI transceiver is configured for less than 32-bit transfers data quantity, the transmit data must be placed
into the lowest 8/16/24 bit of _SPI_DATA_. Vice versa, the received data is also always LSB-aligned.

.SPI register map
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|=======================
| Address | Name [C] | Bit(s), Name [C] | R/W | Function
.16+<| `0xffffffa8` .16+<| _SPI_CT_ <|`0` _SPI_CT_CS0_     ^| r/w .8+<| Direct chip-select 0..7; setting `spi_csn_o(x)` low when set
                                    <|`1` _SPI_CT_CS1_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`2` _SPI_CT_CS2_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`3` _SPI_CT_CS3_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`4` _SPI_CT_CS4_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`5` _SPI_CT_CS5_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`6` _SPI_CT_CS6_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`7` _SPI_CT_CS7_     ^| r/w 
                                    <|`8` _SPI_CT_EN_      ^| r/w <| SPI enable
                                    <|`9` _SPI_CT_CPHA_    ^| r/w <| polarity of `spi_sck_o` when idle
                                    <|`10` _SPI_CT_PRSC0_  ^| r/w .3+| 3-bit clock prescaler select
                                    <|`11` _SPI_CT_PRSC1_  ^| r/w
                                    <|`12` _SPI_CT_PRSC2_  ^| r/w
                                    <|`14` _SPI_CT_SIZE0_  ^| r/w .2+<| transfer size (`00`=8-bit, `01`=16-bit, `10`=24-bit, `11`=32-bit)
                                    <|`15` _SPI_CT_SIZE1_  ^| r/w
                                    <|`31` _SPI_CT_BUSY_   ^| r/- <| transmission in progress when set
| `0xffffffac` | _SPI_DATA_ |`31:0` | r/w | receive/transmit data, LSB-aligned
|=======================