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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
xml:id="manual.appendix.porting.backwards" xreflabel="backwards">
<?dbhtml filename="backwards.html"?>
<info><title>Backwards Compatibility</title>
<keywordset>
<keyword>
ISO C++
</keyword>
<keyword>
backwards
</keyword>
</keywordset>
</info>
<section xml:id="backwards.first"><info><title>First</title></info>
<para>The first generation GNU C++ library was called libg++. It was a
separate GNU project, although reliably paired with GCC. Rumors imply
that it had a working relationship with at least two kinds of
dinosaur.
</para>
<para>Some background: libg++ was designed and created when there was no
ISO standard to provide guidance. Classes like linked lists are now
provided for by <classname>list<T></classname> and do not need to be
created by <function>genclass</function>. (For that matter, templates exist
now and are well-supported, whereas genclass (mostly) predates them.)
</para>
<para>There are other classes in libg++ that are not specified in the
ISO Standard (e.g., statistical analysis). While there are a lot of
really useful things that are used by a lot of people, the Standards
Committee couldn't include everything, and so a lot of those
<quote>obvious</quote> classes didn't get included.
</para>
<para>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</para>
<para>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</para>
<section xml:id="backwards.first.ios_base"><info><title>No <code>ios_base</code></title></info>
<para> At least some older implementations don't have <code>std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code>std::ios::badbit</code>, <code>std::ios::failbit</code> and <code>std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code>std::ios::goodbit</code>.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.first.cout_cin"><info><title>No <code>cout</code> in <filename class="headerfile"><ostream.h></filename>, no <code>cin</code> in <filename class="headerfile"><istream.h></filename></title></info>
<para>
In earlier versions of the standard,
<filename class="headerfile"><fstream.h></filename>,
<filename class="headerfile"><ostream.h></filename>
and <filename class="headerfile"><istream.h></filename>
used to define
<code>cout</code>, <code>cin</code> and so on. ISO C++ specifies that one needs to include
<filename class="headerfile"><iostream></filename>
explicitly to get the required definitions.
</para>
<para> Some include adjustment may be required.</para>
<para>This project is no longer maintained or supported, and the sources
archived. For the desperate,
the <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/extensions.html">GCC extensions
page</link> describes where to find the last libg++ source. The code is
considered replaced and rewritten.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second"><info><title>Second</title></info>
<para>
The second generation GNU C++ library was called libstdc++, or
libstdc++-v2. It spans the time between libg++ and pre-ISO C++
standardization and is usually associated with the following GCC
releases: egcs 1.x, gcc 2.95, and gcc 2.96.
</para>
<para>
The STL portions of this library are based on SGI/HP STL release 3.11.
</para>
<para>
This project is no longer maintained or supported, and the sources
archived. The code is considered replaced and rewritten.
</para>
<para>
Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.
</para>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.std"><info><title>Namespace <code>std::</code> not supported</title></info>
<para>
Some care is required to support C++ compiler and or library
implementation that do not have the standard library in
<code>namespace std</code>.
</para>
<para>
The following sections list some possible solutions to support compilers
that cannot ignore <code>std::</code>-qualified names.
</para>
<para>
First, see if the compiler has a flag for this. Namespace
back-portability-issues are generally not a problem for g++
compilers that do not have libstdc++ in <code>std::</code>, as the
compilers use <option>-fno-honor-std</option> (ignore
<code>std::</code>, <code>:: = std::</code>) by default. That is,
the responsibility for enabling or disabling <code>std::</code> is
on the user; the maintainer does not have to care about it. This
probably applies to some other compilers as well.
</para>
<para>
Second, experiment with a variety of pre-processor tricks.
</para>
<para>
By defining <code>std</code> as a macro, fully-qualified namespace
calls become global. Volia.
</para>
<programlisting>
#ifdef WICKEDLY_OLD_COMPILER
# define std
#endif
</programlisting>
<para>
Thanks to Juergen Heinzl who posted this solution on gnu.gcc.help.
</para>
<para>
Another pre-processor based approach is to define a macro
<code>NAMESPACE_STD</code>, which is defined to either
<quote> </quote> or <quote>std</quote> based on a compile-type
test. On GNU systems, this can be done with autotools by means of
an autoconf test (see below) for <code>HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD</code>,
then using that to set a value for the <code>NAMESPACE_STD</code>
macro. At that point, one is able to use
<code>NAMESPACE_STD::string</code>, which will evaluate to
<code>std::string</code> or <code>::string</code> (i.e., in the
global namespace on systems that do not put <code>string</code> in
<code>std::</code>).
</para>
<programlisting>
dnl @synopsis AC_CXX_NAMESPACE_STD
dnl
dnl If the compiler supports namespace std, define
dnl HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD.
dnl
dnl @category Cxx
dnl @author Todd Veldhuizen
dnl @author Luc Maisonobe <luc@spaceroots.org>
dnl @version 2004-02-04
dnl @license AllPermissive
AC_DEFUN([AC_CXX_NAMESPACE_STD], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(if g++ supports namespace std,
ac_cv_cxx_have_std_namespace,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <iostream>
std::istream& is = std::cin;],,
ac_cv_cxx_have_std_namespace=yes, ac_cv_cxx_have_std_namespace=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_have_std_namespace" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD,,[Define if g++ supports namespace std. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.iterators"><info><title>Illegal iterator usage</title></info>
<para>
The following illustrate implementation-allowed illegal iterator
use, and then correct use.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
you cannot do <code>ostream::operator<<(iterator)</code>
to print the address of the iterator => use
<code>operator<< &*iterator</code> instead
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
you cannot clear an iterator's reference (<code>iterator =
0</code>) => use <code>iterator = iterator_type();</code>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>if (iterator)</code> won't work any more => use
<code>if (iterator != iterator_type())</code>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.isspace"><info><title><code>isspace</code> from <filename class="headerfile"><cctype></filename> is a macro
</title></info>
<para>
Glibc 2.0.x and 2.1.x define <filename class="headerfile"><ctype.h></filename> functionality as macros
(isspace, isalpha etc.).
</para>
<para>
This implementations of libstdc++, however, keep these functions
as macros, and so it is not back-portable to use fully qualified
names. For example:
</para>
<programlisting>
#include <cctype>
int main() { std::isspace('X'); }
</programlisting>
<para>
Results in something like this:
</para>
<programlisting>
std:: (__ctype_b[(int) ( ( 'X' ) )] & (unsigned short int) _ISspace ) ;
</programlisting>
<para>
A solution is to modify a header-file so that the compiler tells
<filename class="headerfile"><ctype.h></filename> to define functions
instead of macros:
</para>
<programlisting>
// This keeps isalnum, et al from being propagated as macros.
#if __linux__
# define __NO_CTYPE 1
#endif
</programlisting>
<para>
Then, include <filename class="headerfile"><ctype.h></filename>
</para>
<para>
Another problem arises if you put a <code>using namespace
std;</code> declaration at the top, and include
<filename class="headerfile"><ctype.h></filename>. This will
result in ambiguities between the definitions in the global namespace
(<filename class="headerfile"><ctype.h></filename>) and the
definitions in namespace <code>std::</code>
(<code><cctype></code>).
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.at"><info><title>No <code>vector::at</code>, <code>deque::at</code>, <code>string::at</code></title></info>
<para>
One solution is to add an autoconf-test for this:
</para>
<programlisting>
AC_MSG_CHECKING(for container::at)
AC_TRY_COMPILE(
[
#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
],
[
deque<int> test_deque(3);
test_deque.at(2);
vector<int> test_vector(2);
test_vector.at(1);
string test_string(<quote>test_string</quote>);
test_string.at(3);
],
[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CONTAINER_AT)],
[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)])
</programlisting>
<para>
If you are using other (non-GNU) compilers it might be a good idea
to check for <code>string::at</code> separately.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.eof"><info><title>No <code>std::char_traits<char>::eof</code></title></info>
<para>
Use some kind of autoconf test, plus this:
</para>
<programlisting>
#ifdef HAVE_CHAR_TRAITS
#define CPP_EOF std::char_traits<char>::eof()
#else
#define CPP_EOF EOF
#endif
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.stringclear"><info><title>No <code>string::clear</code></title></info>
<para>
There are two functions for deleting the contents of a string:
<code>clear</code> and <code>erase</code> (the latter returns the
string).
</para>
<programlisting>
void
clear() { _M_mutate(0, this->size(), 0); }
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
basic_string&
erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
{
return this->replace(_M_check(__pos), _M_fold(__pos, __n),
_M_data(), _M_data());
}
</programlisting>
<para>
Unfortunately, <code>clear</code> is not implemented in this
version, so you should use <code>erase</code> (which is probably
faster than <code>operator=(charT*)</code>).
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.ostreamform_istreamscan"><info><title>
Removal of <code>ostream::form</code> and <code>istream::scan</code>
extensions
</title></info>
<para>
These are no longer supported. Please use stringstreams instead.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.stringstreams"><info><title>No <code>basic_stringbuf</code>, <code>basic_stringstream</code></title></info>
<para>
Although the ISO standard <code>i/ostringstream</code>-classes are
provided, (<filename class="headerfile"><sstream></filename>), for
compatibility with older implementations the pre-ISO
<code>i/ostrstream</code> (<filename class="headerfile"><strstream></filename>) interface is also provided,
with these caveats:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>strstream</code> is considered to be deprecated
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>strstream</code> is limited to <code>char</code>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
with <code>ostringstream</code> you don't have to take care of
terminating the string or freeing its memory
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>istringstream</code> can be re-filled (clear();
str(input);)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
You can then use output-stringstreams like this:
</para>
<programlisting>
#ifdef HAVE_SSTREAM
# include <sstream>
#else
# include <strstream>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SSTREAM
std::ostringstream oss;
#else
std::ostrstream oss;
#endif
oss << <quote>Name=</quote> << m_name << <quote>, number=</quote> << m_number << std::endl;
...
#ifndef HAVE_SSTREAM
oss << std::ends; // terminate the char*-string
#endif
// str() returns char* for ostrstream and a string for ostringstream
// this also causes ostrstream to think that the buffer's memory
// is yours
m_label.set_text(oss.str());
#ifndef HAVE_SSTREAM
// let the ostrstream take care of freeing the memory
oss.freeze(false);
#endif
</programlisting>
<para>
Input-stringstreams can be used similarly:
</para>
<programlisting>
std::string input;
...
#ifdef HAVE_SSTREAM
std::istringstream iss(input);
#else
std::istrstream iss(input.c_str());
#endif
int i;
iss >> i;
</programlisting>
<para> One (the only?) restriction is that an istrstream cannot be re-filled:
</para>
<programlisting>
std::istringstream iss(numerator);
iss >> m_num;
// this is not possible with istrstream
iss.clear();
iss.str(denominator);
iss >> m_den;
</programlisting>
<para>
If you don't care about speed, you can put these conversions in
a template-function:
</para>
<programlisting>
template <class X>
void fromString(const string& input, X& any)
{
#ifdef HAVE_SSTREAM
std::istringstream iss(input);
#else
std::istrstream iss(input.c_str());
#endif
X temp;
iss >> temp;
if (iss.fail())
throw runtime_error(..)
any = temp;
}
</programlisting>
<para>
Another example of using stringstreams is in <link linkend="strings.string.shrink">this howto</link>.
</para>
<para> There is additional information in the libstdc++-v2 info files, in
particular <quote>info iostream</quote>.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.wchar"><info><title>Little or no wide character support</title></info>
<para>
Classes <classname>wstring</classname> and
<classname>char_traits<wchar_t></classname> are
not supported.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.iostream_templates"><info><title>No templatized iostreams</title></info>
<para>
Classes <classname>wfilebuf</classname> and
<classname>wstringstream</classname> are not supported.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.second.thread_safety"><info><title>Thread safety issues</title></info>
<para>
Earlier GCC releases had a somewhat different approach to
threading configuration and proper compilation. Before GCC 3.0,
configuration of the threading model was dictated by compiler
command-line options and macros (both of which were somewhat
thread-implementation and port-specific). There were no
guarantees related to being able to link code compiled with one
set of options and macro setting with another set.
</para>
<para>
For GCC 3.0, configuration of the threading model used with
libraries and user-code is performed when GCC is configured and
built using the --enable-threads and --disable-threads options.
The ABI is stable for symbol name-mangling and limited functional
compatibility exists between code compiled under different
threading models.
</para>
<para>
The libstdc++ library has been designed so that it can be used in
multithreaded applications (with libstdc++-v2 this was only true
of the STL parts.) The first problem is finding a
<emphasis>fast</emphasis> method of implementation portable to
all platforms. Due to historical reasons, some of the library is
written against per-CPU-architecture spinlocks and other parts
against the gthr.h abstraction layer which is provided by gcc. A
minor problem that pops up every so often is different
interpretations of what "thread-safe" means for a
library (not a general program). We currently use the <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/thread_safety.html">same
definition that SGI</link> uses for their STL subset. However,
the exception for read-only containers only applies to the STL
components. This definition is widely-used and something similar
will be used in the next version of the C++ standard library.
</para>
<para>
Here is a small link farm to threads (no pun) in the mail
archives that discuss the threading problem. Each link is to the
first relevant message in the thread; from there you can use
"Thread Next" to move down the thread. This farm is in
latest-to-oldest order.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Our threading expert Loren gives a breakdown of <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-10/msg00024.html">the
six situations involving threads</link> for the 3.0
release series.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-05/msg00384.html">
This message</link> inspired a recent updating of issues with
threading and the SGI STL library. It also contains some
example POSIX-multithreaded STL code.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
(A large selection of links to older messages has been removed;
many of the messages from 1999 were lost in a disk crash, and the
few people with access to the backup tapes have been too swamped
with work to restore them. Many of the points have been
superseded anyhow.)
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third"><info><title>Third</title></info>
<para> The third generation GNU C++ library is called libstdc++, or
libstdc++-v3.
</para>
<para>The subset commonly known as the Standard Template Library
(chapters 23 through 25, mostly) is adapted from the final release
of the SGI STL (version 3.3), with extensive changes.
</para>
<para>A more formal description of the V3 goals can be found in the
official <link linkend="contrib.design_notes">design document</link>.
</para>
<para>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</para>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.headers"><info><title>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</title></info>
<para> The pre-ISO C++ headers
(<filename class="headerfile"><iostream.h></filename>,
<filename class="headerfile"><defalloc.h></filename> etc.) are
available, unlike previous libstdc++ versions, but inclusion
generates a warning that you are using deprecated headers.
</para>
<para>This compatibility layer is constructed by including the
standard C++ headers, and injecting any items in
<code>std::</code> into the global namespace.
</para>
<para>For those of you new to ISO C++ (welcome, time travelers!), no,
that isn't a typo. Yes, the headers really have new names.
Marshall Cline's C++ FAQ Lite has a good explanation in <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/coding-standards.html#faq-27.4">item
[27.4]</link>.
</para>
<para> Some include adjustment may be required. What follows is an
autoconf test that defines <code>PRE_STDCXX_HEADERS</code> when they
exist.</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_PRE_STDCXX
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_PRE_STDCXX], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for pre-ISO C++ include files,
ac_cv_cxx_pre_stdcxx,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -Wno-deprecated"
# Omit defalloc.h, as compilation with newer compilers is problematic.
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
#include <new.h>
#include <iterator.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <set.h>
#include <hashtable.h>
#include <hash_set.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <tempbuf.h>
#include <istream.h>
#include <bvector.h>
#include <stack.h>
#include <rope.h>
#include <complex.h>
#include <ostream.h>
#include <heap.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <function.h>
#include <multimap.h>
#include <pair.h>
#include <stream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
#include <slist.h>
#include <tree.h>
#include <vector.h>
#include <deque.h>
#include <multiset.h>
#include <list.h>
#include <map.h>
#include <algobase.h>
#include <hash_map.h>
#include <algo.h>
#include <queue.h>
#include <streambuf.h>
],,
ac_cv_cxx_pre_stdcxx=yes, ac_cv_cxx_pre_stdcxx=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_pre_stdcxx" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(PRE_STDCXX_HEADERS,,[Define if pre-ISO C++ header files are present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<para>Porting between pre-ISO headers and ISO headers is simple: headers
like <filename class="headerfile"><vector.h></filename> can be replaced with <filename class="headerfile"><vector></filename> and a using
directive <code>using namespace std;</code> can be put at the global
scope. This should be enough to get this code compiling, assuming the
other usage is correct.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.hash"><info><title>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</title></info>
<para>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
replaced by standardized libraries.
In particular, the <classname>unordered_map</classname> and
<classname>unordered_set</classname> containers of TR1 and C++ 2011
are suitable replacements for the non-standard
<classname>hash_map</classname> and <classname>hash_set</classname>
containers in the SGI STL.
</para>
<para> Header files <filename class="headerfile"><hash_map></filename> and <filename class="headerfile"><hash_set></filename> moved
to <filename class="headerfile"><ext/hash_map></filename> and <filename class="headerfile"><ext/hash_set></filename>,
respectively. At the same time, all types in these files are enclosed
in <code>namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. Later versions deprecate
these files, and suggest using TR1's <filename class="headerfile"><unordered_map></filename>
and <filename class="headerfile"><unordered_set></filename> instead.
</para>
<para>The extensions are no longer in the global or <code>std</code>
namespaces, instead they are declared in the <code>__gnu_cxx</code>
namespace. For maximum portability, consider defining a namespace
alias to use to talk about extensions, e.g.:
</para>
<programlisting>
#ifdef __GNUC__
#if __GNUC__ < 3
#include <hash_map.h>
namespace extension { using ::hash_map; }; // inherit globals
#else
#include <backward/hash_map>
#if __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 0
namespace extension = std; // GCC 3.0
#else
namespace extension = ::__gnu_cxx; // GCC 3.1 and later
#endif
#endif
#else // ... there are other compilers, right?
namespace extension = std;
#endif
extension::hash_map<int,int> my_map;
</programlisting>
<para>This is a bit cleaner than defining typedefs for all the
instantiations you might need.
</para>
<para>The following autoconf tests check for working HP/SGI hash containers.
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_MAP
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_MAP], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for ext/hash_map,
ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_map,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -Werror"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <ext/hash_map>], [using __gnu_cxx::hash_map;],
ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_map=yes, ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_map=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_map" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXT_HASH_MAP,,[Define if ext/hash_map is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_SET
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_SET], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for ext/hash_set,
ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_set,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -Werror"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <ext/hash_set>], [using __gnu_cxx::hash_set;],
ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_set=yes, ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_set=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_ext_hash_set" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXT_HASH_SET,,[Define if ext/hash_set is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.nocreate_noreplace"><info><title>No <code>ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
</title></info>
<para> The existence of <code>ios::nocreate</code> being used for
input-streams has been confirmed, most probably because the author
thought it would be more correct to specify nocreate explicitly. So
it can be left out for input-streams.
</para>
<para>For output streams, <quote>nocreate</quote> is probably the default,
unless you specify <code>std::ios::trunc</code> ? To be safe, you can
open the file for reading, check if it has been opened, and then
decide whether you want to create/replace or not. To my knowledge,
even older implementations support <code>app</code>, <code>ate</code>
and <code>trunc</code> (except for <code>app</code> ?).
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.streamattach"><info><title>
No <code>stream::attach(int fd)</code>
</title></info>
<para>
Phil Edwards writes: It was considered and rejected for the ISO
standard. Not all environments use file descriptors. Of those
that do, not all of them use integers to represent them.
</para>
<para>
For a portable solution (among systems which use
file descriptors), you need to implement a subclass of
<code>std::streambuf</code> (or
<code>std::basic_streambuf<..></code>) which opens a file
given a descriptor, and then pass an instance of this to the
stream-constructor.
</para>
<para>
An extension is available that implements this.
<filename class="headerfile"><ext/stdio_filebuf.h></filename> contains a derived class called
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/a00074.html"><code>__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf</code></link>.
This class can be constructed from a C <code>FILE*</code> or a file
descriptor, and provides the <code>fd()</code> function.
</para>
<para>
For another example of this, refer to
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.josuttis.com/cppcode/fdstream.html">fdstream example</link>
by Nicolai Josuttis.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.support_cxx98"><info><title>
Support for C++98 dialect.
</title></info>
<para>Check for complete library coverage of the C++1998/2003 standard.
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_STDCXX_98
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_STDCXX_98], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for ISO C++ 98 include files,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_98,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfloat>
#include <ciso646>
#include <climits>
#include <clocale>
#include <cmath>
#include <csetjmp>
#include <csignal>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <complex>
#include <deque>
#include <exception>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ios>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iostream>
#include <istream>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <locale>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <new>
#include <numeric>
#include <ostream>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <streambuf>
#include <string>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <utility>
#include <valarray>
#include <vector>
],,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_98=yes, ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_98=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_98" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_98_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++ 1998 header files are present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.support_tr1"><info><title>
Support for C++TR1 dialect.
</title></info>
<para>Check for library coverage of the TR1 standard.
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_STDCXX_TR1
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_STDCXX_TR1], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for ISO C++ TR1 include files,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_tr1,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
#include <tr1/array>
#include <tr1/ccomplex>
#include <tr1/cctype>
#include <tr1/cfenv>
#include <tr1/cfloat>
#include <tr1/cinttypes>
#include <tr1/climits>
#include <tr1/cmath>
#include <tr1/complex>
#include <tr1/cstdarg>
#include <tr1/cstdbool>
#include <tr1/cstdint>
#include <tr1/cstdio>
#include <tr1/cstdlib>
#include <tr1/ctgmath>
#include <tr1/ctime>
#include <tr1/cwchar>
#include <tr1/cwctype>
#include <tr1/functional>
#include <tr1/memory>
#include <tr1/random>
#include <tr1/regex>
#include <tr1/tuple>
#include <tr1/type_traits>
#include <tr1/unordered_set>
#include <tr1/unordered_map>
#include <tr1/utility>
],,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_tr1=yes, ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_tr1=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_tr1" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_TR1_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++ TR1 header files are present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<para>An alternative is to check just for specific TR1 includes, such as <unordered_map> and <unordered_set>.
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_MAP
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_MAP], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for tr1/unordered_map,
ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_map,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <tr1/unordered_map>], [using std::tr1::unordered_map;],
ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_map=yes, ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_map=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_map" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_MAP,,[Define if tr1/unordered_map is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_SET
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_SET], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for tr1/unordered_set,
ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_set,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <tr1/unordered_set>], [using std::tr1::unordered_set;],
ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_set=yes, ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_set=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_tr1_unordered_set" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if tr1/unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.support_cxx11"><info><title>
Support for C++11 dialect.
</title></info>
<para>Check for baseline language coverage in the compiler for the C++11 standard.
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_COMPILE_STDCXX_11
AC_DEFUN([AC_COMPILE_STDCXX_11], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(if g++ supports C++11 features without additional flags,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_native,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
template <typename T>
struct check final
{
static constexpr T value{ __cplusplus };
};
typedef check<check<bool>> right_angle_brackets;
int a;
decltype(a) b;
typedef check<int> check_type;
check_type c{};
check_type&& cr = static_cast<check_type&&>(c);
static_assert(check_type::value == 201103L, "C++11 compiler");],,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_native=yes, ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_native=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
AC_CACHE_CHECK(if g++ supports C++11 features with -std=c++11,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_cxx,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -std=c++11"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
template <typename T>
struct check final
{
static constexpr T value{ __cplusplus };
};
typedef check<check<bool>> right_angle_brackets;
int a;
decltype(a) b;
typedef check<int> check_type;
check_type c{};
check_type&& cr = static_cast<check_type&&>(c);
static_assert(check_type::value == 201103L, "C++11 compiler");],,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_cxx=yes, ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_cxx=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
AC_CACHE_CHECK(if g++ supports C++11 features with -std=gnu++11,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_gxx,
[AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -std=gnu++11"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
template <typename T>
struct check final
{
static constexpr T value{ __cplusplus };
};
typedef check<check<bool>> right_angle_brackets;
int a;
decltype(a) b;
typedef check<int> check_type;
check_type c{};
check_type&& cr = static_cast<check_type&&>(c);
static_assert(check_type::value == 201103L, "C++11 compiler");],,
ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_gxx=yes, ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_gxx=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_native" = yes ||
test "$ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_cxx" = yes ||
test "$ac_cv_cxx_compile_cxx11_gxx" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDCXX_11,,[Define if g++ supports C++11 features. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<para>Check for library coverage of the C++2011 standard.
(Some library headers are commented out in this check, they are
not currently provided by libstdc++).
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_STDCXX_11
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_STDCXX_11], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for ISO C++11 include files,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_11,
[AC_REQUIRE([AC_COMPILE_STDCXX_11])
AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -std=gnu++11"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([
#include <cassert>
#include <ccomplex>
#include <cctype>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfenv>
#include <cfloat>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <ciso646>
#include <climits>
#include <clocale>
#include <cmath>
#include <csetjmp>
#include <csignal>
#include <cstdalign>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdbool>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctgmath>
#include <ctime>
// #include <cuchar>
#include <cwchar>
#include <cwctype>
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <atomic>
#include <bitset>
#include <chrono>
// #include <codecvt>
#include <complex>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <deque>
#include <exception>
#include <forward_list>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <future>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ios>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iostream>
#include <istream>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <locale>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <new>
#include <numeric>
#include <ostream>
#include <queue>
#include <random>
#include <ratio>
#include <regex>
#include <scoped_allocator>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <streambuf>
#include <string>
#include <system_error>
#include <thread>
#include <tuple>
#include <typeindex>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <type_traits>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <valarray>
#include <vector>
],,
ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_11=yes, ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_11=no)
AC_LANG_RESTORE
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_stdcxx_11" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_11_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++11 header files are present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<para>As is the case for TR1 support, these autoconf macros can be made for a finer-grained, per-header-file check. For
<filename class="headerfile"><unordered_map></filename>
</para>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_MAP
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_MAP], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unordered_map,
ac_cv_cxx_unordered_map,
[AC_REQUIRE([AC_COMPILE_STDCXX_11])
AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -std=gnu++11"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unordered_map>], [using std::unordered_map;],
ac_cv_cxx_unordered_map=yes, ac_cv_cxx_unordered_map=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_unordered_map" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_UNORDERED_MAP,,[Define if unordered_map is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
# AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_SET
AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_SET], [
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for unordered_set,
ac_cv_cxx_unordered_set,
[AC_REQUIRE([AC_COMPILE_STDCXX_11])
AC_LANG_SAVE
AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
ac_save_CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS"
CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS -std=gnu++11"
AC_TRY_COMPILE([#include <unordered_set>], [using std::unordered_set;],
ac_cv_cxx_unordered_set=yes, ac_cv_cxx_unordered_set=no)
CXXFLAGS="$ac_save_CXXFLAGS"
AC_LANG_RESTORE
])
if test "$ac_cv_cxx_unordered_set" = yes; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
</programlisting>
<para>
Some C++11 features first appeared in GCC 4.3 and could be enabled by
<option>-std=c++0x</option> and <option>-std=gnu++0x</option> for GCC
releases which pre-date the 2011 standard. Those C++11 features and GCC's
support for them were still changing until the 2011 standard was finished,
but the autoconf checks above could be extended to test for incomplete
C++11 support with <option>-std=c++0x</option> and
<option>-std=gnu++0x</option>.
</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="backwards.third.iterator_type"><info><title>
<code>Container::iterator_type</code> is not necessarily <code>Container::value_type*</code>
</title></info>
<para>
This is a change in behavior from older versions. Now, most
<type>iterator_type</type> typedefs in container classes are POD
objects, not <type>value_type</type> pointers.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<bibliography xml:id="backwards.biblio"><info><title>Bibliography</title></info>
<biblioentry>
<title>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="http://www.kegel.com/gcc/gcc4.html">
Migrating to GCC 4.1
</link>
</title>
<author><personname><firstname>Dan</firstname><surname>Kegel</surname></personname></author>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<title>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/2006/03/msg00405.html">
Building the Whole Debian Archive with GCC 4.1: A Summary
</link>
</title>
<author><personname><firstname>Martin</firstname><surname>Michlmayr</surname></personname></author>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<title>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:href="http://annwm.lbl.gov/~leggett/Atlas/gcc-3.2.html">
Migration guide for GCC-3.2
</link>
</title>
</biblioentry>
</bibliography>
</section>