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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gdb for OpenRISC 1000: (gdb for Or1K). The GNU debugger for OpenRISC 1000.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This file documents the GNU debugger GDB when used with OpenRISC
1000 processors.
This is the Second Edition, of `Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 GDB' for
GDB Version 6.8.
Copyright (C) 2008 Embecosm Limited
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 3 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Front-Cover Texts being "Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 with GDB by Jeremy
Bennett" and with the Back-Cover Texts being "You are free to copy and
modify this Manual."
File: or1k.info, Node: Top, Next: Summary, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 with GDB
************************************
This file describes GDB, the GNU symbolic debugger for use with the
OpenRISC 1000 processor architecture.
This is the Second Edition, for GDB Version 6.8.
Copyright (C) 2008 Embecosm Limited
* Menu:
* Summary:: Summary of GDB with OpenRISC 1000
* Connecting to the Target:: Connecting to an OpenRISC 1000 Target
* OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands:: Commands just for the OpenRISC 1000
* OpenRISC 1000 Example:: A small example
* OpenRISC 1000 Limitations:: Known problems
* Copying:: GNU General Public License says
how you can copy and share GDB
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
* Index:: Index
File: or1k.info, Node: Summary, Next: Connecting to the Target, Prev: Top, Up: Top
Summary of GDB with OpenRISC 1000
*********************************
GDB is described well in its user manual, "Debugging with GDB: The GNU
Source-Level Debugger".
This manual describes how to use GDB to debug C programs cross
compiled for and running on processors using the OpenRISC 1000
architecture. In general GDB does not run on the actual target, but on
a separate host processor. It communicates with the target via the GDB
"Remote Serial Protocol" (RSP).
For backwards compatibility, GDB for OpenRISC also supports the
legacy custom remote protocol, which drives the JTAG interface on the
OpenRISC 1000. This is provided by adding a special target, "jtag" to
GDB, allowing the debugger to connect via the JTAG interface. *Note
Connecting to the Target: Connecting to the Target.
In addition the info command is extended to allow inspection of
OpenRISC 1000 Special Purpose registers, and a new command "spr" is
added to set the value of a Special Purpose Register. *Note OpenRISC
1000 Specific Commands: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
All the normal GDB commands should work, although hardware
watchpoints are not tested at present. The `info registers' command
will show the 32 general purpose registers, while the `info registers
all' command will add the program counter, supervision register and
exception program counter register.
For those who like their debugging graphical, the `gdbtui' command is
available (typically as `or32-uclinux-gdbtui'). GDB for OpenRISC 1000
can also be run under `ddd' as follows:
`ddd --debugger=or32-uclinux-gdb --gdb'
* Menu:
* Contributors:: Contributors to GDB for the OpenRISC 1000
File: or1k.info, Node: Contributors, Up: Summary
Contributors to GDB for the OpenRISC 1000
=========================================
The pantheon of contributors to GDB over the years is recorded in the
main user manual, `Debugging with GDB: The GNU Source-Level Debugger".
There is no official history of contributors to the OpenRISC 1000
version. However the current author believes the original GDB 5.0 and
5.3 ports were the work of:
* Ivan Guzvinec and Johan Rydverg at OpenCores, who wrote the Binary
File Descriptor library;
* Alessandro Forin at Carnegie-Mellon University and Per Bothner at
the University of Wisconsin who wrote the main GDB interface; and
* Mark Mlinar at Cygnus Support and Chris Ziomkowski at ASICS.ws,who
wrote the OpenRISC JTAG interface.
The port to GDB 6.8 is the work of Jeremy Bennett of Embecosm
Limited (jeremy.bennett@embecosm.com).
Plea: If you know of anyone who has been omitted from this list,
please email the current author, so the omission can be corrected,
and credit given where it is due.
File: or1k.info, Node: Connecting to the Target, Next: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands, Prev: Summary, Up: Top
1 Connecting to an OpenRISC 1000 Target
***************************************
There are two ways to connect to an OpenRISC 1000 target with GDB.
1. To hardware directly connected via a JP1 header linked to the
parallel port. This uses the GDB command `target jtag'.
2. Via a TCP/IP socket to a machine which has the hardware connected,
or is running the architectural simulator using the standard GDB
"Remote Serial Protocol". This uses the GDB commands `target
remote' or `target extended-remote'.
3. Via a TCP/IP socket to a machine which has the hardware connected,
or is running the architectural simulator using the custom
OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG protocol. This uses the GDB command
`target jtag'.
Note: This connection mechanism is deprecated. It remains for
backward compatibility only.
Caution: If used with version 0.2.0 of the architectural
simulator, Or1ksim, GDB version 6.8 requires a patch to be applied
to the architectural simulator. This should be available on the
OpenCores website, or contact the author directly. Only the legacy
OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Protocol interface is available for this
version of the architectural simualtor.
The user is strongly recommended to use Or1ksim 0.3.0 or later,
since this interfaces directly to GDB using the "Remote Serial
Protocol".
* Menu:
* Direct JTAG Connection:: Direct connection via a JTAG JP1
interface
* Remote Serial Protocol Connection:: Connection via the GDB Remote
Serial Protocol Interface
* Remote JTAG Connection:: Connection via the OpenRISC 1000 Remote
JTAG Interface
File: or1k.info, Node: Direct JTAG Connection, Next: Remote Serial Protocol Connection, Up: Connecting to the Target
1.1 Direct connection via a JTAG JP1 Interface
==============================================
In this case the the device to which the JP1 header is connected must be
specifed to the `target jtag' command. Typically that will be the
parallel printer port, so the command would be:
`target jtag /dev/lp'
Caution: The current author is not aware of anyone using the JP1
interface. As a result this code has not been tested in the port to
GDB version 6.8. Modern hardware connections are usually via
interfaces such as USB, for which the OpenRISC Remote Interface
can be used (*note Remote JTAG Connection: Remote JTAG
Connection.).
File: or1k.info, Node: Remote Serial Protocol Connection, Next: Remote JTAG Connection, Prev: Direct JTAG Connection, Up: Connecting to the Target
1.2 Connection via the GDB Remote Serial Protocol
=================================================
The usual mode of operation is through the GDB "Remote Serial Protocol"
(RSP). This communicates to the target through a TCP/IP socket. The
target must then implement the server side of the interface to drive
either physical hardware (for example through a USB/JTAG connector) or a
simulation of the hardware (such as the OpenRISC Architectural
Simulator).
Although referred to as a _remote_ interface, the target may actually
be on the same machine, just running in a separate process, with its own
terminal window.
For example, to connect to the OpenRISC 1000 Architectural
simulator, which is running on machine "thomas" and has been configured
to talk to GDB on port 51000, the following command would be used:
`target remote thomas:51000'
The target machine is specified as the machine name and port number.
If the architectural simulator was running on the same machine, its
name may be omitted, thus:
`target remote :51000'
File: or1k.info, Node: Remote JTAG Connection, Prev: Remote Serial Protocol Connection, Up: Connecting to the Target
1.3 Connection via the OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Interface
==========================================================
Historically, GDB communicated with remote OpenRISC 1000 targets using
a customer protocol, the "OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Interface".
This protocol is maintained for backwards compatibility, but is now
deprecated. It communicates to the target through a TCP/IP socket. The
target must then implement the client side of the interface to drive
either physical hardware (for example through a USB/JTAG connector) or
a simulation of the hardware (such as the OpenRISC Architectural
Simulator).
Although referred to as the _remote_ interface, the target may
actually be on the same machine, just running in a separate process,
with its own terminal window.
For example, to connect to the OpenRISC 1000 Architectural
simulator, which is running on machine "thomas" and has been configured
to talk to GDB on port 50000, I could use the command:
`target jtag jtag://thomas:50000'
The target machine is specified after the jtag:// and separated from
the target port by a colon. If the architectural simulator was running
on the same machine, just locahost would suffice as the machine name,
thus:
`target jtag jtag://localhost:50000'
Unfortunately there are now two different flavours of the JTAG
interface used with OpenRISC 1000. The original version was created for
use with the OpenRISC 1000 System-on-Chip, ORPSoC. A new (smaller and
simpler) JTAG interface was developed by Igor Mohor in 2004, which is
used on some designs.
The default behavior of GDB is to use the original ORPSoC version of
the interface for backwards compatibility. GDB can use the Igor Mohor
version by specifying for example:
`target jtag jtag_mohor://localhost:50000'
This interface is only available with remote connections using the
legacy OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Protocol (deprecated). The direct JP1
interface can support only the ORPSoC version of JTAG.
The recommended approach is to use the GDB "Remote Serial Protocol"
which interfaces directly to the simulator, and is independent of the
JTAG implementation used.
For completeness
`target jtag jtag_orpsoc://localhost:50000'
is provided as a synonym for:
`target jtag jtag://localhost:50000'
By default, establishing a connection _does not_ reset the target.
This allows debugging to resume a partially complete program on
connection. If a reset is required, the keyworkd `RESET' (case
insensitive) may be added at the end of the `target' command. For
example:
`target jtag jtag://localhost:50000 reset'
Warning: The OpenRISC remote JTAG interface is not particularly
robust. In particular dropping and reconnecting sessions does not
seem to work well. This was a key factor in its replacement by the
generic GDB Remote Serial Interface.
File: or1k.info, Node: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands, Next: OpenRISC 1000 Example, Prev: Connecting to the Target, Up: Top
2 Commands just for the OpenRISC 1000
*************************************
The OpenRISC 1000 has one particular feature that is difficult for GDB.
GDB models target processors with a register bank and a block of
memory. The internals of GDB assume that there are not a huge number of
registers in total.
The OpenRISC 1000 Special Purpose Registers (SPR) do not really fit
well into this structure. There are too many of them (12 groups each
with 2000+ entries so far, with up to 32 groups permitted) to be
implemented as ordinary registers in GDB. Think what this would mean
for the command `info registers all'. However they cannot be considered
memory, since they do not reside in the main memory map.
The solution is to add two new commands to GDB to see the value of a
particular SPR and to set the value of a particular SPR.
1. `info spr' is used to show the value of a SPR or group of SPRs.
2. `spr' is used to set the value of an individual SPR.
* Menu:
* Reading SPRs:: Using the ``info spr'' command
* Writing SPRs:: Using the spr command
File: or1k.info, Node: Reading SPRs, Next: Writing SPRs, Up: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands
2.1 Using the `info spr' Command
================================
The value of an SPR is read by specifying either the unique name of the
SPR, or the its group and index in that group. For example the Debug
Reason Register (`DRR', register 21 in group 6 (Debug)) can be read
using any of the following commands:
`info spr DRR'
`info spr debug DRR'
`info spr debug 21'
`info spr 6 DRR'
`info spr 6 21'
In each case the output will be:
`DEBUG.DRR = SPR6_21 = 0 (0x0)'
It is also possible to inspect all the registers in a group. For
example to look at all the Programmable Interrupt Controller registers
(group 9), either of the following commands could be used:
`info spr PIC'
`info spr 9'
And the output would be:
`PIC.PICMR = SPR9_0 = 0 (0x9)'
`PIC.PICSR = SPR9_2 = 0 (0x8)'
Indicating that interrupts 0 and 4 are enabled and interrupt 4 is
pending.
File: or1k.info, Node: Writing SPRs, Prev: Reading SPRs, Up: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands
2.2 Using the `spr' Command
===========================
The value of an SPR is written by specifying the unique name of the SPR
or its group and index in the same manner as for the `info spr'
command. An additional argument specifies the value to be written. So
for example the Programmable Interrupt Controller mask register could
be changed to enable interrupts 5 and 3 only by any of the following
commands.
`spr PICMR 0x24'
`spr PIC PICMR 0x24'
`spr PIC 0 0x24'
`spr 9 PICMR 0x24'
`spr 9 2 0x24'
File: or1k.info, Node: OpenRISC 1000 Example, Next: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations, Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands, Up: Top
3 A Small Example
*****************
A simple "Hello World" program (what else) is used to show the basics
This is the cannonical small program. Here is the main program and
its two subprograms (added to demonstrate a meaningful backtrace).
void level2() {
simexit( 0 );
}
void level1() {
level2();
}
main()
{
int i;
int j;
simputs( "Hello World!\n" );
level1();
}
It is linked with a program providing the utility functions
`simexit', `simputc' and `simprints'.
void simexit( int rc )
{
__asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_EXIT ));
} /* simexit() */
void simputc( int c )
{
__asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_PUTC ));
} /* simputc() */
void simputs( char *str )
{
int i;
for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0' ; i++ ) {
simputc( (int)(str[i]) );
}
} /* simputs() */
Finally, a small bootloader is needed, which will be placed at the
OpenRISC reset vector location (0x100) to set up a stack and jump to
the main program.
.org 0x100 # The reset routine goes at 0x100
.global _start
_start:
l.addi r1,r0,0x7f00 # Set SP to value 0x7f00
l.addi r2,r1,0x0 # FP and SP are the same
l.mfspr r3,r0,17 # Get SR value
l.ori r3,r3,0x10 # Set exception enable bit
l.jal _main # Jump to main routine
l.mtspr r0,r3,17 # Enable exceptions (DELAY SLOT)
.org 0xFFC
l.nop # Guarantee the exception vector space
# does not have general purpose code
This is compiled and linked with the OpenRISC 1000 GNU toolchain.
Note that the linking must specify the bootloader first and use the
`-Ttext 0x0' argument.
The Or1ksim architectural simulator is configured with memory
starting at location 0x0. The debugging interface is enabled by using a
debug section.
section debug
enabled = 1
gdb_enabled = 1
server_port = 50000
end
The architectural simulator is started in its own terminal window.
If the configuration is in `rsp.cfg', then the command might be:
`or32-uclinux-sim -f rsp.cfg'
Reading script file from 'rsp.cfg'...
Building automata... done, num uncovered: 0/213.
Parsing operands data... done.
Resetting memory controller.
Resetting PIC.
Note that no program is specified - that will be loaded from GDB.
In a separate window start up GDB.
`or32-uclinux-gdb'
A local copy of the symbol table is needed, specified with the `file'
command.
Building automata... done, num uncovered: 0/216.
Parsing operands data... done.
GNU gdb 6.8
Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "--host=i686-pc-linux-gnu --target=or32-uclinux".
(gdb) `file hello'
Reading symbols from /home/jeremy/svntrunk/GNU/gdb-6.8/progs_or32/hello...done.
(gdb)
The connection to the target (the architectural simulator) is then
established, using the port number given in the configuration file.
(gdb) `target remote :51000'
Remote debugging using :51000
0x00000100 in _start ()
(gdb)
The program of interest can now be loaded:
(gdb) `load hello'
Loading section .text, size 0x1290 lma 0x0
Loading section .rodata, size 0xe lma 0x1290
Start address 0x100, load size 4766
Transfer rate: 5 KB/sec, 238 bytes/write.
(gdb)
The program does not immediately start running, since on opening the
connection to the target, Or1ksim stalls.
All the GDB commands (including the SPR commands are available). For
example
(gdb) `bt'
#0 0x00000100 in _start ()
(gdb) `info spr 0 17'
SYS.SR = SPR0_17 = 32769 (0x8001)
(gdb)
The Supervision Register shows the target is in Supervisor Mode and
that SPRs have User Mode read access.
_Note._ The supervision register is used to provide the value for the
GDB `$ps' processor status variable, so can also be accessed as:
(gdb) `print $ps'
$1 = 32769
(gdb)
For this example set a breakpoint at the start of main and then
continue the program
(gdb) `break main'
Breakpoint 1 at 0x1264: file hello.c, line 41.
(gdb) `continue'
Continuing.
Breakpoint 1, main () at hello.c:41
41 simputs( "Hello World!\n" );
(gdb)
It is now possible to step through the code:
(gdb) `step'
simputs (str=0x1290 "Hello World!\n") at utils.c:90
90 for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0' ; i++ ) {
(gdb) `step'
91 simputc( (int)(str[i]) );
(gdb) `step'
simputc (c=72) at utils.c:58
58 __asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_PUTC ));
(gdb)
At this point a backtrace will show where the code has reached:
(gdb) `bt'
#0 simputc (c=72) at utils.c:58
#1 0x000011cc in simputs (str=0x1290 "Hello World!\n") at utils.c:91
#2 0x00001274 in main () at hello.c:41
#3 0x00000118 in _start ()
(gdb)
One more step completes the call to the character output routine.
Inspecting the terminal running the Or1ksim simulation, shows the
output appearing:
JTAG Proxy server started on port 50000
Resetting PIC.
H
Let the program run to completion by giving GDB the continue command:
(gdb) `continue'
Continuing.
Remote connection closed
(gdb)
With completion of the program, the terminal running Or1ksim shows
its final output:
Resetting PIC.
Hello World!
exit(0)
@reset : cycles 0, insn #0
@exit : cycles 215892308, insn #215891696
diff : cycles 215892308, insn #215891696
When execution exits (by execution of a `l.nop 1'), the connection
to the target is automatically broken as the simulator exits.
File: or1k.info, Node: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations, Next: Copying, Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Example, Up: Top
4 Known Problems
****************
There are some known problems with the current implementation
1. If the OpenRISC 1000 Architecture supports hardware watchpoints,
GDB will use them to implement hardware breakpoints and
watchpoints. GDB is not perfect in handling of watchpoints. It is
possible to allocate hardware watchpoints and not discover until
running that sufficient watchpoints are not available. It is also
possible that GDB will report watchpoints being hit spuriously.
This can be down to the assembly code having additional memory
accesses that are not obviously reflected in the source code.
2. The remote JTAG connection is not robust to being interrupted, or
reconnecting. If the connection is lost due to error, then you
must restart GDB and the target server (for example the Or1ksim
architectural simulator). Moving to the Remote Serial Protocol is
intended to remedy this problem in the future.
3. The OpenRISC 1000 architecture has evolved since the port of GDB
5.3 in 2001. In particular the structure of the Unit Present
register has changed and the CPU Configuration register has been
added. The port of GDB version 6.8 uses the _current_
specification of the OpenRISC 1000. This means that old clients
that talk to the debugger may not work. In particular the Or1ksim
Architectural simulator requires a patch to work.
4. The handling of watchpoints in the Or1ksim architectural simulator
was incorrect. To work with GDB 6.8, a patch is required to fix
this problem. This is combined with the patch changing the
structure of the Unit Present and CPU Configuration registers.
5. The OpenRISC 1000 architecture uses its General Purpose Register
(GPR) 2 as a frame pointer register. However the `$fp' variable in
GDB is not currently implemented, and will return the value of the
stack pointer (GPR 1) instead.
Reports of bugs are much welcomed. Please report problems through the
OpenCORES tracker at `www.opencores.org/ptracker.cgi/list/or1k'.
File: or1k.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations, Up: Top
Appendix A GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
*************************************
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
========
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
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medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with
such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete
source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
used to control compilation and installation of the executable.
However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include anything that is normally distributed (in either
source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify
or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions
are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
willing to distribute software through any other system and a
licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies a version number of this License which applies
to it and "any later version", you have the option of following
the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
File: or1k.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
which the general network-using public has access to download
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
B.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
========================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
File: or1k.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Index
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