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INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gdb for OpenRISC 1000: (gdb for Or1K).   The GNU debugger for OpenRISC 1000.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU debugger GDB when used with OpenRISC
1000 processors.

   This is the Second Edition, of `Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 GDB' for
GDB Version 6.8.

   Copyright (C) 2008 Embecosm Limited

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 3 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Front-Cover Texts being "Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 with GDB by Jeremy
Bennett" and with the Back-Cover Texts being "You are free to copy and
modify this Manual."


File: or1k.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Summary,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

Debugging the OpenRISC 1000 with GDB
************************************

This file describes GDB, the GNU symbolic debugger for use with the
OpenRISC 1000 processor architecture.

   This is the Second Edition, for GDB Version 6.8.

   Copyright (C) 2008 Embecosm Limited

* Menu:

* Summary::                         Summary of GDB with OpenRISC 1000
* Connecting to the Target::        Connecting to an OpenRISC 1000 Target
* OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands:: Commands just for the OpenRISC 1000
* OpenRISC 1000 Example::           A small example
* OpenRISC 1000 Limitations::       Known problems

* Copying::                         GNU General Public License says
                                    how you can copy and share GDB
* GNU Free Documentation License::  The license for this documentation
* Index::                           Index


File: or1k.info,  Node: Summary,  Next: Connecting to the Target,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Summary of GDB with OpenRISC 1000
*********************************

GDB is described well in its user manual, "Debugging with GDB: The GNU
Source-Level Debugger".

   This manual describes how to use GDB to debug C programs cross
compiled for and running on processors using the OpenRISC 1000
architecture. In general GDB does not run on the actual target, but on
a separate host processor. It communicates with the target via the GDB
"Remote Serial Protocol" (RSP).

   For backwards compatibility, GDB for OpenRISC also supports the
legacy custom remote protocol, which drives the JTAG interface on the
OpenRISC 1000.  This is provided by adding a special target, "jtag" to
GDB, allowing the debugger to connect via the JTAG interface. *Note
Connecting to the Target: Connecting to the Target.

   In addition the info command is extended to allow inspection of
OpenRISC 1000 Special Purpose registers, and a new command "spr" is
added to set the value of a Special Purpose Register. *Note OpenRISC
1000 Specific Commands: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.

   All the normal GDB commands should work, although hardware
watchpoints are not tested at present. The `info registers' command
will show the 32 general purpose registers, while the `info registers
all' command will add the program counter, supervision register and
exception program counter register.

   For those who like their debugging graphical, the `gdbtui' command is
available (typically as `or32-uclinux-gdbtui'). GDB for OpenRISC 1000
can also be run under `ddd' as follows:

     `ddd --debugger=or32-uclinux-gdb --gdb'

* Menu:

* Contributors::                Contributors to GDB for the OpenRISC 1000


File: or1k.info,  Node: Contributors,  Up: Summary

Contributors to GDB for the OpenRISC 1000
=========================================

The pantheon of contributors to GDB over the years is recorded in the
main user manual, `Debugging with GDB: The GNU Source-Level Debugger".

   There is no official history of contributors to the OpenRISC 1000
version. However the current author believes the original GDB 5.0 and
5.3 ports were the work of:

   * Ivan Guzvinec and Johan Rydverg at OpenCores, who wrote the Binary
     File Descriptor library;

   * Alessandro Forin at Carnegie-Mellon University and Per Bothner at
     the University of Wisconsin who wrote the main GDB interface; and

   * Mark Mlinar at Cygnus Support and Chris Ziomkowski at ASICS.ws,who
     wrote the OpenRISC JTAG interface.

   The port to GDB 6.8 is the work of Jeremy Bennett of Embecosm
Limited (jeremy.bennett@embecosm.com).

     Plea: If you know of anyone who has been omitted from this list,
     please email the current author, so the omission can be corrected,
     and credit given where it is due.


File: or1k.info,  Node: Connecting to the Target,  Next: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands,  Prev: Summary,  Up: Top

1 Connecting to an OpenRISC 1000 Target
***************************************

There are two ways to connect to an OpenRISC 1000 target with GDB.

  1. To hardware directly connected via a JP1 header linked to the
     parallel port. This uses the GDB command `target jtag'.

  2. Via a TCP/IP socket to a machine which has the hardware connected,
     or is running the architectural simulator using the standard GDB
     "Remote Serial Protocol". This uses the GDB commands `target
     remote' or `target extended-remote'.

  3. Via a TCP/IP socket to a machine which has the hardware connected,
     or is running the architectural simulator using the custom
     OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG protocol. This uses the GDB command
     `target jtag'.

          Note: This connection mechanism is deprecated. It remains for
          backward compatibility only.


     Caution: If used with version 0.2.0 of the architectural
     simulator, Or1ksim, GDB version 6.8 requires a patch to be applied
     to the architectural simulator. This should be available on the
     OpenCores website, or contact the author directly. Only the legacy
     OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Protocol interface is available for this
     version of the architectural simualtor.

     The user is strongly recommended to use Or1ksim 0.3.0 or later,
     since this interfaces directly to GDB using the "Remote Serial
     Protocol".

* Menu:

* Direct JTAG Connection::            Direct connection via a JTAG JP1
                                      interface
* Remote Serial Protocol Connection:: Connection via the GDB Remote
                                      Serial Protocol Interface
* Remote JTAG Connection::            Connection via the OpenRISC 1000 Remote
                                      JTAG Interface


File: or1k.info,  Node: Direct JTAG Connection,  Next: Remote Serial Protocol Connection,  Up: Connecting to the Target

1.1 Direct connection via a JTAG JP1 Interface
==============================================

In this case the the device to which the JP1 header is connected must be
specifed to the `target jtag' command. Typically that will be the
parallel printer port, so the command would be:

     `target jtag /dev/lp'

     Caution: The current author is not aware of anyone using the JP1
     interface. As a result this code has not been tested in the port to
     GDB version 6.8. Modern hardware connections are usually via
     interfaces such as USB, for which the OpenRISC Remote Interface
     can be used (*note Remote JTAG Connection: Remote JTAG
     Connection.).


File: or1k.info,  Node: Remote Serial Protocol Connection,  Next: Remote JTAG Connection,  Prev: Direct JTAG Connection,  Up: Connecting to the Target

1.2 Connection via the GDB Remote Serial Protocol
=================================================

The usual mode of operation is through the GDB "Remote Serial Protocol"
(RSP). This communicates to the target through a TCP/IP socket. The
target must then implement the server side of the interface to drive
either physical hardware (for example through a USB/JTAG connector) or a
simulation of the hardware (such as the OpenRISC Architectural
Simulator).

   Although referred to as a _remote_ interface, the target may actually
be on the same machine, just running in a separate process, with its own
terminal window.

   For example, to connect to the OpenRISC 1000 Architectural
simulator, which is running on machine "thomas" and has been configured
to talk to GDB on port 51000, the following command would be used:

     `target remote thomas:51000'

   The target machine is specified as the machine name and port number.
If the architectural simulator was running on the same machine, its
name may be omitted, thus:

     `target remote :51000'


File: or1k.info,  Node: Remote JTAG Connection,  Prev: Remote Serial Protocol Connection,  Up: Connecting to the Target

1.3 Connection via the OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Interface
==========================================================

Historically, GDB communicated with remote OpenRISC 1000 targets using
a customer protocol, the "OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Interface".

   This protocol is maintained for backwards compatibility, but is now
deprecated. It communicates to the target through a TCP/IP socket. The
target must then implement the client side of the interface to drive
either physical hardware (for example through a USB/JTAG connector) or
a simulation of the hardware (such as the OpenRISC Architectural
Simulator).

   Although referred to as the _remote_ interface, the target may
actually be on the same machine, just running in a separate process,
with its own terminal window.

   For example, to connect to the OpenRISC 1000 Architectural
simulator, which is running on machine "thomas" and has been configured
to talk to GDB on port 50000, I could use the command:

     `target jtag jtag://thomas:50000'

   The target machine is specified after the jtag:// and separated from
the target port by a colon. If the architectural simulator was running
on the same machine, just locahost would suffice as the machine name,
thus:

     `target jtag jtag://localhost:50000'

   Unfortunately there are now two different flavours of the JTAG
interface used with OpenRISC 1000. The original version was created for
use with the OpenRISC 1000 System-on-Chip, ORPSoC. A new (smaller and
simpler) JTAG interface was developed by Igor Mohor in 2004, which is
used on some designs.

   The default behavior of GDB is to use the original ORPSoC version of
the interface for backwards compatibility. GDB can use the Igor Mohor
version by specifying for example:

     `target jtag jtag_mohor://localhost:50000'

   This interface is only available with remote connections using the
legacy OpenRISC 1000 Remote JTAG Protocol (deprecated). The direct JP1
interface can support only the ORPSoC version of JTAG.

   The recommended approach is to use the GDB "Remote Serial Protocol"
which interfaces directly to the simulator, and is independent of the
JTAG implementation used.

   For completeness

     `target jtag jtag_orpsoc://localhost:50000'

   is provided as a synonym for:

     `target jtag jtag://localhost:50000'

   By default, establishing a connection _does not_ reset the target.
This allows debugging to resume a partially complete program on
connection. If a reset is required, the keyworkd `RESET' (case
insensitive) may be added at the end of the `target' command. For
example:

     `target jtag jtag://localhost:50000 reset'

     Warning: The OpenRISC remote JTAG interface is not particularly
     robust. In particular dropping and reconnecting sessions does not
     seem to work well. This was a key factor in its replacement by the
     generic GDB Remote Serial Interface.


File: or1k.info,  Node: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands,  Next: OpenRISC 1000 Example,  Prev: Connecting to the Target,  Up: Top

2 Commands just for the OpenRISC 1000
*************************************

The OpenRISC 1000 has one particular feature that is difficult for GDB.
GDB models target processors with a register bank and a block of
memory. The internals of GDB assume that there are not a huge number of
registers in total.

   The OpenRISC 1000 Special Purpose Registers (SPR) do not really fit
well into this structure. There are too many of them (12 groups each
with 2000+ entries so far, with up to 32 groups permitted) to be
implemented as ordinary registers in GDB. Think what this would mean
for the command `info registers all'. However they cannot be considered
memory, since they do not reside in the main memory map.

   The solution is to add two new commands to GDB to see the value of a
particular SPR and to set the value of a particular SPR.

  1. `info spr' is used to show the value of a SPR or group of SPRs.

  2. `spr' is used to set the value of an individual SPR.

* Menu:

* Reading SPRs::            Using the ``info spr'' command
* Writing SPRs::            Using the spr command


File: or1k.info,  Node: Reading SPRs,  Next: Writing SPRs,  Up: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands

2.1 Using the `info spr' Command
================================

The value of an SPR is read by specifying either the unique name of the
SPR, or the its group and index in that group. For example the Debug
Reason Register (`DRR', register 21 in group 6 (Debug)) can be read
using any of the following commands:

     `info spr DRR'
     `info spr debug DRR'
     `info spr debug 21'
     `info spr 6 DRR'
     `info spr 6 21'

   In each case the output will be:

     `DEBUG.DRR = SPR6_21 = 0 (0x0)'

   It is also possible to inspect all the registers in a group. For
example to look at all the Programmable Interrupt Controller registers
(group 9), either of the following commands could be used:

     `info spr PIC'
     `info spr 9'

   And the output would be:

     `PIC.PICMR = SPR9_0 = 0 (0x9)'
     `PIC.PICSR = SPR9_2 = 0 (0x8)'

   Indicating that interrupts 0 and 4 are enabled and interrupt 4 is
pending.


File: or1k.info,  Node: Writing SPRs,  Prev: Reading SPRs,  Up: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands

2.2 Using the `spr' Command
===========================

The value of an SPR is written by specifying the unique name of the SPR
or its group and index in the same manner as for the `info spr'
command. An additional argument specifies the value to be written. So
for example the Programmable Interrupt Controller mask register could
be changed to enable interrupts 5 and 3 only by any of the following
commands.

     `spr PICMR 0x24'
     `spr PIC PICMR 0x24'
     `spr PIC 0 0x24'
     `spr 9 PICMR 0x24'
     `spr 9 2 0x24'


File: or1k.info,  Node: OpenRISC 1000 Example,  Next: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations,  Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands,  Up: Top

3 A Small Example
*****************

A simple "Hello World" program (what else) is used to show the basics

   This is the cannonical small program. Here is the main program and
its two subprograms (added to demonstrate a meaningful backtrace).

     void level2() {
       simexit( 0 );
     }

     void level1() {
       level2();
     }

     main()
     {
       int  i;
       int  j;

       simputs( "Hello World!\n" );
       level1();
     }

   It is linked with a program providing the utility functions
`simexit', `simputc' and `simprints'.

     void  simexit( int  rc )
     {
       __asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_EXIT ));

     }  /* simexit() */

     void  simputc( int  c )
     {
       __asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_PUTC ));

     }  /* simputc() */

     void  simputs( char *str )
     {
       int  i;

       for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0' ; i++ ) {
         simputc( (int)(str[i]) );
       }
     }  /* simputs() */

   Finally, a small bootloader is needed, which will be placed at the
OpenRISC reset vector location (0x100) to set up a stack and jump to
the main program.

             .org    0x100           # The reset routine goes at 0x100
             .global _start
     _start:
             l.addi  r1,r0,0x7f00    # Set SP to value 0x7f00
             l.addi  r2,r1,0x0       # FP and SP are the same
             l.mfspr r3,r0,17        # Get SR value
             l.ori   r3,r3,0x10      # Set exception enable bit
             l.jal   _main           # Jump to main routine
             l.mtspr r0,r3,17        # Enable exceptions (DELAY SLOT)

             .org    0xFFC
             l.nop                   # Guarantee the exception vector space
                                     # does not have general purpose code

   This is compiled and linked with the OpenRISC 1000 GNU toolchain.
Note that the linking must specify the bootloader first and use the
`-Ttext 0x0' argument.

   The Or1ksim architectural simulator is configured with memory
starting at location 0x0. The debugging interface is enabled by using a
debug section.

     section debug
       enabled         =          1
       gdb_enabled     =          1
       server_port     =      50000
     end

   The architectural simulator is started in its own terminal window.
If the configuration is in `rsp.cfg', then the command might be:

     `or32-uclinux-sim -f rsp.cfg'
     Reading script file from 'rsp.cfg'...
     Building automata... done, num uncovered: 0/213.
     Parsing operands data... done.
     Resetting memory controller.
     Resetting PIC.

   Note that no program is specified - that will be loaded from GDB.

   In a separate window start up GDB.

     `or32-uclinux-gdb'

   A local copy of the symbol table is needed, specified with the `file'
command.

     Building automata... done, num uncovered: 0/216.
     Parsing operands data... done.
     GNU gdb 6.8
     Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
     This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
     There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.  Type "show copying"
     and "show warranty" for details.
     This GDB was configured as "--host=i686-pc-linux-gnu --target=or32-uclinux".
     (gdb) `file hello'
     Reading symbols from /home/jeremy/svntrunk/GNU/gdb-6.8/progs_or32/hello...done.
     (gdb)

   The connection to the target (the architectural simulator) is then
established, using the port number given in the configuration file.

     (gdb) `target remote :51000'
     Remote debugging using :51000
     0x00000100 in _start ()
     (gdb)

   The program of interest can now be loaded:

     (gdb) `load hello'
     Loading section .text, size 0x1290 lma 0x0
     Loading section .rodata, size 0xe lma 0x1290
     Start address 0x100, load size 4766
     Transfer rate: 5 KB/sec, 238 bytes/write.
     (gdb)

   The program does not immediately start running, since on opening the
connection to the target, Or1ksim stalls.

   All the GDB commands (including the SPR commands are available). For
example

     (gdb) `bt'
     #0  0x00000100 in _start ()
     (gdb) `info spr 0 17'
     SYS.SR = SPR0_17 = 32769 (0x8001)
     (gdb)

   The Supervision Register shows the target is in Supervisor Mode and
that SPRs have User Mode read access.

   _Note._ The supervision register is used to provide the value for the
GDB `$ps' processor status variable, so can also be accessed as:

     (gdb) `print $ps'
     $1 = 32769
     (gdb)

   For this example set a breakpoint at the start of main and then
continue the program

     (gdb) `break main'
     Breakpoint 1 at 0x1264: file hello.c, line 41.
     (gdb) `continue'
     Continuing.

     Breakpoint 1, main () at hello.c:41
     41        simputs( "Hello World!\n" );
     (gdb)

   It is now possible to step through the code:
     (gdb) `step'
     simputs (str=0x1290 "Hello World!\n") at utils.c:90
     90        for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0' ; i++ ) {
     (gdb) `step'
     91          simputc( (int)(str[i]) );
     (gdb) `step'
     simputc (c=72) at utils.c:58
     58        __asm__ __volatile__ ( "\tl.nop\t%0" : : "K"( NOP_PUTC ));
     (gdb)

   At this point a backtrace will show where the code has reached:

     (gdb) `bt'
     #0  simputc (c=72) at utils.c:58
     #1  0x000011cc in simputs (str=0x1290 "Hello World!\n") at utils.c:91
     #2  0x00001274 in main () at hello.c:41
     #3  0x00000118 in _start ()
     (gdb)

   One more step completes the call to the character output routine.
Inspecting the terminal running the Or1ksim simulation, shows the
output appearing:

     JTAG Proxy server started on port 50000
     Resetting PIC.
     H

   Let the program run to completion by giving GDB the continue command:
     (gdb) `continue'
     Continuing.
     Remote connection closed
     (gdb)

   With completion of the program, the terminal running Or1ksim shows
its final output:

     Resetting PIC.
     Hello World!
     exit(0)
     @reset : cycles 0, insn #0
     @exit  : cycles 215892308, insn #215891696
      diff  : cycles 215892308, insn #215891696

   When execution exits (by execution of a `l.nop 1'), the connection
to the target is automatically broken as the simulator exits.


File: or1k.info,  Node: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations,  Next: Copying,  Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Example,  Up: Top

4 Known Problems
****************

There are some known problems with the current implementation

  1. If the OpenRISC 1000 Architecture supports hardware watchpoints,
     GDB will use them to implement hardware breakpoints and
     watchpoints. GDB is not perfect in handling of watchpoints. It is
     possible to allocate hardware watchpoints and not discover until
     running that sufficient watchpoints are not available. It is also
     possible that GDB will report watchpoints being hit spuriously.
     This can be down to the assembly code having additional memory
     accesses that are not obviously reflected in the source code.

  2. The remote JTAG connection is not robust to being interrupted, or
     reconnecting. If the connection is lost due to error, then you
     must restart GDB and the target server (for example the Or1ksim
     architectural simulator). Moving to the Remote Serial Protocol is
     intended to remedy this problem in the future.

  3. The OpenRISC 1000 architecture has evolved since the port of GDB
     5.3 in 2001. In particular the structure of the Unit Present
     register has changed and the CPU Configuration register has been
     added. The port of GDB version 6.8 uses the _current_
     specification of the OpenRISC 1000. This means that old clients
     that talk to the debugger may not work. In particular the Or1ksim
     Architectural simulator requires a patch to work.

  4. The handling of watchpoints in the Or1ksim architectural simulator
     was incorrect. To work with GDB 6.8, a patch is required to fix
     this problem. This is combined with the patch changing the
     structure of the Unit Present and CPU Configuration registers.

  5. The OpenRISC 1000 architecture uses its General Purpose Register
     (GPR) 2 as a frame pointer register. However the `$fp' variable in
     GDB is not currently implemented, and will return the value of the
     stack pointer (GPR 1) instead.

   Reports of bugs are much welcomed. Please report problems through the
OpenCORES tracker at `www.opencores.org/ptracker.cgi/list/or1k'.


File: or1k.info,  Node: Copying,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations,  Up: Top

Appendix A GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
*************************************

                         Version 2, June 1991

     Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
  0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
     notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
     under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program",
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     the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under
     copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a
     portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
     translated into another language.  (Hereinafter, translation is
     included without limitation in the term "modification".)  Each
     licensee is addressed as "you".

     Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
     not covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act
     of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
     Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on
     the Program (independent of having been made by running the
     Program).  Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
     source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
     conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
     copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
     notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
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     this License along with the Program.

     You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
     and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
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  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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     above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

       a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
          stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

       b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
          in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
          or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge
          to all third parties under the terms of this License.

       c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
          when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
          interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display
          an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
          a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
          provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the
          program under these conditions, and telling the user how to
          view a copy of this License.  (Exception: if the Program
          itself is interactive but does not normally print such an
          announcement, your work based on the Program is not required
          to print an announcement.)

     These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
     identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the
     Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
     works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
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     works.  But when you distribute the same sections as part of a
     whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
     the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
     for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each
     and every part regardless of who wrote it.

     Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
     contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
     intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of
     derivative or collective works based on the Program.

     In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
     Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on
     a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the
     other work under the scope of this License.

  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
     under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
     of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the
     following:

       a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
          source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
          Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
          software interchange; or,

       b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
          years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
          cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
          machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
          distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
          medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

       c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
          to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
          allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
          received the program in object code or executable form with
          such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

     The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
     making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete
     source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
     plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
     used to control compilation and installation of the executable.
     However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
     not include anything that is normally distributed (in either
     source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
     kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
     runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

     If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
     access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
     access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
     distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
     compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

  5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
     signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify
     or distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions
     are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
     Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
     based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
     License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
     distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
     Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
     original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
     subject to these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any
     further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
     granted herein.  You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
     by third parties to this License.

  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
     infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
     issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
     agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
     License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
     License.  If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
     your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
     obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
     Program at all.  For example, if a patent license would not permit
     royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
     receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
     way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
     entirely from distribution of the Program.

     If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
     under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
     intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
     in other circumstances.

     It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
     patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
     any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
     the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
     implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
     generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
     through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
     system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
     willing to distribute software through any other system and a
     licensee cannot impose that choice.

     This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
     to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
     certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
     the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
     License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
     excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
     in or among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
     License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
     this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
     versions of the General Public License from time to time.  Such
     new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
     may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

     Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
     Program specifies a version number of this License which applies
     to it and "any later version", you have the option of following
     the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
     version published by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Program
     does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
     any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
     programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
     author to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted
     by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
     Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision
     will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
     all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
     and reuse of software generally.

                                NO WARRANTY
 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
     WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
     LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
     HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
     WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
     NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
     FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
     QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
     PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
     SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
     WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
     MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
     LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
     INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
     INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
     DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
     OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
     OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
     ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) YEAR  NAME OF AUTHOR

     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.

     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
     Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:

     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
     type `show w'.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

   The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
if necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
     `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

     SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
     Ty Coon, President of Vice

   This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.


File: or1k.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Index,  Prev: Copying,  Up: Top

Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************

                      Version 1.2, November 2002

     Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
     can be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You
     accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
     way requiring permission under copyright law.

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
     License.  If a section does not fit the above definition of
     Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
     The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document
     does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
     markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
     modification by readers is not Transparent.  An image format is
     not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.  A
     copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
     standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
     human modification.  Examples of transparent image formats include
     PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
     XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
     available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
     produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
     the conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
     other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
     state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
     which the general network-using public has access to download
     using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
     copy of the Document, free of added material.  If you use the
     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
     location until at least one year after the last time you
     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
     retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
     version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
     things in the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
          previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
          in the History section of the Document).  You may use the
          same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
          that version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
          the Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in
          the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
          and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
          then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
          the previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
          the "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a
          work that was published at least four years before the
          Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
          it refers to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
          section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
          unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
          or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
          titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
     other section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
     publisher that added the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
     documents in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
     that document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
     a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
     Free Software Foundation.

B.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
========================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
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   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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permit their use in free software.


File: or1k.info,  Node: Index,  Prev: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Top

Index
*****

[index]
* Menu:

* Alessandro Forin:                      Contributors.        (line  16)
* Bennett, Jeremy:                       Contributors.        (line  22)
* BFD:                                   Contributors.        (line  13)
* Binary File Description library:       Contributors.        (line  13)
* Bothner, Per:                          Contributors.        (line  16)
* breakpoint command example:            OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* bt command example:                    OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* bugs:                                  OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line   6)
* bugs, architectural compatibility:     OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  23)
* bugs, Or1ksim architectural simulator: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  31)
* bugs, remote JTAG connection robustness: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  17)
* Bugs, reporting:                       OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  41)
* bugs, watchpoints:                     OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line   8)
* Chris Ziomkowski:                      Contributors.        (line  19)
* commands, breakpoint, example:         OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* commands, bt, example:                 OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* commands, continue, example:           OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* commands, info registers for OpenRISC 1000: Summary.        (line  26)
* commands, info spr <1>:                Reading SPRs.        (line   6)
* commands, info spr <2>:                OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* commands, info spr:                    Summary.             (line  21)
* commands, info spr, example:           OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* commands, OpenRISC 1000 specific:      Summary.             (line  21)
* commands, set, example:                OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 211)
* commands, spr:                         Summary.             (line  21)
* commands, spr command <1>:             Writing SPRs.        (line   6)
* commands, spr command:                 OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* commands, step, example:               OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 167)
* commands, target extended-remote:      Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* commands, target jtag:                 Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* commands, target jtag, direct:         Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* commands, target jtag, direct, testing: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  12)
* commands, target jtag, local:          Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* commands, target jtag, local, testing: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  12)
* commands, target jtag, remote <1>:     Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  24)
* commands, target jtag, remote:         Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  21)
* commands, target remote:               Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* commands, target remote, remote, example: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* configuration, OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line  74)
* configuration, Or1ksim:                OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line  74)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target:      Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   6)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, direct <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, direct: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, local <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, local: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, remote: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, remote via JTAG: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  16)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, remote via RSP <1>: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* connecting, OpenRISC 1000 target, remote via RSP: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* continue command example:              OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* continuening the remote program:       OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* contributors, OpenRISC 1000:           Contributors.        (line   9)
* contributors, unknown:                 Contributors.        (line  25)
* custom commands, OpenRISC 1000:        OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* ddd:                                   Summary.             (line  32)
* Debug interface types:                 Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  33)
* direct OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* direct OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* direct target jtag command:            Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* direct target specification:           Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* Embecosm:                              Contributors.        (line  22)
* examples:                              OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line   6)
* examples, breakpoint command:          OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* examples, bt command:                  OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* examples, continue command:            OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* examples, continuing a program:        OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 155)
* examples, Hello World:                 OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line   6)
* examples, info spr command:            OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* examples, program loading:             OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 124)
* examples, remote target remote command: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* examples, remote target specification via RSP: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* examples, set command:                 OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 211)
* examples, step command:                OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 167)
* examples, symbol file loading:         OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 103)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License:   GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* Forin, Alessandro:                     Contributors.        (line  16)
* GDB 5.3, differences in port of GDB version 6.8: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  23)
* GDB interface, OpenRISC 1000:          Contributors.        (line  16)
* gdbtui:                                Summary.             (line  32)
* graphical debugging:                   Summary.             (line  32)
* graphical debugging, ddd:              Summary.             (line  32)
* graphical debugging, gdbtui:           Summary.             (line  32)
* Guzvinex, Ivan:                        Contributors.        (line  13)
* Hello World example:                   OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line   6)
* Igor Mohor:                            Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  33)
* info registers command  for OpenRISC 1000: Summary.         (line  26)
* info spr command <1>:                  Reading SPRs.        (line   6)
* info spr command <2>:                  OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* info spr command:                      Summary.             (line  21)
* info spr command example:              OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 136)
* info spr command, argument specification: Reading SPRs.     (line   6)
* info spr command, complete group:      Reading SPRs.        (line  21)
* info spr command, single register:     Reading SPRs.        (line   6)
* Ivan Guzvinex:                         Contributors.        (line  13)
* Jeremy Bennett:                        Contributors.        (line  22)
* Johan Rydverg:                         Contributors.        (line  13)
* JTAG:                                  Summary.             (line  15)
* JTAG, OpenRISC 1000 interface:         Contributors.        (line  19)
* JTAG, remote connection robustness:    OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  17)
* JTAG, robustness or remote interface:  Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  69)
* jtag, target:                          Summary.             (line  15)
* known problems:                        OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line   6)
* known problems, architectural compatability: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  23)
* known problems, Or1ksim architectural simulator: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  31)
* known problems, remote JTAG connection robustness: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  17)
* known problems, watchpoints:           OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line   8)
* local OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* local OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* local target jtag command:             Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* local target specification:            Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* Mark Mlinar:                           Contributors.        (line  19)
* Mlinar, Mark:                          Contributors.        (line  19)
* Mohor, Igor:                           Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  33)
* OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator, configuration: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line  74)
* OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator, patch: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* OpenRISC 1000 JTAG interface:          Contributors.        (line  19)
* OpenRISC 1000 specific commands:       Summary.             (line  21)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting:      Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, direct connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, direct connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, local connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, local connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, remote connecting: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, remote connecting via JTAG: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  16)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, remote connecting via RSP <1>: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000 target, remote connecting via RSP: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* OpenRISC 1000, custom commands:        OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* OpenRISC 1000, known GDB problems:     OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line   6)
* Or1ksim:                               Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* Or1ksim, bugs fixed:                   OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  31)
* Or1ksim, configuration:                OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line  74)
* Or1ksim, patch:                        Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* Overview:                              Summary.             (line   6)
* patch, OpenRISC 1000 Architectural Simulator: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* patch, Or1ksim:                        Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  25)
* Per Bothner:                           Contributors.        (line  16)
* program loading:                       OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 124)
* program loading, example:              OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 124)
* program loading, remote:               OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 124)
* remote JTAG, connection robustness:    OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  17)
* remote OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* remote OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting via JTAG: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  16)
* remote OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting via RSP <1>: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* remote OpenRISC 1000 target, connecting via RSP: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* remote program loading, example:       OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 124)
* remote program restart:                OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 211)
* remote program termination:            OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 201)
* Remote Serial Protocol <1>:            Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  69)
* Remote Serial Protocol:                Summary.             (line   9)
* remote target jtag command <1>:        Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  24)
* remote target jtag command:            Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  21)
* remote target remote command, example: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* remote target specification:           Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  24)
* remote target specification for RSP:   Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  21)
* remote target specification via RSP, example: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* remote target specification, same machine: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  31)
* remote target specification, same machine for RSP: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  27)
* Reporting bugs:                        OpenRISC 1000 Limitations.
                                                              (line  41)
* reset:                                 Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  61)
* resetting the target:                  Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  61)
* restart, remote program:               OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 211)
* robustness, OpenRISC remote JTAG interface: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  69)
* RSP <1>:                               Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  69)
* RSP:                                   Summary.             (line   9)
* Rydverg, Johan:                        Contributors.        (line  13)
* set command example:                   OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 211)
* Special Purpose Registers:             Summary.             (line  21)
* SPR:                                   Summary.             (line  21)
* spr command <1>:                       Writing SPRs.        (line   6)
* spr command <2>:                       OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands.
                                                              (line   6)
* spr command:                           Summary.             (line  21)
* spr command, argument specification:   Writing SPRs.        (line   6)
* step command example:                  OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 167)
* Summary:                               Summary.             (line   6)
* symbol file loading:                   OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 103)
* symbols when remote debugging:         OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 103)
* target extended-remote command:        Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* target jtag:                           Summary.             (line  15)
* target jtag command:                   Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* target jtag command, direct:           Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* target jtag command, direct, testing:  Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  12)
* target jtag command, local:            Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* target jtag command, local, testing:   Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  12)
* target jtag command, remote <1>:       Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  24)
* target jtag command, remote:           Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  21)
* target remote command:                 Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* target remote command, remote, example: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* target reset:                          Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  61)
* target specification for RSP:          Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  21)
* target specification for RSP, same machine: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line  27)
* target specification, direct:          Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* target specification, local:           Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  10)
* target specification, remote:          Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  24)
* target specification, remote via RSP, example: OpenRISC 1000 Example.
                                                              (line 116)
* target specification, same machine:    Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line  31)
* target, direct, OpenRISC 1000, connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* target, direct, OpenRISC 1000, connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* target, local, OpenRISC 1000, connecting <1>: Direct JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* target, local, OpenRISC 1000, connecting: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   8)
* target, OpenRISC 1000, connecting:     Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line   6)
* target, remote, OpenRISC 1000, connecting: Remote JTAG Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* target, remote, OpenRISC 1000, connecting via JTAG: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  16)
* target, remote, OpenRISC 1000, connecting via RSP <1>: Remote Serial Protocol Connection.
                                                              (line   6)
* target, remote, OpenRISC 1000, connecting via RSP: Connecting to the Target.
                                                              (line  11)
* Ziomkowski, Chris:                     Contributors.        (line  19)



Tag Table:
Node: Top839
Node: Summary1747
Node: Contributors3516
Node: Connecting to the Target4611
Node: Direct JTAG Connection6534
Node: Remote Serial Protocol Connection7326
Node: Remote JTAG Connection8537
Node: OpenRISC 1000 Specific Commands11552
Node: Reading SPRs12773
Node: Writing SPRs13795
Node: OpenRISC 1000 Example14422
Node: OpenRISC 1000 Limitations20903
Node: Copying23115
Node: GNU Free Documentation License42340
Node: Index64776

End Tag Table