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/* Routines to implement minimum-cost maximal flow algorithm used to smooth basic block and edge frequency counts. Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Contributed by Paul Yuan (yingbo.com@gmail.com) and Vinodha Ramasamy (vinodha@google.com). This file is part of GCC. GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version. GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */ /* References: [1] "Feedback-directed Optimizations in GCC with Estimated Edge Profiles from Hardware Event Sampling", Vinodha Ramasamy, Paul Yuan, Dehao Chen, and Robert Hundt; GCC Summit 2008. [2] "Complementing Missing and Inaccurate Profiling Using a Minimum Cost Circulation Algorithm", Roy Levin, Ilan Newman and Gadi Haber; HiPEAC '08. Algorithm to smooth basic block and edge counts: 1. create_fixup_graph: Create fixup graph by translating function CFG into a graph that satisfies MCF algorithm requirements. 2. find_max_flow: Find maximal flow. 3. compute_residual_flow: Form residual network. 4. Repeat: cancel_negative_cycle: While G contains a negative cost cycle C, reverse the flow on the found cycle by the minimum residual capacity in that cycle. 5. Form the minimal cost flow f(u,v) = rf(v, u). 6. adjust_cfg_counts: Update initial edge weights with corrected weights. delta(u.v) = f(u,v) -f(v,u). w*(u,v) = w(u,v) + delta(u,v). */ #include "config.h" #include "system.h" #include "coretypes.h" #include "tm.h" #include "basic-block.h" #include "output.h" #include "langhooks.h" #include "tree.h" #include "gcov-io.h" #include "profile.h" /* CAP_INFINITY: Constant to represent infinite capacity. */ #define CAP_INFINITY INTTYPE_MAXIMUM (HOST_WIDEST_INT) /* COST FUNCTION. */ #define K_POS(b) ((b)) #define K_NEG(b) (50 * (b)) #define COST(k, w) ((k) / mcf_ln ((w) + 2)) /* Limit the number of iterations for cancel_negative_cycles() to ensure reasonable compile time. */ #define MAX_ITER(n, e) 10 + (1000000 / ((n) * (e))) typedef enum { INVALID_EDGE, VERTEX_SPLIT_EDGE, /* Edge to represent vertex with w(e) = w(v). */ REDIRECT_EDGE, /* Edge after vertex transformation. */ REVERSE_EDGE, SOURCE_CONNECT_EDGE, /* Single edge connecting to single source. */ SINK_CONNECT_EDGE, /* Single edge connecting to single sink. */ BALANCE_EDGE, /* Edge connecting with source/sink: cp(e) = 0. */ REDIRECT_NORMALIZED_EDGE, /* Normalized edge for a redirect edge. */ REVERSE_NORMALIZED_EDGE /* Normalized edge for a reverse edge. */ } edge_type; /* Structure to represent an edge in the fixup graph. */ typedef struct fixup_edge_d { int src; int dest; /* Flag denoting type of edge and attributes for the flow field. */ edge_type type; bool is_rflow_valid; /* Index to the normalization vertex added for this edge. */ int norm_vertex_index; /* Flow for this edge. */ gcov_type flow; /* Residual flow for this edge - used during negative cycle canceling. */ gcov_type rflow; gcov_type weight; gcov_type cost; gcov_type max_capacity; } fixup_edge_type; typedef fixup_edge_type *fixup_edge_p; DEF_VEC_P (fixup_edge_p); DEF_VEC_ALLOC_P (fixup_edge_p, heap); /* Structure to represent a vertex in the fixup graph. */ typedef struct fixup_vertex_d { VEC (fixup_edge_p, heap) *succ_edges; } fixup_vertex_type; typedef fixup_vertex_type *fixup_vertex_p; /* Fixup graph used in the MCF algorithm. */ typedef struct fixup_graph_d { /* Current number of vertices for the graph. */ int num_vertices; /* Current number of edges for the graph. */ int num_edges; /* Index of new entry vertex. */ int new_entry_index; /* Index of new exit vertex. */ int new_exit_index; /* Fixup vertex list. Adjacency list for fixup graph. */ fixup_vertex_p vertex_list; /* Fixup edge list. */ fixup_edge_p edge_list; } fixup_graph_type; typedef struct queue_d { int *queue; int head; int tail; int size; } queue_type; /* Structure used in the maximal flow routines to find augmenting path. */ typedef struct augmenting_path_d { /* Queue used to hold vertex indices. */ queue_type queue_list; /* Vector to hold chain of pred vertex indices in augmenting path. */ int *bb_pred; /* Vector that indicates if basic block i has been visited. */ int *is_visited; } augmenting_path_type; /* Function definitions. */ /* Dump routines to aid debugging. */ /* Print basic block with index N for FIXUP_GRAPH in n' and n'' format. */ static void print_basic_block (FILE *file, fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int n) { if (n == ENTRY_BLOCK) fputs ("ENTRY", file); else if (n == ENTRY_BLOCK + 1) fputs ("ENTRY''", file); else if (n == 2 * EXIT_BLOCK) fputs ("EXIT", file); else if (n == 2 * EXIT_BLOCK + 1) fputs ("EXIT''", file); else if (n == fixup_graph->new_exit_index) fputs ("NEW_EXIT", file); else if (n == fixup_graph->new_entry_index) fputs ("NEW_ENTRY", file); else { fprintf (file, "%d", n / 2); if (n % 2) fputs ("''", file); else fputs ("'", file); } } /* Print edge S->D for given fixup_graph with n' and n'' format. PARAMETERS: S is the index of the source vertex of the edge (input) and D is the index of the destination vertex of the edge (input) for the given fixup_graph (input). */ static void print_edge (FILE *file, fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int s, int d) { print_basic_block (file, fixup_graph, s); fputs ("->", file); print_basic_block (file, fixup_graph, d); } /* Dump out the attributes of a given edge FEDGE in the fixup_graph to a file. */ static void dump_fixup_edge (FILE *file, fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, fixup_edge_p fedge) { if (!fedge) { fputs ("NULL fixup graph edge.\n", file); return; } print_edge (file, fixup_graph, fedge->src, fedge->dest); fputs (": ", file); if (fedge->type) { fprintf (file, "flow/capacity=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "/", fedge->flow); if (fedge->max_capacity == CAP_INFINITY) fputs ("+oo,", file); else fprintf (file, "" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ",", fedge->max_capacity); } if (fedge->is_rflow_valid) { if (fedge->rflow == CAP_INFINITY) fputs (" rflow=+oo.", file); else fprintf (file, " rflow=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ",", fedge->rflow); } fprintf (file, " cost=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ".", fedge->cost); fprintf (file, "\t(%d->%d)", fedge->src, fedge->dest); if (fedge->type) { switch (fedge->type) { case VERTEX_SPLIT_EDGE: fputs (" @VERTEX_SPLIT_EDGE", file); break; case REDIRECT_EDGE: fputs (" @REDIRECT_EDGE", file); break; case SOURCE_CONNECT_EDGE: fputs (" @SOURCE_CONNECT_EDGE", file); break; case SINK_CONNECT_EDGE: fputs (" @SINK_CONNECT_EDGE", file); break; case REVERSE_EDGE: fputs (" @REVERSE_EDGE", file); break; case BALANCE_EDGE: fputs (" @BALANCE_EDGE", file); break; case REDIRECT_NORMALIZED_EDGE: case REVERSE_NORMALIZED_EDGE: fputs (" @NORMALIZED_EDGE", file); break; default: fputs (" @INVALID_EDGE", file); break; } } fputs ("\n", file); } /* Print out the edges and vertices of the given FIXUP_GRAPH, into the dump file. The input string MSG is printed out as a heading. */ static void dump_fixup_graph (FILE *file, fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, const char *msg) { int i, j; int fnum_vertices, fnum_edges; fixup_vertex_p fvertex_list, pfvertex; fixup_edge_p pfedge; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); fvertex_list = fixup_graph->vertex_list; fnum_vertices = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fnum_edges = fixup_graph->num_edges; fprintf (file, "\nDump fixup graph for %s(): %s.\n", lang_hooks.decl_printable_name (current_function_decl, 2), msg); fprintf (file, "There are %d vertices and %d edges. new_exit_index is %d.\n\n", fnum_vertices, fnum_edges, fixup_graph->new_exit_index); for (i = 0; i < fnum_vertices; i++) { pfvertex = fvertex_list + i; fprintf (file, "vertex_list[%d]: %d succ fixup edges.\n", i, VEC_length (fixup_edge_p, pfvertex->succ_edges)); for (j = 0; VEC_iterate (fixup_edge_p, pfvertex->succ_edges, j, pfedge); j++) { /* Distinguish forward edges and backward edges in the residual flow network. */ if (pfedge->type) fputs ("(f) ", file); else if (pfedge->is_rflow_valid) fputs ("(b) ", file); dump_fixup_edge (file, fixup_graph, pfedge); } } fputs ("\n", file); } /* Utility routines. */ /* ln() implementation: approximate calculation. Returns ln of X. */ static double mcf_ln (double x) { #define E 2.71828 int l = 1; double m = E; gcc_assert (x >= 0); while (m < x) { m *= E; l++; } return l; } /* sqrt() implementation: based on open source QUAKE3 code (magic sqrt implementation) by John Carmack. Returns sqrt of X. */ static double mcf_sqrt (double x) { #define MAGIC_CONST1 0x1fbcf800 #define MAGIC_CONST2 0x5f3759df union { int intPart; float floatPart; } convertor, convertor2; gcc_assert (x >= 0); convertor.floatPart = x; convertor2.floatPart = x; convertor.intPart = MAGIC_CONST1 + (convertor.intPart >> 1); convertor2.intPart = MAGIC_CONST2 - (convertor2.intPart >> 1); return 0.5f * (convertor.floatPart + (x * convertor2.floatPart)); } /* Common code shared between add_fixup_edge and add_rfixup_edge. Adds an edge (SRC->DEST) to the edge_list maintained in FIXUP_GRAPH with cost of the edge added set to COST. */ static fixup_edge_p add_edge (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int src, int dest, gcov_type cost) { fixup_vertex_p curr_vertex = fixup_graph->vertex_list + src; fixup_edge_p curr_edge = fixup_graph->edge_list + fixup_graph->num_edges; curr_edge->src = src; curr_edge->dest = dest; curr_edge->cost = cost; fixup_graph->num_edges++; if (dump_file) dump_fixup_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, curr_edge); VEC_safe_push (fixup_edge_p, heap, curr_vertex->succ_edges, curr_edge); return curr_edge; } /* Add a fixup edge (src->dest) with attributes TYPE, WEIGHT, COST and MAX_CAPACITY to the edge_list in the fixup graph. */ static void add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int src, int dest, edge_type type, gcov_type weight, gcov_type cost, gcov_type max_capacity) { fixup_edge_p curr_edge = add_edge(fixup_graph, src, dest, cost); curr_edge->type = type; curr_edge->weight = weight; curr_edge->max_capacity = max_capacity; } /* Add a residual edge (SRC->DEST) with attributes RFLOW and COST to the fixup graph. */ static void add_rfixup_edge (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int src, int dest, gcov_type rflow, gcov_type cost) { fixup_edge_p curr_edge = add_edge (fixup_graph, src, dest, cost); curr_edge->rflow = rflow; curr_edge->is_rflow_valid = true; /* This edge is not a valid edge - merely used to hold residual flow. */ curr_edge->type = INVALID_EDGE; } /* Return the pointer to fixup edge SRC->DEST or NULL if edge does not exist in the FIXUP_GRAPH. */ static fixup_edge_p find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int src, int dest) { int j; fixup_edge_p pfedge; fixup_vertex_p pfvertex; gcc_assert (src < fixup_graph->num_vertices); pfvertex = fixup_graph->vertex_list + src; for (j = 0; VEC_iterate (fixup_edge_p, pfvertex->succ_edges, j, pfedge); j++) if (pfedge->dest == dest) return pfedge; return NULL; } /* Cleanup routine to free structures in FIXUP_GRAPH. */ static void delete_fixup_graph (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph) { int i; int fnum_vertices = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fixup_vertex_p pfvertex = fixup_graph->vertex_list; for (i = 0; i < fnum_vertices; i++, pfvertex++) VEC_free (fixup_edge_p, heap, pfvertex->succ_edges); free (fixup_graph->vertex_list); free (fixup_graph->edge_list); } /* Creates a fixup graph FIXUP_GRAPH from the function CFG. */ static void create_fixup_graph (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph) { double sqrt_avg_vertex_weight = 0; double total_vertex_weight = 0; double k_pos = 0; double k_neg = 0; /* Vector to hold D(v) = sum_out_edges(v) - sum_in_edges(v). */ gcov_type *diff_out_in = NULL; gcov_type supply_value = 1, demand_value = 0; gcov_type fcost = 0; int new_entry_index = 0, new_exit_index = 0; int i = 0, j = 0; int new_index = 0; basic_block bb; edge e; edge_iterator ei; fixup_edge_p pfedge, r_pfedge; fixup_edge_p fedge_list; int fnum_edges; /* Each basic_block will be split into 2 during vertex transformation. */ int fnum_vertices_after_transform = 2 * n_basic_blocks; int fnum_edges_after_transform = n_edges + n_basic_blocks; /* Count the new SOURCE and EXIT vertices to be added. */ int fmax_num_vertices = fnum_vertices_after_transform + n_edges + n_basic_blocks + 2; /* In create_fixup_graph: Each basic block and edge can be split into 3 edges. Number of balance edges = n_basic_blocks. So after create_fixup_graph: max_edges = 4 * n_basic_blocks + 3 * n_edges Accounting for residual flow edges max_edges = 2 * (4 * n_basic_blocks + 3 * n_edges) = 8 * n_basic_blocks + 6 * n_edges < 8 * n_basic_blocks + 8 * n_edges. */ int fmax_num_edges = 8 * (n_basic_blocks + n_edges); /* Initial num of vertices in the fixup graph. */ fixup_graph->num_vertices = n_basic_blocks; /* Fixup graph vertex list. */ fixup_graph->vertex_list = (fixup_vertex_p) xcalloc (fmax_num_vertices, sizeof (fixup_vertex_type)); /* Fixup graph edge list. */ fixup_graph->edge_list = (fixup_edge_p) xcalloc (fmax_num_edges, sizeof (fixup_edge_type)); diff_out_in = (gcov_type *) xcalloc (1 + fnum_vertices_after_transform, sizeof (gcov_type)); /* Compute constants b, k_pos, k_neg used in the cost function calculation. b = sqrt(avg_vertex_weight(cfg)); k_pos = b; k_neg = 50b. */ FOR_BB_BETWEEN (bb, ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR, NULL, next_bb) total_vertex_weight += bb->count; sqrt_avg_vertex_weight = mcf_sqrt (total_vertex_weight / n_basic_blocks); k_pos = K_POS (sqrt_avg_vertex_weight); k_neg = K_NEG (sqrt_avg_vertex_weight); /* 1. Vertex Transformation: Split each vertex v into two vertices v' and v'', connected by an edge e from v' to v''. w(e) = w(v). */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nVertex transformation:\n"); FOR_BB_BETWEEN (bb, ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR, NULL, next_bb) { /* v'->v'': index1->(index1+1). */ i = 2 * bb->index; fcost = (gcov_type) COST (k_pos, bb->count); add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i, i + 1, VERTEX_SPLIT_EDGE, bb->count, fcost, CAP_INFINITY); fixup_graph->num_vertices++; FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) { /* Edges with ignore attribute set should be treated like they don't exist. */ if (EDGE_INFO (e) && EDGE_INFO (e)->ignore) continue; j = 2 * e->dest->index; fcost = (gcov_type) COST (k_pos, e->count); add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i + 1, j, REDIRECT_EDGE, e->count, fcost, CAP_INFINITY); } } /* After vertex transformation. */ gcc_assert (fixup_graph->num_vertices == fnum_vertices_after_transform); /* Redirect edges are not added for edges with ignore attribute. */ gcc_assert (fixup_graph->num_edges <= fnum_edges_after_transform); fnum_edges_after_transform = fixup_graph->num_edges; /* 2. Initialize D(v). */ for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges_after_transform; i++) { pfedge = fixup_graph->edge_list + i; diff_out_in[pfedge->src] += pfedge->weight; diff_out_in[pfedge->dest] -= pfedge->weight; } /* Entry block - vertex indices 0, 1; EXIT block - vertex indices 2, 3. */ for (i = 0; i <= 3; i++) diff_out_in[i] = 0; /* 3. Add reverse edges: needed to decrease counts during smoothing. */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nReverse edges:\n"); for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges_after_transform; i++) { pfedge = fixup_graph->edge_list + i; if ((pfedge->src == 0) || (pfedge->src == 2)) continue; r_pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, pfedge->dest, pfedge->src); if (!r_pfedge && pfedge->weight) { /* Skip adding reverse edges for edges with w(e) = 0, as its maximum capacity is 0. */ fcost = (gcov_type) COST (k_neg, pfedge->weight); add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, pfedge->dest, pfedge->src, REVERSE_EDGE, 0, fcost, pfedge->weight); } } /* 4. Create single source and sink. Connect new source vertex s' to function entry block. Connect sink vertex t' to function exit. */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\ns'->S, T->t':\n"); new_entry_index = fixup_graph->new_entry_index = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fixup_graph->num_vertices++; /* Set supply_value to 1 to avoid zero count function ENTRY. */ add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, new_entry_index, ENTRY_BLOCK, SOURCE_CONNECT_EDGE, 1 /* supply_value */, 0, 1 /* supply_value */); /* Create new exit with EXIT_BLOCK as single pred. */ new_exit_index = fixup_graph->new_exit_index = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fixup_graph->num_vertices++; add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, 2 * EXIT_BLOCK + 1, new_exit_index, SINK_CONNECT_EDGE, 0 /* demand_value */, 0, 0 /* demand_value */); /* Connect vertices with unbalanced D(v) to source/sink. */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nD(v) balance:\n"); /* Skip vertices for ENTRY (0, 1) and EXIT (2,3) blocks, so start with i = 4. diff_out_in[v''] will be 0, so skip v'' vertices, hence i += 2. */ for (i = 4; i < new_entry_index; i += 2) { if (diff_out_in[i] > 0) { add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i, new_exit_index, BALANCE_EDGE, 0, 0, diff_out_in[i]); demand_value += diff_out_in[i]; } else if (diff_out_in[i] < 0) { add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, new_entry_index, i, BALANCE_EDGE, 0, 0, -diff_out_in[i]); supply_value -= diff_out_in[i]; } } /* Set supply = demand. */ if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "\nAdjust supply and demand:\n"); fprintf (dump_file, "supply_value=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\n", supply_value); fprintf (dump_file, "demand_value=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\n", demand_value); } if (demand_value > supply_value) { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, new_entry_index, ENTRY_BLOCK); pfedge->max_capacity += (demand_value - supply_value); } else { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, 2 * EXIT_BLOCK + 1, new_exit_index); pfedge->max_capacity += (supply_value - demand_value); } /* 6. Normalize edges: remove anti-parallel edges. Anti-parallel edges are created by the vertex transformation step from self-edges in the original CFG and by the reverse edges added earlier. */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nNormalize edges:\n"); fnum_edges = fixup_graph->num_edges; fedge_list = fixup_graph->edge_list; for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges; i++) { pfedge = fedge_list + i; r_pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, pfedge->dest, pfedge->src); if (((pfedge->type == VERTEX_SPLIT_EDGE) || (pfedge->type == REDIRECT_EDGE)) && r_pfedge) { new_index = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fixup_graph->num_vertices++; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "\nAnti-parallel edge:\n"); dump_fixup_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, pfedge); dump_fixup_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, r_pfedge); fprintf (dump_file, "New vertex is %d.\n", new_index); fprintf (dump_file, "------------------\n"); } pfedge->cost /= 2; pfedge->norm_vertex_index = new_index; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "After normalization:\n"); dump_fixup_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, pfedge); } /* Add a new fixup edge: new_index->src. */ add_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, new_index, pfedge->src, REVERSE_NORMALIZED_EDGE, 0, r_pfedge->cost, r_pfedge->max_capacity); gcc_assert (fixup_graph->num_vertices <= fmax_num_vertices); /* Edge: r_pfedge->src -> r_pfedge->dest ==> r_pfedge->src -> new_index. */ r_pfedge->dest = new_index; r_pfedge->type = REVERSE_NORMALIZED_EDGE; r_pfedge->cost = pfedge->cost; r_pfedge->max_capacity = pfedge->max_capacity; if (dump_file) dump_fixup_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, r_pfedge); } } if (dump_file) dump_fixup_graph (dump_file, fixup_graph, "After create_fixup_graph()"); /* Cleanup. */ free (diff_out_in); } /* Allocates space for the structures in AUGMENTING_PATH. The space needed is proportional to the number of nodes in the graph, which is given by GRAPH_SIZE. */ static void init_augmenting_path (augmenting_path_type *augmenting_path, int graph_size) { augmenting_path->queue_list.queue = (int *) xcalloc (graph_size + 2, sizeof (int)); augmenting_path->queue_list.size = graph_size + 2; augmenting_path->bb_pred = (int *) xcalloc (graph_size, sizeof (int)); augmenting_path->is_visited = (int *) xcalloc (graph_size, sizeof (int)); } /* Free the structures in AUGMENTING_PATH. */ static void free_augmenting_path (augmenting_path_type *augmenting_path) { free (augmenting_path->queue_list.queue); free (augmenting_path->bb_pred); free (augmenting_path->is_visited); } /* Queue routines. Assumes queue will never overflow. */ static void init_queue (queue_type *queue_list) { gcc_assert (queue_list); queue_list->head = 0; queue_list->tail = 0; } /* Return true if QUEUE_LIST is empty. */ static bool is_empty (queue_type *queue_list) { return (queue_list->head == queue_list->tail); } /* Insert element X into QUEUE_LIST. */ static void enqueue (queue_type *queue_list, int x) { gcc_assert (queue_list->tail < queue_list->size); queue_list->queue[queue_list->tail] = x; (queue_list->tail)++; } /* Return the first element in QUEUE_LIST. */ static int dequeue (queue_type *queue_list) { int x; gcc_assert (queue_list->head >= 0); x = queue_list->queue[queue_list->head]; (queue_list->head)++; return x; } /* Finds a negative cycle in the residual network using the Bellman-Ford algorithm. The flow on the found cycle is reversed by the minimum residual capacity of that cycle. ENTRY and EXIT vertices are not considered. Parameters: FIXUP_GRAPH - Residual graph (input/output) The following are allocated/freed by the caller: PI - Vector to hold predecessors in path (pi = pred index) D - D[I] holds minimum cost of path from i to sink CYCLE - Vector to hold the minimum cost cycle Return: true if a negative cycle was found, false otherwise. */ static bool cancel_negative_cycle (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int *pi, gcov_type *d, int *cycle) { int i, j, k; int fnum_vertices, fnum_edges; fixup_edge_p fedge_list, pfedge, r_pfedge; bool found_cycle = false; int cycle_start = 0, cycle_end = 0; gcov_type sum_cost = 0, cycle_flow = 0; int new_entry_index; bool propagated = false; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); fnum_vertices = fixup_graph->num_vertices; fnum_edges = fixup_graph->num_edges; fedge_list = fixup_graph->edge_list; new_entry_index = fixup_graph->new_entry_index; /* Initialize. */ /* Skip ENTRY. */ for (i = 1; i < fnum_vertices; i++) { d[i] = CAP_INFINITY; pi[i] = -1; cycle[i] = -1; } d[ENTRY_BLOCK] = 0; /* Relax. */ for (k = 1; k < fnum_vertices; k++) { propagated = false; for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges; i++) { pfedge = fedge_list + i; if (pfedge->src == new_entry_index) continue; if (pfedge->is_rflow_valid && pfedge->rflow && d[pfedge->src] != CAP_INFINITY && (d[pfedge->dest] > d[pfedge->src] + pfedge->cost)) { d[pfedge->dest] = d[pfedge->src] + pfedge->cost; pi[pfedge->dest] = pfedge->src; propagated = true; } } if (!propagated) break; } if (!propagated) /* No negative cycles exist. */ return 0; /* Detect. */ for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges; i++) { pfedge = fedge_list + i; if (pfedge->src == new_entry_index) continue; if (pfedge->is_rflow_valid && pfedge->rflow && d[pfedge->src] != CAP_INFINITY && (d[pfedge->dest] > d[pfedge->src] + pfedge->cost)) { found_cycle = true; break; } } if (!found_cycle) return 0; /* Augment the cycle with the cycle's minimum residual capacity. */ found_cycle = false; cycle[0] = pfedge->dest; j = pfedge->dest; for (i = 1; i < fnum_vertices; i++) { j = pi[j]; cycle[i] = j; for (k = 0; k < i; k++) { if (cycle[k] == j) { /* cycle[k] -> ... -> cycle[i]. */ cycle_start = k; cycle_end = i; found_cycle = true; break; } } if (found_cycle) break; } gcc_assert (cycle[cycle_start] == cycle[cycle_end]); if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nNegative cycle length is %d:\n", cycle_end - cycle_start); sum_cost = 0; cycle_flow = CAP_INFINITY; for (k = cycle_start; k < cycle_end; k++) { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, cycle[k + 1], cycle[k]); cycle_flow = MIN (cycle_flow, pfedge->rflow); sum_cost += pfedge->cost; if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "%d ", cycle[k]); } if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "%d", cycle[k]); fprintf (dump_file, ": (" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ", " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ")\n", sum_cost, cycle_flow); fprintf (dump_file, "Augment cycle with " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\n", cycle_flow); } for (k = cycle_start; k < cycle_end; k++) { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, cycle[k + 1], cycle[k]); r_pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, cycle[k], cycle[k + 1]); pfedge->rflow -= cycle_flow; if (pfedge->type) pfedge->flow += cycle_flow; r_pfedge->rflow += cycle_flow; if (r_pfedge->type) r_pfedge->flow -= cycle_flow; } return true; } /* Computes the residual flow for FIXUP_GRAPH by setting the rflow field of the edges. ENTRY and EXIT vertices should not be considered. */ static void compute_residual_flow (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph) { int i; int fnum_edges; fixup_edge_p fedge_list, pfedge; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); if (dump_file) fputs ("\ncompute_residual_flow():\n", dump_file); fnum_edges = fixup_graph->num_edges; fedge_list = fixup_graph->edge_list; for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges; i++) { pfedge = fedge_list + i; pfedge->rflow = pfedge->max_capacity - pfedge->flow; pfedge->is_rflow_valid = true; add_rfixup_edge (fixup_graph, pfedge->dest, pfedge->src, pfedge->flow, -pfedge->cost); } } /* Uses Edmonds-Karp algorithm - BFS to find augmenting path from SOURCE to SINK. The fields in the edge vector in the FIXUP_GRAPH are not modified by this routine. The vector bb_pred in the AUGMENTING_PATH structure is updated to reflect the path found. Returns: 0 if no augmenting path is found, 1 otherwise. */ static int find_augmenting_path (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, augmenting_path_type *augmenting_path, int source, int sink) { int u = 0; int i; fixup_vertex_p fvertex_list, pfvertex; fixup_edge_p pfedge; int *bb_pred, *is_visited; queue_type *queue_list; gcc_assert (augmenting_path); bb_pred = augmenting_path->bb_pred; gcc_assert (bb_pred); is_visited = augmenting_path->is_visited; gcc_assert (is_visited); queue_list = &(augmenting_path->queue_list); gcc_assert (fixup_graph); fvertex_list = fixup_graph->vertex_list; for (u = 0; u < fixup_graph->num_vertices; u++) is_visited[u] = 0; init_queue (queue_list); enqueue (queue_list, source); bb_pred[source] = -1; while (!is_empty (queue_list)) { u = dequeue (queue_list); is_visited[u] = 1; pfvertex = fvertex_list + u; for (i = 0; VEC_iterate (fixup_edge_p, pfvertex->succ_edges, i, pfedge); i++) { int dest = pfedge->dest; if ((pfedge->rflow > 0) && (is_visited[dest] == 0)) { enqueue (queue_list, dest); bb_pred[dest] = u; is_visited[dest] = 1; if (dest == sink) return 1; } } } return 0; } /* Routine to find the maximal flow: Algorithm: 1. Initialize flow to 0 2. Find an augmenting path form source to sink. 3. Send flow equal to the path's residual capacity along the edges of this path. 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no new augmenting path is found. Parameters: SOURCE: index of source vertex (input) SINK: index of sink vertex (input) FIXUP_GRAPH: adjacency matrix representing the graph. The flow of the edges will be set to have a valid maximal flow by this routine. (input) Return: Maximum flow possible. */ static gcov_type find_max_flow (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph, int source, int sink) { int fnum_edges; augmenting_path_type augmenting_path; int *bb_pred; gcov_type max_flow = 0; int i, u; fixup_edge_p fedge_list, pfedge, r_pfedge; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); fnum_edges = fixup_graph->num_edges; fedge_list = fixup_graph->edge_list; /* Initialize flow to 0. */ for (i = 0; i < fnum_edges; i++) { pfedge = fedge_list + i; pfedge->flow = 0; } compute_residual_flow (fixup_graph); init_augmenting_path (&augmenting_path, fixup_graph->num_vertices); bb_pred = augmenting_path.bb_pred; while (find_augmenting_path (fixup_graph, &augmenting_path, source, sink)) { /* Determine the amount by which we can increment the flow. */ gcov_type increment = CAP_INFINITY; for (u = sink; u != source; u = bb_pred[u]) { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, bb_pred[u], u); increment = MIN (increment, pfedge->rflow); } max_flow += increment; /* Now increment the flow. EXIT vertex index is 1. */ for (u = sink; u != source; u = bb_pred[u]) { pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, bb_pred[u], u); r_pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, u, bb_pred[u]); if (pfedge->type) { /* forward edge. */ pfedge->flow += increment; pfedge->rflow -= increment; r_pfedge->rflow += increment; } else { /* backward edge. */ gcc_assert (r_pfedge->type); r_pfedge->rflow += increment; r_pfedge->flow -= increment; pfedge->rflow -= increment; } } if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "\nDump augmenting path:\n"); for (u = sink; u != source; u = bb_pred[u]) { print_basic_block (dump_file, fixup_graph, u); fprintf (dump_file, "<-"); } fprintf (dump_file, "ENTRY (path_capacity=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ")\n", increment); fprintf (dump_file, "Network flow is " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ".\n", max_flow); } } free_augmenting_path (&augmenting_path); if (dump_file) dump_fixup_graph (dump_file, fixup_graph, "After find_max_flow()"); return max_flow; } /* Computes the corrected edge and basic block weights using FIXUP_GRAPH after applying the find_minimum_cost_flow() routine. */ static void adjust_cfg_counts (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph) { basic_block bb; edge e; edge_iterator ei; int i, j; fixup_edge_p pfedge, pfedge_n; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "\nadjust_cfg_counts():\n"); FOR_BB_BETWEEN (bb, ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR, EXIT_BLOCK_PTR, next_bb) { i = 2 * bb->index; /* Fixup BB. */ if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "BB%d: " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "", bb->index, bb->count); pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i, i + 1); if (pfedge->flow) { bb->count += pfedge->flow; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, " + " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "(", pfedge->flow); print_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, i, i + 1); fprintf (dump_file, ")"); } } pfedge_n = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i + 1, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); /* Deduct flow from normalized reverse edge. */ if (pfedge->norm_vertex_index && pfedge_n->flow) { bb->count -= pfedge_n->flow; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, " - " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "(", pfedge_n->flow); print_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, i + 1, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); fprintf (dump_file, ")"); } } if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, " = " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\n", bb->count); /* Fixup edge. */ FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) { /* Treat edges with ignore attribute set as if they don't exist. */ if (EDGE_INFO (e) && EDGE_INFO (e)->ignore) continue; j = 2 * e->dest->index; if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, "%d->%d: " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "", bb->index, e->dest->index, e->count); pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i + 1, j); if (bb->index != e->dest->index) { /* Non-self edge. */ if (pfedge->flow) { e->count += pfedge->flow; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, " + " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "(", pfedge->flow); print_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, i + 1, j); fprintf (dump_file, ")"); } } pfedge_n = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, j, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); /* Deduct flow from normalized reverse edge. */ if (pfedge->norm_vertex_index && pfedge_n->flow) { e->count -= pfedge_n->flow; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, " - " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "(", pfedge_n->flow); print_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, j, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); fprintf (dump_file, ")"); } } } else { /* Handle self edges. Self edge is split with a normalization vertex. Here i=j. */ pfedge = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, j, i + 1); pfedge_n = find_fixup_edge (fixup_graph, i + 1, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); e->count += pfedge_n->flow; bb->count += pfedge_n->flow; if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "(self edge)"); fprintf (dump_file, " + " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "(", pfedge_n->flow); print_edge (dump_file, fixup_graph, i + 1, pfedge->norm_vertex_index); fprintf (dump_file, ")"); } } if (bb->count) e->probability = REG_BR_PROB_BASE * e->count / bb->count; if (dump_file) fprintf (dump_file, " = " HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\t(%.1f%%)\n", e->count, e->probability * 100.0 / REG_BR_PROB_BASE); } } ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR->count = sum_edge_counts (ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR->succs); EXIT_BLOCK_PTR->count = sum_edge_counts (EXIT_BLOCK_PTR->preds); /* Compute edge probabilities. */ FOR_ALL_BB (bb) { if (bb->count) { FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) e->probability = REG_BR_PROB_BASE * e->count / bb->count; } else { int total = 0; FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) if (!(e->flags & (EDGE_COMPLEX | EDGE_FAKE))) total++; if (total) { FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) { if (!(e->flags & (EDGE_COMPLEX | EDGE_FAKE))) e->probability = REG_BR_PROB_BASE / total; else e->probability = 0; } } else { total += EDGE_COUNT (bb->succs); FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) e->probability = REG_BR_PROB_BASE / total; } } } if (dump_file) { fprintf (dump_file, "\nCheck %s() CFG flow conservation:\n", lang_hooks.decl_printable_name (current_function_decl, 2)); FOR_BB_BETWEEN (bb, ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR->next_bb, EXIT_BLOCK_PTR, next_bb) { if ((bb->count != sum_edge_counts (bb->preds)) || (bb->count != sum_edge_counts (bb->succs))) { fprintf (dump_file, "BB%d(" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ") **INVALID**: ", bb->index, bb->count); fprintf (stderr, "******** BB%d(" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC ") **INVALID**: \n", bb->index, bb->count); fprintf (dump_file, "in_edges=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC " ", sum_edge_counts (bb->preds)); fprintf (dump_file, "out_edges=" HOST_WIDEST_INT_PRINT_DEC "\n", sum_edge_counts (bb->succs)); } } } } /* Implements the negative cycle canceling algorithm to compute a minimum cost flow. Algorithm: 1. Find maximal flow. 2. Form residual network 3. Repeat: While G contains a negative cost cycle C, reverse the flow on the found cycle by the minimum residual capacity in that cycle. 4. Form the minimal cost flow f(u,v) = rf(v, u) Input: FIXUP_GRAPH - Initial fixup graph. The flow field is modified to represent the minimum cost flow. */ static void find_minimum_cost_flow (fixup_graph_type *fixup_graph) { /* Holds the index of predecessor in path. */ int *pred; /* Used to hold the minimum cost cycle. */ int *cycle; /* Used to record the number of iterations of cancel_negative_cycle. */ int iteration; /* Vector d[i] holds the minimum cost of path from i to sink. */ gcov_type *d; int fnum_vertices; int new_exit_index; int new_entry_index; gcc_assert (fixup_graph); fnum_vertices = fixup_graph->num_vertices; new_exit_index = fixup_graph->new_exit_index; new_entry_index = fixup_graph->new_entry_index; find_max_flow (fixup_graph, new_entry_index, new_exit_index); /* Initialize the structures for find_negative_cycle(). */ pred = (int *) xcalloc (fnum_vertices, sizeof (int)); d = (gcov_type *) xcalloc (fnum_vertices, sizeof (gcov_type)); cycle = (int *) xcalloc (fnum_vertices, sizeof (int)); /* Repeatedly find and cancel negative cost cycles, until no more negative cycles exist. This also updates the flow field to represent the minimum cost flow so far. */ iteration = 0; while (cancel_negative_cycle (fixup_graph, pred, d, cycle)) { iteration++; if (iteration > MAX_ITER (fixup_graph->num_vertices, fixup_graph->num_edges)) break; } if (dump_file) dump_fixup_graph (dump_file, fixup_graph, "After find_minimum_cost_flow()"); /* Cleanup structures. */ free (pred); free (d); free (cycle); } /* Compute the sum of the edge counts in TO_EDGES. */ gcov_type sum_edge_counts (VEC (edge, gc) *to_edges) { gcov_type sum = 0; edge e; edge_iterator ei; FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, to_edges) { if (EDGE_INFO (e) && EDGE_INFO (e)->ignore) continue; sum += e->count; } return sum; } /* Main routine. Smoothes the intial assigned basic block and edge counts using a minimum cost flow algorithm, to ensure that the flow consistency rule is obeyed: sum of outgoing edges = sum of incoming edges for each basic block. */ void mcf_smooth_cfg (void) { fixup_graph_type fixup_graph; memset (&fixup_graph, 0, sizeof (fixup_graph)); create_fixup_graph (&fixup_graph); find_minimum_cost_flow (&fixup_graph); adjust_cfg_counts (&fixup_graph); delete_fixup_graph (&fixup_graph); }