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<chapter id="std.algorithms" xreflabel="Algorithms">
<?dbhtml filename="algorithms.html"?>

<chapterinfo>
  <keywordset>
    <keyword>
      ISO C++
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      library
    </keyword>
    <keyword>
      algorithm
    </keyword>
  </keywordset>
</chapterinfo>

<title>
  Algorithms
  <indexterm><primary>Algorithms</primary></indexterm>
</title>

<para>
  The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms sect1 is that all the
  work is done via iterators, not containers directly.  This means two
  important things:
</para>
<orderedlist>
  <listitem>
    <para>
      Anything that behaves like an iterator can be used in one of
      these algorithms.  Raw pointers make great candidates, thus
      built-in arrays are fine containers, as well as your own
      iterators.
    </para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem>
    <para>
      The algorithms do not (and cannot) affect the container as a
      whole; only the things between the two iterator endpoints.  If
      you pass a range of iterators only enclosing the middle third of
      a container, then anything outside that range is inviolate.
    </para>
  </listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>
  Even strings can be fed through the algorithms here, although the
  string class has specialized versions of many of these functions
  (for example, <code>string::find()</code>).  Most of the examples
  on this page will use simple arrays of integers as a playground
  for algorithms, just to keep things simple.  The use of
  <emphasis>N</emphasis> as a size in the examples is to keep things
  easy to read but probably won't be valid code.  You can use wrappers
  such as those described in
  the <link linkend="std.containers">containers sect1</link> to keep
  real code readable.
</para>
<para>
  The single thing that trips people up the most is the definition
  of <emphasis>range</emphasis> used with iterators; the famous
  &quot;past-the-end&quot; rule that everybody loves to hate.  The
  <link linkend="std.iterators">iterators sect1</link> of this
    document has a complete explanation of this simple rule that seems
    to cause so much confusion.  Once you
    get <emphasis>range</emphasis> into your head (it's not that hard,
    honest!), then the algorithms are a cakewalk.
</para>

<!-- Sect1 01 : Non Modifying -->

<!-- Sect1 02 : Mutating -->
<sect1 id="std.algorithms.mutating" xreflabel="Mutating">
  <title>Mutating</title>

  <sect2 id="algorithms.mutating.swap" xreflabel="swap">
    <title><function>swap</function></title>

    <sect3 id="algorithms.swap.specializations" xreflabel="Specializations">
    <title>Specializations</title>

   <para>If you call <code> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
      containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to
      <code> x.swap(y); </code> instead.
   </para>
   <para>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and
      containers' swap functions should have O(1) complexity according to
      the standard.  (And while &quot;should&quot; allows implementations to
      behave otherwise and remain compliant, this implementation does in
      fact use constant-time swaps.)  This should not be surprising, since
      for two containers of the same type to swap contents, only some
      internal pointers to storage need to be exchanged.
   </para>

    </sect3>
  </sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- Sect1 03 : Sorting -->

</chapter>