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#
#  $Id: README,v 1.2 2001-09-27 12:02:50 chris Exp $
#

    make/README

    This file describes the layout and conventions of the application
    makefile support for RTEMS applications.  Internally, RTEMS uses
    GNU-style autoconf/automake Makefiles as much as possible to 
    ease integration with other GNU tools.

    All of these "make" trees are substantially similar; however this
    file documents the current state of the RTEMS Application Makefile
    support.

    This make tree is based on a build system originally developed
    to simplify porting projects between various OS's.  The primary
    goals were:

        .  simple *and* customizable individual makefiles

        .  use widely available GNU make.  There is no pre-processing or
            automatic generation of Makefiles.

        .  Same makefiles work on *many* host OS's due to portability
            of GNU make and the host OS config files.

        .  Support for different compilers and operating systems
            on a per-user basis.  Using the same sources (including
            Makefiles) one developer can develop and test under SVR4,
            another under 4.x, another under HPUX.

        .  Builtin support for compiling "variants" such as debug,
            profile, and tcov versions.  These variants can be built
            recursively.

        .  Control of system dependencies.  "hidden" dependencies on
            environment variables (such as PATH)
            have been removed whenever possible.  No matter what your
            PATH variable is set to, you should get the same thing
            when you 'make' as everyone else on the project.

    This Makefile system has evolved into its present form and as it
    exists in RTEMS today, its sole goal is to build RTEMS applications.
    The use of these Makefiles hides the complexity of producing
    executables for a wide variety of embedded CPU families and target
    BSPs.  Switching between RTEMS BSPs is accomplished via setting
    the environment variable "RTEMS_MAKEFILE_PATH."

    This description attempts to cover all aspects of the Makefile tree.  Most
    of what is described here is maintained automatically by the configuration
    files.

    The example makefiles in make/Templates should be used as a starting
    point for new directories.

    There are 2 main types of Makefile:

        directory and leaf.

    Directory Makefiles
    -------------------

        A Makefile in a source directory with sub-directories is called a
        "directory" Makefile.

        Directory Makefile's are simply responsible for acting as "middle-men"
        and recursing into their sub-directories and propagating the make.

        For example, directory src/bin will contain only a Makefile and
        sub-directories.  No actual source code will reside in the directory.
        The following commands:

            $ cd src/bin
            $ make all

        would descend into all the subdirectories of 'src/bin' and recursively
        perform a 'make all'.

        A 'make debug' will recurse thru sub-directories as a debug build.

        A template directory Makefile which should work in almost all
        cases is in make/Templates/Makefile.dir


    Leaf Makefiles
    --------------

        Source directories that contain source code for libraries or
        programs use a "leaf" Makefile.

        These makefiles contain the rules necessary to build programs
        (or libraries).

        A template leaf Makefile is in Templates/Makefile.leaf .  A template
        leaf Makefile for building libraries is in Templates/Makefile.lib .


    NOTE: To simplify nested makefile's and source maintenance, we disallow
    combining source and directories (that make(1) would be expected to
    recurse into) in one source directory.  Ie., a directory in the source
    tree may contain EITHER source files OR recursive sub directories, but NOT
    both.  This assumption is generally shared with GNU automake.

    Variants (where objects go)
    ---------------------------

        All binary targets are placed in a sub-directory whose name is (for
        example):

            o-optimize/       -- optimized binaries
            o-debug/          -- debug binaries
            o-profile/        -- profiling binaries

        Using the template Makefiles, this will all happen automatically. 
        The contents of these directories are specific to a BSP.

        Within a Makefile, the ${ARCH} variable is set to o-optimize,
        o-debug, etc., as appropriate.

        HISTORICAL NOTE: Prior to version 4.5, the name of the sub-directory
          in which objects were placed included the BSP name.
           
        Typing 'make' will place objects in o-optimize.
        'make debug' will place objects in o-debug.
        'make profile' will place objects in o-profile.

        The debug and profile targets are equivalent to 'all' except that
        CFLAGS and/or LDFLAGS are modified as per the compiler config file for
        debug and profile support.

        The targets debug, profile, etc., can be invoked recursively at
        the directory make level.  So from the top of a tree, one could
        install a debug version of everything under that point by:

            $ cd src/lib
            $ gmake debug
            $ gmake install

        When building a command that is linked with a generated library, the
        appropriate version of the library will be linked in.

        For example, the following fragments link the normal, debug, or
        profile version of "libmine.a" as appropriate:

            LD_LIBS   += $(LIBMINE)
            LIBMINE = ../libmine/${ARCH}/libmine.a

            ${ARCH}/pgm: $(LIBMINE) ${OBJS}
                $(make-exe)

        If we do 'gmake debug', then the library in
        ../libmine/o-debug/libmine.a will be linked in.  If $(LIBMINE)
        might not exist (or might be out of date) at this point, we could add

            ${LIBMINE}: FORCEIT
                cd ../libmine; ${MAKE} ${VARIANT_VA}

        The above would generate the following command to build libmine.a:

            cd ../libmine; gmake debug

        The macro reference ${VARIANT_VA} converts ${ARCH} to the word 'debug'
        (in this example) and thus ensures the proper version of the library
        is built.


    Targets
    -------

        All Makefile's support the following targets:

            all                     -- make "everything"
            install                 -- install "everything"

        The following targets are provided automatically by
        the included config files:

            clean                   -- delete all targets
            depend                  -- build a make dependency file
            "variant targets"       -- special variants, see below


        All directory Makefiles automatically propagate all these targets.  If
        you don't wish to support 'all' or 'install' in your source directory,
        you must leave the rules section empty, as the parent directory Makefile
        will attempt it on recursive make's.


    Configuration
    -------------

        All the real work described here happens in file(s) included
        from your Makefile.

        All Makefiles include a customization file which is used to select
        compiler and host operating system.  The environment variable
        RTEMS_MAKEFILE_PATH must point to the directory containing this file; eg:

                export RTEMS_MAKEFILE_PATH=/.../pc386/

        All leaf Makefile's also include either 'make/leaf.cfg' (or
        'make/lib.cfg' for building libraries).  These config files provide
        default rules and set up the command macros as appropriate.

        All directory Makefiles include 'make/directory.cfg'.  directory.cfg
        provides all the rules for recursing through sub directories.

        The Makefile templates already perform these include's.

        'make/leaf.cfg' (or directory.cfg) in turn includes:

            a file specifying general purpose rules appropriate for
                both leaf and directory makefiles.
                ( make/main.cfg )

            personality modules specified by the customization file for:
                compiler            ( make/compilers/??.cfg )


        generic rules file
        ------------------

            [ make/main.cfg ]
            included by leaf.cfg or directory.cfg.

            This file contains some standard rules and variable assignments
            that all Makefiles need.

            It also includes the FORCEIT: pseudo target.


        OS config file for host machine
        -------------------------------

            [ make/os/OS-NAME.cfg ]
            included by main.cfg

            Figures out the target architecture and specifies command names
            for the OS tools including RCS/CVS (but NOT for the compiler tools).


        Compiler configuration for the target
        -------------------------------------

            [ compilers/COMPILER-NAME.cfg ]
            included by leaf.cfg

            Specifies the names of tools for compiling programs.
            Names in here should be fully qualified, and NOT depend on $PATH.

            Also specifies compiler flags to be used to generate optimized,
            debugging and profile versions, as well as rules to compile
            assembly language and make makefile dependencies.


    Configuration Variables
    -----------------------

        Variables you have to set in the environment or in your Makefile.
        Note: the RTEMS module files set RTEMS_ROOT and RTEMS_CUSTOM
        for you.

        Makefile Variables
        ------------------

            RTEMS_BSP        -- name of your 'bsp' eg: pc386, mvme136

            RTEMS_CPU        -- CPU architecture e.g.: i386, m68k

            RTEMS_CPU_FAMILY -- CPU model e.g.: i486dx, m68020

            RTEMS_ROOT     -- The root of your source tree.
                              All other file names are derived from this.
                              [ eg: % setenv RTEMS_ROOT $HOME/work/RTEMS ]

            RTEMS_CUSTOM   -- name of your config files in make/custom
                              Example:
                                 $(RTEMS_ROOT)/make/custom/$(RTEMS_BSP).cfg

            The value RTEMS_ROOT is used in the custom
            files to generate the make(1) variables:

                PROJECT_RELEASE
                PROJECT_BIN
                PROJECT_INCLUDE
                PROJECT_TOOLS

            etc., which are used within the make config files themselves.
            (The files in make/*.cfg try to avoid use of word RTEMS so
            they can be more easily shared by other projects)

        Preset variables
        ----------------

            Aside from command names set by the OS and compiler config files,
            a number of MAKE variables are automatically set and maintained by
            the config files.

            PROJECT_RELEASE
                        -- release/install directory
                           [ $(PROJECT_ROOT) ]

            PROJECT_BIN
                        -- directory for installed binaries
                           [ $(PROJECT_ROOT)/bin ]

            PROJECT_TOOLS
                        -- directory for build environment commands
                           [ eg: $(PROJECT_ROOT)/build-tools ]

            ARCH        -- target sub-directory for object code
                           [ eg: o-optimize or o-debug ]

            VARIANTS    -- full list of all possible values for $(ARCH);
                           used mainly for 'make clean'
                           [ eg: "o-optimize o-debug o-profile" ]

            VARIANT_VA  -- Variant name.
                           Normally "", but for 'make debug' it is "debug",
                           for 'make profile', "profile, etc.

                           see make/leaf.cfg for more info.


        Preset compilation variables
        ----------------------------

          This is a list of some of the compilation variables.
          Refer to the compiler config files for the complete list.

            CFLAGS_OPTIMIZE_V   -- value of optimize flag for compiler
                                   [ eg: -O ]

            CFLAGS_DEBUG_V      -- value of debug flag for compiler
                                   [ eg: -g ]

            CFLAGS_PROFILE_V    -- compiler profile flags
                                   [ eg: -pg ]

            CFLAGS_DEBUG_OPTIMIZE_V
                                -- optimize flag if compiling for debug
                                     [ eg: "" ]

            CFLAGS_DEBUG
            CFLAGS_PROFILE
            CFLAGS_OPTIMIZE     -- current values for each depending
                                    on make variant.

            LDFLAGS_STATIC_LIBRARIES_V
                                -- ld option for static libraries
                                    -Bstatic or -dy (svr4)

            LDFLAGS_SHARED_LIBRARIES_V
                                -- ld option for dynamic libraries
                                    -Bdynamic or -dn (svr4)

            Makefile Variables
            ------------------

                The following variables may be set in a typical Makefile.

                C_PIECES    -- File names of your .c files without '.c' suffix.
                               [ eg: C_PIECES=main funcs stuff ]

                CC_PIECES   -- ditto, except for .cc files

                S_PIECES    -- ditto, except for .S files.

                LIB         -- target library name in leaf library makefiles.
                               [ eg: LIB=${ARCH}/libmine.a ]

                H_FILES     -- your .h files in this directory.
                               [ eg: H_FILES=stuff.h extra.h ]

                DEFINES     -- cc -D items.  Included in CPPFLAGS.
                               leaf Makefiles.
                               [ eg: DEFINES += -DUNIX ]

                CPPFLAGS    -- -I include directories.
                               leaf Makefiles.
                               [ eg: CPPFLAGS += -I../include ]

                LD_PATHS    -- arguments to -L for ld.
                               Will be prefixed with '-L' or '-L ' as appropriate
                               and included in LDFLAGS.

                LDFLAGS     -- -L arguments to ld; more may be ADDed.

                LD_LIBS     -- libraries to be linked in.
                               [ eg: LDLIBS += ../libfoo/${ARCH}/libfoo.a ]

                XCFLAGS     -- "extra" CFLAGS for special needs.  Pre-pended
                               to CFLAGS.
                               Not set or used by Makefiles.
                               Can be set on command line to pass extra flags
                               to the compiler.

                XCPPFLAGS   -- ditto for CPPFLAGS
                               Can be set on command line to pass extra flags
                               to the preprocessor.

                XCCPPFLAGS  -- same as XCPPFLAGS for C++.

                XCCFLAGS    -- same as XCFLAGS for C++.

                SUBDIRS    -- list of sub directories for make recursion.
                               directory Makefiles only.
                               [ eg: SUBDIRS=cpu bsp ]

                CLEAN_ADDITIONS
                            -- list of files or directories that should
                               be deleted by 'make clean'
                               [ eg: CLEAN_ADDITIONS += y.tab.c ]

                               See 'leaf.cfg' for the 'clean:' rule and its
                               default deletions.

                CLOBBER_ADDITIONS
                            -- list of files or directories that should
                               be deleted by 'make clobber'
                               Since 'make clobber' includes 'make clean',
                               you don't need to duplicate items in both.

            Command names
            -------------

                The following commands should only be called
                as make variables:

                    MAKE,INSTALL,INSTALL_VARIANT,SHELL

                    ECHO,CAT,CP,MV,LN,MKDIR,CHMOD

                    SED

                    CC,CPP,AS,AR,LD,NM,SIZE,RANLIB,MKLIB,
                    YACC,LEX,LINT,CTAGS,ETAGS

                 In addition, the following commands specifically support
                 the installation of libraries, executables, header files,
                 and other things that need to be installed:

                    INSTALL_CHANGE  - install a file only if the source
                                      file is actually different than
                                      the installed copy or if there is
                                      no installed copy.  USAGE:

      usage: install-if-change [ -vmV ] file [ file ... ] dest-directory-or-file
        -v          -- verbose
        -V suffix   -- suffix to append to targets (before any . suffix)
                        eg: -V _g would change 'foo' to 'foo_g' and
                                               'libfoo.a' to 'libfoo_g.a'
        -m mode     -- mode for new file(s)

                    INSTALL_VARIANT - installs the built file using the
                                      proper variant suffix (e.g. _g
                                      for debug turns libmine.a into libmine_g.a)
                                      This is implemented as a macro that
                                      invokes install-if-change with the
                                      appropriate -V argument setting.

            Special Directory Makefile Targets
            ----------------------------------

                all_WRAPUP
                clean_WRAPUP
                install_WRAPUP
                clean_WRAPUP
                clobber_WRAPUP
                depend_WRAPUP
                            -- Specify additional commands for recursive
                               (directory level) targets.

                               This is handy in certain cases where you need
                               to do bit of work *after* a recursive make.

    make/Templates
    --------------

        This directory contains Makefile and source file templates that
        should help in creating or converting makefiles.

        Makefile.leaf
            Template leaf Makefiles.

        Makefile.lib
            Template leaf library Makefiles.

        Makefile.dir
            Template "directory" makefile.