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><A
NAME="HAL-EXCEPTION-HANDLING">Chapter 10. Exception Handling</H1
><DIV
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><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
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>HAL Startup</A
></DT
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>Vectors and VSRs</A
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><P
>Most of the HAL consists of simple macros or functions that are
called via the interfaces described in the previous section. These
just perform whatever operation is required by accessing the hardware
and then return. The exception to this is the handling of exceptions:
either synchronous hardware traps or asynchronous device
interrupts. Here control is passed first to the HAL, which then passed
it on to eCos or the application. After eCos has finished with it,
control is then passed back to the HAL for it to tidy up the CPU state
and resume processing from the point at which the exception occurred.</P
><P
>The HAL exceptions handling code is usually found in the file
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>vectors.S</TT
> in the architecture HAL. Since the
reset entry point is usually implemented as one of these it also deals
with system startup.</P
><P
>The exact implementation of this code is under the control of the HAL
implementer. So long as it interacts correctly with the interfaces
defined previously it may take any form. However, all current
implementation follow the same pattern, and there should be a very
good reason to break with this. The rest of this section describes
these operate.</P
><P
>Exception handling normally deals with the following broad areas of
functionality:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Startup and initialization.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Hardware exception delivery.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Default handling of synchronous exceptions.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Default handling of asynchronous interrupts.</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><H1
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="HAL-STARTUP">HAL Startup</H1
><P
>Execution normally begins at the reset vector with
the machine in a minimal startup state. From here the HAL needs to get
the machine running, set up the execution environment for the
application, and finally invoke its entry point.</P
><P
>The following is a list of the jobs that need to be done in
approximately the order in which they should be accomplished. Many
of these will not be needed in some configurations.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> Initialize the hardware. This may involve initializing several
subsystems in both the architecture, variant and platform
HALs. These include:
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> Initialize various CPU status registers. Most importantly, the CPU
interrupt mask should be set to disable interrupts.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Initialize the MMU, if it is used. On many platforms it is
only possible to control the cacheability of address ranges
via the MMU. Also, it may be necessary to remap RAM and device
registers to locations other than their defaults. However, for
simplicity, the mapping should be kept as close to one-to-one
physical-to-virtual as possible.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Set up the memory controller to access RAM, ROM and I/O devices
correctly. Until this is done it may not be possible to access
RAM. If this is a ROMRAM startup then the program code can
now be copied to its RAM address and control transferred to it.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Set up any bus bridges and support chips. Often access to
device registers needs to go through various bus bridges and
other intermediary devices. In many systems these are combined
with the memory controller, so it makes sense to set these up
together. This is particularly important if early diagnostic
output needs to go through one of these devices.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Set up diagnostic mechanisms. If the platform includes an LED or
LCD output device, it often makes sense to output progress
indications on this during startup. This helps with diagnosing
hardware and software errors.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Initialize floating point and other extensions such as SIMD
and multimedia engines. It is usually necessary to enable
these and maybe initialize control and exception registers for
these extensions.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Initialize interrupt controller. At the very least, it should
be configured to mask all interrupts. It may also be necessary
to set up the mapping from the interrupt controller's vector
number space to the CPU's exception number space. Similar
mappings may need to be set up between primary and secondary
interrupt controllers.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Disable and initialize the caches. The caches should not
normally be enabled at this point, but it may be necessary to
clear or initialize them so that they can be enabled
later. Some architectures require that the caches be
explicitly reinitialized after a power-on reset.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Initialize the timer, clock etc. While the timer used for RTC
interrupts will be initialized later, it may be necessary to
set up the clocks that drive it here.
</P
></LI
></UL
><P
> The exact order in which these initializations is done is
architecture or variant specific. It is also often not necessary
to do anything at all for some of these options. These fragments
of code should concentrate on getting the target up and running so
that C function calls can be made and code can be run. More
complex initializations that cannot be done in assembly code may
be postponed until calls to
<TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>hal_variant_init()</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>hal_platform_init()</TT
> are made.
</P
><P
> Not all of these initializations need to be done for all startup
types. In particular, RAM startups can reasonably assume that the
ROM monitor or loader has already done most of this work.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Set up the stack pointer, this allows subsequent initialization
code to make proper procedure calls. Usually the interrupt stack
is used for this purpose since it is available, large enough, and
will be reused for other purposes later.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Initialize any global pointer register needed for access to
globally defined variables. This allows subsequent initialization
code to access global variables.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> If the system is starting from ROM, copy the ROM template of the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.data</TT
> section out to its correct position in
RAM. (<A
HREF="hal-linker-scripts.html"
>the Section called <I
>Linker Scripts</I
> in Chapter 9</A
>).
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Zero the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.bss</TT
> section.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Create a suitable C call stack frame. This may involve making
stack space for call frames, and arguments, and initializing the
back pointers to halt a GDB backtrace operation.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Call <TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>hal_variant_init()</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>hal_platform_init()</TT
>. These will perform any
additional initialization needed by the variant and platform. This
typically includes further initialization of the interrupt
controller, PCI bus bridges, basic IO devices and enabling the
caches.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Call <TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>cyg_hal_invoke_constructors()</TT
> to run any
static constructors.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Call <TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>cyg_start()</TT
>. If
<TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>cyg_start()</TT
> returns, drop into an infinite
loop.
</P
></LI
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