Subversion Repositories openrisc

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
 
#    This file is part of fizzim
#    Copyright (C) 2007 Zimmer Design Services
#
#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
#    (at your option) any later version.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# 
 
#  Although not specifically required by GPL, if you improve/modify this
#  software, please make it available to other users either by posting
#  it yourself or sending it back to ZDS (paulzimmer@zimmerdesignservices.com)
#  Consider this an ethical obligation rather than a legal one.
#
# $Id: fizzim.pl,v 3.0 2009/09/04 00:33:12 pzimmer Exp $ 
 
# Issues:
#  - should dp pre-case values look at implied_loopback and/or default...x?
#  - change $line code to just use print buffer manipulation, since we
#    now have the print buffer?
 
$| = 1;  # force immediate output
 
# Make sure calling location is in INC path
use File::Basename;
$my_dir = &dirname($0);
$me = &basename($0);
unshift(@INC,"$my_dir");
 
# Figure out revision info
# The reference to Revision below will get RCS to input the revision
$scriptversion = '$Revision: 3.0 $';
# Extract the rev number
$scriptversion =~ s/^\$Revision: //;
$scriptversion =~ s/ \$//;
 
# Scan for -help and -version for early exit.  If found, call parser
if (join(" ",@ARGV) =~ /-h/) {
  &process_options;
  exit; # redundant - will exit anyway
}
if (join(" ",@ARGV) =~ /-vers/) {
  &process_options;
  exit; # redundant - will exit anyway
} elsif (join(" ",@ARGV) =~ /-v(\s|$)/) {
  print STDERR "Note that -v is ambiguous.  If you want version, you must use at least -vers \n";
}
 
# Scan for -debug be_cmd before calling process_options
$debug_sections{"be_cmd"} = (join(" ",@ARGV) =~ /-d\S*\s+be_cmd/);
# Scan for -debug parse_input before calling parser
$debug_sections{"parse_input"} = (join(" ",@ARGV) =~ /-d\S*\s+parse_input/);
 
# Need to fetch the be_cmd from the file before parsing inputs.
# Perl wants to treat the actual command-line args as file names, so
# save them away and clear @ARGV.
@orig_argv = @ARGV;
@ARGV = ();
 
# Parse the input.  Do this before option processing so that we can get
# be_cmd.
&set_myattributes; # sets the myattributes hash to know what to parse
&parse_input;
 
# Process command-line options
# Re-build @ARGV using the options from be_cmd FIRST (so actual command-line
# options will have priority)
($be_options = $globals{machine}{be_cmd}{value}) =~ s/^[^-]*//;
@ARGV = (split(/\s+/,$be_options),@orig_argv);
 
&process_options;
 
#print "is_stateline: " . &is_stateline("      state[S1_BIT]: if (in[0] && in[1])"). "\n"; exit;
 
# Output is a bit messy.  To allow for -terse, output is held in a buffer 
# (pbuf) and printed at the end.  Warnings and "assertions" are held in their 
# own arrays, with indexes to match the line they follow in pbuf.
# "assertions" are comment lines, other than warnings, to be added to the
# output.
# Init printbuffer
$pbuf[0] = "";
 
# Rename hashes
%states = %state; undef %state;
%transitions = %transition; undef %transition;
 
# Massage output data structures to more convenient ones.
foreach $output (sort keys %{ $globals{outputs} }) {
  if ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "comb") {
    $comb_outputs{$output}{"default_value"} = $globals{outputs}{$output}{value};
  } elsif ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "reg") {
    if ($encoding eq "onehot") {
      # For onehot, all reg's are effectively regdp's
      $regdp_outputs{$output}{"default_value"} = $globals{outputs}{$output}{value};
    } else {
      $reg_outputs{$output}{"default_value"} = &convert2bin($globals{outputs}{$output}{value});
    }
  } elsif ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "regdp") {
    $regdp_outputs{$output}{"default_value"} = $globals{outputs}{$output}{value};
  } else {
    &error($indent,"No type found for output $output");
  }
}
 
# Encodings:
# HEROS:
# Highly Encoded with Registered Outputs as Statebits
# All registered outputs will be encoded as state bits.  Additional
# statebits will be added as needed to meet other requirements 
# (mininum encoding, graycode transitions).
#
# onehot:
# One-hot encoding per Steve Golson.  All reg'd outputs are effectively
# regdp's.
#
# Encoding cannot easily be an attribute on the fsm, because we need to know
# the encoding before we parse...
 
# Create module statement
# Because verilog doesn't allow the list to end with a "," we
# create the line first (in $line) but don't print it.  It is printed
# only when the NEXT sign input/output is handled (since we then
# know we can leave the "," at the end.
# When both loops (input and output) are finished, we change the ","
# to a ");" and print the last line.
 
#######################
# State assignment 
#######################
$section = "assign_states"; # for debug
 
# allstates is an array of all the states in alpha order, but with the 
# reset state moved to the front (FIRST)
if (exists $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value}) {
  $reset_state = $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value};
  push(@allstates,$reset_state);
} else {
  # If no reset, warn user
  &warning($indent,"No reset specified");
}
foreach $state (sort keys %states) {
  unless ($state eq $reset_state) {
    push(@allstates,$state);
  }
}
&debug("allstates is @allstates\n",0,"assign_states");
 
if ($encoding eq "heros") {
  # Massage the data structures before calling assign_states
  # Look at all registered outputs and assign them to state bits
  $statebit = 0; # init statebit pointer 
  # Loop through all reg'd outputs
  foreach $output (sort keys %reg_outputs) {
    # Determine upper and lower parts of [upper:lower] 
    if (($upper,$lower) = ($output =~ /\[(\d+):(\d+)\]/)) {
      $reg_outputs{$output}{"range"} = "$upper:$lower";
    } else {
      # If no range match, this must be single bit
      $upper = 0; $lower = 0;
    }
    # Set the lower (where the range will start to the current pointer)
    $statebit_lower = $statebit;
    # Bump the pointer up until we reach $upper
    for (my $bit = $lower; $bit < $upper; $bit++) {
      $statebit++;
    }
    if ($statebit == $statebit_lower) { # single bit
      $reg_outputs{$output}{"statebit_range"} = $statebit;
      &debug("Assigned $output to statebits $reg_outputs{$output}{statebit_range}",0,"$section");
    } else {
      $reg_outputs{$output}{"statebit_range"} = "$statebit:$statebit_lower";
      &debug("Assigned $output to statebits $reg_outputs{$output}{statebit_range}",0,"$section");
    }
    $reg_outputs{$output}{"statebit_lower"} = $statebit_lower;
    $reg_outputs{$output}{"statebit_upper"} = $statebit;
 
    # Set %fixedbits on all states to show these bits as fixed
    foreach $state (keys %states) {
      if ((!exists $states{$state}{attributes}{$output}{value}) || ($states{$state}{attributes}{$output}{value} eq "")) {
        $value = $reg_outputs{$output}{"default_value"};
        &debug("// Warning: No value for Moore bit $output for state $state - using default $value",0,"$section");
      } else {
        $value = &convert2bin($states{$state}{attributes}{$output}{value});
        #print "$states{$state}{attributes}{$output}{value} became $value\n"; # temp
      }
      # Make sure it is a legal binary value and the correct size
      if ($value !~ /^[01]+$/) {
        &error($indent,"Value $states{$state}{attributes}{$output}{value} of output $output for state $state is not a legal binary number after conversion to $value");
      }
      # Checking the bit width make it impossible to use 'h0f (tic without size)
      if (length($value) != $upper - $lower + 1) {
        &error($indent,"Value $value of output $output for state $state is not the correct bit width");
      }
      $target_valuebit = 0;
      for ($target_statebit = $statebit; $target_statebit >= $statebit_lower; $target_statebit--) {
        $bitvalue = substr($value,$target_valuebit,1);
        if ($bitvalue eq "") {&error($indent,"Value of output $output in state $state has fewer bits than required\n");}
        &debug("Setting fixedbit $target_statebit to $bitvalue for output $output in state $state",0,"$section");
        $fixedbits{$state}{$target_statebit} = $bitvalue;
        $target_valuebit++;
      }
    }
    $statebit++;
  }
  $regbits = $statebit;
 
  # Create graytransitions hash
  foreach $trans (keys %transitions) {
    if ($transitions{$trans}{attributes}{graycode}{value} || $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{graytransition}{value}) {
      &debug("Setting transition $trans as gray",0,"$section");
      push( @{ $graytransitions{"$transitions{$trans}{startState}"} },$transitions{$trans}{endState});
    }
  }
 
  # Calculate limits of state assignment search
  $required_bits = &required_bits($#allstates + 1);
  $minbits = $required_bits;
  $minbits = $regbits if ($regbits > $minbits);
  unless ($maxbits) {
    $maxbits = $required_bits + $regbits;
    # Bump maxbits in the presence of graycodes
    $maxbits = $maxbits + 2 if (scalar(keys %graytransitions));
  }
  &debug("minbits is $minbits, maxbits is $maxbits",0,"assign_states");
 
  # Force reset state to be allones or allzeros if requested by setting
  # fixbits values.  
  if (exists $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value}) {
    $reset_state = $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value};
    if ($globals{machine}{reset_state}{type} eq "allzeros") {
       for ($bit = 0; $bit <= $maxbits - 1 ; $bit++) {
         # If there is a comflicting fixedbits setting from registered
         # outputs, error out.
         if ((exists $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit}) && $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit} == 1) {
           &error($indent,"allzeros constraint for reset state $reset_state is incompatible with output setting");
         }
         $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit} = 0;
         &debug("Setting fixedbit $bit to 0 for reset state $reset_state",0,"$section");
       }
    } elsif ($globals{machine}{reset_state}{type} eq "allones") {
       for ($bit = 0; $bit <= $maxbits - 1 ; $bit++) {
         # If there is a comflicting fixedbits setting from registered
         # outputs, error out.
         if ((exists $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit}) && $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit} == 0) {
           &error($indent,"allones constraint for bit $bit of reset state $reset_state is incompatible with output setting");
         }
         $fixedbits{$reset_state}{$bit} = 1;
         &debug("Setting fixedbit $bit to 1 for reset state $reset_state",0,"$section");
       }
    }
  }
 
  # Debug output prior to calling &assign_states
  if ($global_debug || $debug_sections{"$section"}) {
    foreach $state (@allstates) {
      for ($statebit = 0; $statebit < $regbits; $statebit++) {
        if (exists $fixedbits{$state}{$statebit}) {
          &debug("fixedbits{$state}{$statebit} is $fixedbits{$state}{$statebit}",0,"$section");
        }
      }
    }
    &debug("regbits is $regbits",0,"$section");
    foreach $trans (keys %graytransitions) {
      &debug("graytransitions{$trans} is @{ $graytransitions{$trans} }",0,"$section");
    }
  }
 
  # Call &assign_states_hero to do the state assignment
  &assign_states_hero;
 
  # Rename variables to standard names
  $total_statebits = $bits;
  %state_val2name = %$v2nref;
 
} elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
  # Check for errors
 
  # No graycodes
  foreach $trans (keys %transitions) {
    if ($transitions{$trans}{attributes}{graycode}{value} || $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{graytransition}{value}) {
      &error($indent,"Cannot have graycode transitions with onehot encoding");
    }
  }
 
  # Reset state must not be allones or allzeros
  if ($globals{machine}{reset_state}{type} =~ /(allones)|(allzeros)/) {
    &error($indent,"Cannot have reset_state type of allones or allzeros with onehot encoding.  Try changing to \"anyvalue\"");
  }
 
  $total_statebits = scalar(keys %states); 
  #$statebit = $total_statebits - 1 ; # init statebit pointer 
  $statebit = 0;
  #foreach $state (keys %states) {
  foreach $state (@allstates) {
    $state_val2name{$statebit} = $state;
    $statebit++;
  }
  $zero_padded_one = sprintf("%s'b%s%s",$total_statebits,"0" x ($total_statebits - 1), "1");
 
} else {
  &error($indent,"Unknown encoding $encoding\n");
}
 
$last_statebit = $total_statebits - 1;
 
# Figure out longest state name for formatting purposes
foreach $state (@allstates) {
  $statename_length = length($state) if (length($state) > $statename_length);
}
# length of "state[IDLE]"
$statename_length_onehot = $statename_length + length($statevar) +2; 
$nextstatename_length_onehot = $statename_length + length($nextstatevar) +2; 
$level4indent = $indentstring x 4;
#eval "\$level4indent = \"$indentstring\" x 4";
 
 
#######################
# module open
#######################
 
# Handle top-of-file comments
if ($include_at_top_of_file = $globals{machine}{include_at_top_of_file}{value}) {
  open(FILE,"<$include_at_top_of_file") or &warning($indent,"Could not open file $include_at_top_of_file specified by attribute insert_at_top_of_file");
  while (<FILE>) {
    print;
  }
}
&print($indent,"$globals{machine}{insert_at_top_of_file}{value}\n");
 
# Output version data
if ($addversion) {
  ($sec,$min,$hour,$day, $month, $year) = (localtime)[0..5];
  $date = sprintf("%04d:%02d:%02d",$year+1900,$month+1,$day);
  $time = sprintf("%02d:%02d:%02d",$hour,$min,$sec);
  &print($indent,"// Created by $me version $scriptversion on $date at $time\n\n");
}
 
# Handle module comments
if ($globals{machine}{name}{comment}) {
  $comment = " // $globals{machine}{name}{comment}";
} else {
  $comment = "";
}
 
# Print module line
&print($indent++,"module $globals{machine}{name}{value} ($comment\n");
&print($indent,"$globals{machine}{insert_in_module_declaration}{value}\n") if $globals{machine}{insert_in_module_declaration}{value};
# outputs
foreach $output (sort keys %{ $globals{outputs} }) {
  # Print previous line
  if ($line) {
    &print($indent, "$line");
    $line = "";
  }
  # Check for reserved words
  if (exists $reserved_words{$output}) {
    &error($indent,"
Cannot use reserved word \"$output\" as an output.
If you are trying to bring out the internal variables, look at the stateout and nextstateout attributes.
If you have an actual output of this name, try using the -statevar, -nextstatevar, or -statenamevar switches to rename the internal signal to avoid the conflict.
 
");
  }
  # Handle comments
  if ($globals{outputs}{$output}{comment}) {
    $comment = "// $globals{outputs}{$output}{comment}";
  } else {
    $comment = "";
  }
 
 
  if ($language eq "verilog") {
    # Oddly, the comb outputs are reg's (because they will be assigned to
    # in the comb always block), but reg outputs are wire's (because they
    # will have continuous assignment to state bits).  Regdp (registered
    # datapath) are reg's.
    if ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "comb") {
      $type = "reg";
    } elsif ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "reg") {
      if ($encoding eq "onehot") {
        $type = "reg";
      } else {
        $type = "wire";
      }
    } elsif ($globals{outputs}{$output}{type} eq "regdp") {
      $type = "reg";
    } else {
      &error($indent,"No type found for output $output");
    }
  } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
    # In sv, everything is type logic
    $type = "logic";
  }
 
  # Handle multibit outputs
  if (($name,$range) = ($output =~ /^([^\[]+)\s*(\[.*\])/)) {
    $line = sprintf("%-30s %-s\n","output $type $range $name,",$comment);
    ($upper,$lower) = $range =~ /(\d+):(\d+)/;
    $widths{$name} = abs($upper - $lower) + 1;
    #print "$name width is $widths{$name}\n";
    #$line = "output $type $range $name,\n";
  } else {
    $line = sprintf("%-30s %-s\n","output $type $output,",$comment);
    $widths{$output} = 1;
    #print "$output width is $widths{$output}\n";
    #$line = "output $type $output,\n";
  }
  # Remove trailing blanks
  $line =~ s/\s*\n$/\n/;
}
 
# Handle stateout, nextstateout (hooks to allow state and nextstate to
# be outputs of the module - see documentation).
foreach $att ("stateout", "nextstateout") {
  ($var = $att) =~ s/out//;  # turns "stateout" into "state"
  $var = eval "\$${var}var"; # makes var = $statevar
  if ($stateout = $globals{"machine"}{$att}{"value"}) {
    # Check to make sure no bounds given
    if ($stateout =~ /\[|\]/) {
      &error($indent,"stateout signal \"$stateout\" should not have bit field - this will be determined automatically");
    }
    # Print previous line
    if ($line) {
      &print($indent, "$line");
      $line = "";
    }
    if ($language eq "verilog") {
      if ($stateout eq $var) {
        $line = "output reg [$last_statebit:0] $stateout,\n";
      } else {
        $line = "output wire [$last_statebit:0] $stateout,\n";
      }
    } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
      if ($stateout eq $var) {
        &error($indent,"Cannot use state or nextstate variables as module ports in SystemVerilog - you must rename them.  See documentation for details.");
      } else {
        $line = "output logic [$last_statebit:0] $stateout,\n";
      }
    }
  }
}
 
# Inputs (still doing the module statement...)
if ($language eq "verilog") {
  $type = "wire";
} elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
  $type = "logic";
}
 
foreach $input (sort keys %{ $globals{inputs} }) {
  # Print previous line
  if ($line) {
    &print($indent, "$line");
    $line = "";
  }
  # Check for reserved words
  if (exists $reserved_words{$input}) {
    &error($indent,"
Cannot use reserved word \"$input\" as an input.
If you have an actual input of this name, try using the -statevar, -nextstatevar, or -statenamevar switches to rename the internal signal to avoid the conflict.
 
");
  }
  # Handle comments
  if ($globals{inputs}{$input}{comment}) {
    $comment = "// $globals{inputs}{$input}{comment}";
  } else {
    $comment = "";
  }
 
  # Handle multibit inputs
  if (($name,$range) = ($input =~ /^([^\[]+)\s*(\[.*\])/)) {
    $line = sprintf("%-30s %-s\n","input $type $range $name,",$comment);
    #$line = "input wire $range $name,\n";
  } else {
    $line = sprintf("%-30s %-s\n","input $type $input,",$comment);
    #$line = "input wire $input,\n";
  }
  # Remove trailing blanks
  $line =~ s/\s*\n$/\n/;
}
 
# print last line of module statement and close
if ($line =~ s/^(.*),/\1 /) {
  $line = $line . ");\n"; # Add ); on a new line
} else {
  &error($indent,"No inputs or outputs specified");
}
&print($indent, "$line");
&print($indent,"\n");
 
&print($indent,"$globals{machine}{insert_at_top_of_module}{value}\n");
 
#######################
# Print out state parameter definition
#######################
#&print($indent,"\n\n");
&print($indent,"// state bits\n");
 
# The systemverilog output in onehot is a slightly different format
# than the verilog output in onehot.  Both use indexing, but the sv version
# assigns the state values to full vectors (with one bit set) rather than
# setting one bit in a zero vector.  This is based on Cliff Cumming's 
# preferred coding style, and allows for the default_state_is_x functionality
# in onehot.
#
# 4/30/2009: Changed the default_state_is_x verilog onehot to work like the
# systemverilog version, but with verilog syntax.  That means that the output
# using verilog will look very different depending on whether default_state_is_x# is set or not.
 
# To accomplish this, sv+onehot requires an extra enum:
if ($language eq "systemverilog" && $encoding eq "onehot") {
  &print($indent++,"enum {\n");
  $line = "";
  foreach $state (@allstates) {
    # Same trick - print previous line to avoid trailing ","
    if ($line) {
      &print($indent, "$line");
    }
    $line = "${state}_BIT,\n";
  }
  # Remove , and print last line.
  $line =~ s/^(.*),/\1/;
  &print($indent, "$line");
  # print close of enum
  &print(--$indent,"} $indexvar;\n\n");
 
# And verilog, onehot, defaultx requires an extra parameter statement:
} elsif ($language eq "verilog" && $encoding eq "onehot" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value}) {
  &print($indent,"parameter\n");
  foreach $state (@allstates) {
    # Search through all assigned values looking for the one that matches $state
    foreach $val (keys %state_val2name) {
      if ($state_val2name{$val} eq $state) {
        &print($indent,"${state}_BIT = $val,\n");
      }
    }
  }
  # Change , in final line to ;
  $pbuf[$#pbuf] =~ s/,/;/;
  &print($indent,"\n");
}
 
 
if ($language eq "verilog") {
  # DC gives a warning that not all tool support bounds on parameters, so
  # don't use them.
  #&print($indent,"parameter [$last_statebit:0]\n");
  &print($indent,"parameter \n");
} elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
  # SV uses enumerated types instead of parameters, but many of the details
  # are the same.
  &print($indent,"enum logic [$last_statebit:0] {\n");
  $indent++; # indent the enum values
}
 
$line = "";
 
# Print out state encoding in @allstates order
foreach $state (@allstates) {
  $comment = "";
  # Same trick - print previous line to avoid trailing ","
  if ($line) {
    &print($indent, "$line");
    $line = "";
  }
  # Search through all assigned values looking for the one that matches $state
  foreach $val (keys %state_val2name) {
    if ($state_val2name{$val} eq $state) {
      # If there are output encoded ($regbits is not 0), prepare a comment
      # that shows the value of each output in this state.
      if ($regbits) {
        $val_length = length($val);
        foreach $regout (sort {
          $reg_outputs{$a}{statebit_lower} <=>
          $reg_outputs{$b}{statebit_lower}
        } keys %reg_outputs) {
          $lower = $reg_outputs{$regout}{statebit_lower};
          $upper = $reg_outputs{$regout}{statebit_upper};
          $bitvalue = substr($val,$val_length - $upper - 1,$upper - $lower + 1);
          $comment = "$regout=${bitvalue} ${comment}";
        }
 
        # Do extra bits
        if ($val_length - 1 > $upper) {
          $bitvalue = substr($val,($val_length - 1) - ($upper + 1),$val_length - $upper - 1);
          $comment = "extra=${bitvalue} ${comment}";
        }
 
        $comment = "// $comment";
      } # end of encoded output comment code
 
 
      if ($encoding eq "heros") {
        $line = sprintf("%-${statename_length}s%s","$state"," = ${total_statebits}'b${val}, ${comment}\n");
 
      } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
        if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
          $line = sprintf("%-${statename_length}s%s","$state"," = ${total_statebits}\'b1<<${state}_BIT, ${comment}\n");
        } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
          $line = sprintf("%-${statename_length}s%s","$state"," = ${val}, ${comment}\n");
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
 
if ($language eq "verilog") {
  if ($encoding eq "onehot" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value}) {
    &print($indent, "$line");
    #&print($indent, sprintf("XXX = %s\'b%s;\n",$total_statebits,"x" x $total_statebits));
    &print($indent, sprintf("%-${statename_length}s = %s\'b%s;\n","XXX",$total_statebits,"x"));
  } else {
    # Substitute ; for , and print last line.
    $line =~ s/^(.*),/\1;/;
    &print($indent, "$line");
  }
} elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
  # Print line
  &print($indent, "$line");
  # Add XXX
  &print($indent, "XXX = \'x\n");
  # Add closing of enum statement
  &print(--$indent, "} $statevar, $nextstatevar;\n");
}
 
#######################
# state, nextstate reg lines
#######################
&print($indent, "\n");
# Handle stateout, nextstateout attributes
foreach $att ("stateout", "nextstateout") {
  ($var = $att) =~ s/out//;  # turns "stateout" into "state"
  $var = eval "\$${var}var"; # makes var = $statevar
  if ($stateout = $globals{"machine"}{$att}{"value"}) {
    if ($stateout eq $var) {
      # If stateout is set the same as $statevar, then the reg statement was 
      # done in the module header.  Do nothing.
    } else {
      # If stateout is NOT set the same as $statevar, then the module statement
      # had a "wire" for stateout and we need to create the reg statement
      # here and an assign of the wire to the reg.
      if ($language eq "verilog") {
        &print($indent, "reg [$last_statebit:0] $var;\n");
      } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
        # No need to do anything for sv.  The state bits are enum types
        #&print($indent, "logic [$last_statebit:0] $var;\n");
      }
      &print($indent, "assign $stateout = $var;\n");
    }
  } else {
    # No attribute set - print out reg statement.  For SV, do nothing (declared
    # as logic type in the enum statement).
    if ($language eq "verilog") {
      &print($indent, "reg [$last_statebit:0] $var;\n");
    }
  }
}
 
 
#######################
# Output combinational block
#######################
$section = "comb_block";
&print($indent, "\n");
&print($indent, "// comb always block\n");
if ($language eq "verilog") {
  &print($indent++, "always @* begin\n");
} elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
  &print($indent++, "always_comb begin\n");
}
 
if ($encoding eq "heros") {
  # For heros, defaults ahead of case depend on fsm attributes
  if ($globals{machine}{implied_loopback}{value}) {
    &print($indent, "$nextstatevar = $statevar; // default to hold value because implied_loopback is set\n");
  } elsif ($globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value}) {
    if ($language eq "verilog") {
      &print($indent, sprintf("$nextstatevar = ${total_statebits}\'b%s; // default to x because default_state_is_x is set\n","x"));
    } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
      &print($indent, sprintf("$nextstatevar = XXX; // default to x because default_state_is_x is set\n"));
    }
  } else {
    &warning($indent,"Neither implied_loopback nor default_state_is_x attribute is set on state machine - this could result in latches being inferred");
  }
 
} elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
  if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
    &print($indent, sprintf("$nextstatevar = XXX; // default to x because default_state_is_x is set\n"));
  } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
    &print($indent, sprintf("$nextstatevar = ${total_statebits}\'b%s;\n","0" x $total_statebits));
  }
}
 
# Combinational defaults.  
# To get better synth results "out of the box", use a 0 default if no
# default is defined.  To get the old "hold value" 
# behavior, it will be necessary for the user to set the default to 
# be the variable name (ie, if the variable name is "foo", make the default
# value "foo").
foreach $combout (sort keys %comb_outputs) {
  if (exists $comb_outputs{$combout}{default_value} && ($comb_outputs{$combout}{default_value} ne "") ) {
    $comb_defaults{$combout} = $comb_outputs{$combout}{default_value};
    &print($indent,"$combout = $comb_defaults{$combout}; // default\n");
  } else {
    $comb_defaults{$combout} = "0";  # Use string zero
    &warning($indent,"Combinational output $combout has no default value - using 0");
    &print($indent,"$combout = $comb_defaults{$combout}; // default to zero for better synth results (no default set in .fzm file)\n");
    #&print($indent,"$combout = $widths{$combout}'b$comb_defaults{$combout}; // default to zero for better synth results (no default set in .fzm file)\n");
  }
}
 
# State "case" block
&print_case_statement($statevar);
#&assertion($indent,"// Test assertions");
 
# Output state code in @allstates order
foreach $state (@allstates) {
  %non_default_on_state_value_found = (); # hash to keep track of mealy info
  if ($states{$state}{attributes}{comment}) {
    $comment = " // $states{$state}{attributes}{comment}";
  } else {
    $comment = "";
  }
  if ($encoding eq "heros") {
    #&print($indent++,"$state:" . " begin${comment}\n");
    &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length}s:",$state) . " begin${comment}\n");
 
  } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
    if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
      &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length_onehot}s:","$statevar\[${state}_BIT\]") . " begin${comment}\n");
    } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
      &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length_onehot}s:","$statevar\[$state\]") . " begin${comment}\n");
    }
  }
  # Search state attributes for outputs.  If a combinational output is found,
  # assign its value here (maybe).  
  foreach $comb_output (sort keys %comb_outputs) {
    if (exists $states{$state}{attributes}{$comb_output}{value}) {
      $value = $states{$state}{attributes}{$comb_output}{value};
    } else {
      $value = $comb_outputs{$comb_output}{default_value};
    }
 
    # Check to see if output is assigned on transitions.  If so, check to see
    # if a non-default value has been assigned in this state.  
    # If so, output assignment statement, set flag and issue warning.
    if (exists $globals{"trans"}{$comb_output}{"value"}) {
      # yup, we're in mealy-on-transitions mode
      if ($value ne $comb_outputs{$comb_output}{default_value}) {
        # If output has a non-default value in this state, warn user and print it anyway
        &warning($indent,"Combinational output $comb_output is assigned on transitions, but has a non-default value \"$value\" in state $state");
        # Check that resulting value is non-null
        &error($indent,"Value of comb output $comb_output cannot be determined in state $state") if ($value eq "");
        # Print the default statement anyway if it doesn't match default from above
        &print($indent,"$comb_output = $value;\n") unless ($value eq $comb_defaults{$comb_output});
        # Set flag to suppress non-default on-transition values in this state
        $non_default_on_state_value_found{$comb_output} = 1;
      }
    } else {
      # NOT in mealy-on-transitions mode, so print the default statement
      # Check that resulting value is non-null
      &error($indent,"Value of comb output $comb_output cannot be determined in state $state") if ($value eq "");
      # Only print the default statement if the comb output is NOT assigned 
      # on transitions (and it doesn't match default above)
      &print($indent,"$comb_output = $value;\n") unless ($value eq $comb_defaults{$comb_output});
    }
  }
  # Search transitions for all those starting on this state.  
  # Sort by priority, then output vlog if/elseif/else
  # equation to switch to correct endState.
  @transitions_from_this_state = ();
  foreach $trans (keys %transitions) {
    if ($transitions{$trans}{"startState"} eq $state) {
      &debug("Transition $trans starts on state $state, adding to array",0,$section);
      push(@transitions_from_this_state,$trans);
    }
  }
 
  # nextstate determination
  # Sort by priority, followed by equation.  The equation part ensures
  # that "1" will be last.
  @transitions_from_this_state = sort sort_by_priority_then_equation_equal_1 @transitions_from_this_state;
  #print("After sort, transitions_from_this_state for state $state is @transitions_from_this_state\n");
  &debug("After sort, transitions_from_this_state for state $state is @transitions_from_this_state",0,$section);
 
  # Check for problems with priority
  undef %priorities_seen;
  if ($#transitions_from_this_state > 0) {
    for (my $i = 0; $i<=$#transitions_from_this_state; $i++) {
      $trans = $transitions_from_this_state[$i];
      $equation = $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{equation}{value};
      # If no priority exists, warn unless
      # 1) this is the last transition and equation is "1"
      # 2) There are only two transitions, and the last one has equation of "1"
      if (!($pri = $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{priority}{value})) {
          #print "looking at $trans: $i of $#transitions_from_this_state\n";
          #print "equation: $equation\n";
        unless (
          # last and equation is 1
          ($equation eq "1" &&
           $i == $#transitions_from_this_state)
          ||
          # Exactly 2 transitions and last has equation of 1
          ($#transitions_from_this_state == 1 &&
           $transitions{$transitions_from_this_state[$#transitions_from_this_state]}{attributes}{equation}{value} eq "1")
         ) {
          &warning($indent,"State $state has multiple exit transitions, and transition $trans has no defined priority");
        }
      } else {
        # If priority exists, but it's a duplicate, warn unless THIS transition
        # has an equation of 1 (note that sort means that if two transitions 
        # have the same priority, the one with an equation of 1 will come last).
        if (exists $priorities_seen{$pri}) {
          unless ($equation eq "1") {
            &warning($indent,"State $state has multiple exit transitions, and transition $trans has the same priority as transition $priorities_seen{$pri}");
          }
        } else {
          $priorities_seen{$pri} = $trans;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  for (my $i = 0; $i<=$#transitions_from_this_state; $i++) {
    $trans = $transitions_from_this_state[$i];
    $equation = $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{equation}{value};
    #print "trans is $trans\n";
    #print STDERR "equation is $equation\n";
    $equation = 1 unless ($equation); # force null string to "1"
    $eq1seen = 0;
 
    # Check for unreachable transitions.  If the equation is 1 and 
    # there are more transitions following, it's an error.
    if ($equation eq "1" && $#transitions_from_this_state > $i) {
      &error($indent,"State $state has an always true equation for transition $trans, but has lower priority transitions as well");
    }
 
    if ($i == 0) { # first item in list
      # If always true, just output "begin" without the if 
      # (need a begin/end block in case there are comb outputs)
      if ($equation eq "1") {
        &print($indent++,"begin\n");
        $eq1seen = 1;
      } else {
        &print($indent++,"if ($equation) begin\n");
      }
 
    } elsif ($i == $#transitions_from_this_state) { # last item in list
      # Note that this won't execute if there was only one item in
      # the list (due to use of elsif)
      if ($equation eq "1") {
        &print($indent++,"else begin\n");
        $eq1seen = 1;
      } else {
        &print($indent++,"else if ($equation) begin\n");
      }
 
    } else { # intermediate terms
      &print($indent++,"else if ($equation) begin\n");
    }
 
    $nextstate = $transitions{$trans}{endState};
    # Handle transition comments
    if ($transitions{$trans}{attributes}{comment}) {
      $comment = " // $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{comment}";
    } else {
      $comment = "";
    }
    if ($encoding eq "heros") {
      foreach $graystate (@{ $graytransitions{$state} }) {
        if ($graystate eq $nextstate) {
          $comment = $comment . " // graycoded";
        }
      }
      &print($indent,"$nextstatevar = $nextstate;$comment\n");
    } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
      if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
        &print($indent,"$nextstatevar = $nextstate;$comment\n");
      } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
        &print($indent,"$nextstatevar\[$nextstate\] = 1'b1;$comment\n");
      }
    }
 
    # Add comb outputs
    foreach $comb_output (keys %{ $transitions{$trans}{attributes} }) {
      if ($transitions{$trans}{attributes}{$comb_output}{type} eq "output") {
        if (exists $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{$comb_output}{value}) {
          $value = $transitions{$trans}{attributes}{$comb_output}{value};
        } else {
          $value = $globals{"trans"}{$comb_output}{"value"} ; # default value defined in transitions table
        }
        # Check that resulting value is non-null
        &error($indent,"Value of comb output $comb_output cannot be determined on transition $trans") if ($value eq "");
        # Print only if no non-default state value was found, or this is a
        # non-default transition value.
        if (!$non_default_on_state_value_found{$comb_output}
          || $value ne $globals{"trans"}{$comb_output}{"value"}) {
          &print($indent,"$comb_output = $value;\n") unless ($value eq $comb_defaults{$comb_output});
        }
      }
    }
    &print(--$indent,"end\n"); # end of if/else/elseif ... or begin block
  }
  # Check for the case of onehot without an equation "1".  If this is found
  # and implied_loopback is on, add an else to stay put.  If 
  # default_state_is_x is on, make bit an x.
  if ($encoding eq "onehot") {
    if (!$eq1seen) {
      # Note that implied loopback has priority over default_state_is_x
      if ($globals{machine}{implied_loopback}{value}) {
        &print($indent++,"else begin\n");
        if ($language eq "systemverilog") {
          &print($indent,"$nextstatevar = $state; // Added because implied_loopback is true\n");
        } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
          &print($indent,"$nextstatevar\[$state\] = 1'b1; // Added because implied_loopback is true\n");
        }
        &print(--$indent,"end\n"); 
 
      } elsif ($globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value}) {
#        Don't need anything.  If we're doing onehot (see if above), and 
#        we've got default_state_is_x on, we're using the sv XXX format, both
#        in sv and in verilog, so we do nothing.  
#        &print($indent++,"else begin\n");
#        if ($language eq "systemverilog") {
#          &print($indent,"$nextstatevar = $state; // Added because default_state_is_x is true\n");
#        } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
#          &print($indent,"$nextstatevar\[$state\] = 1'bx; // Added because default_state_is_x is true\n");
#        }
#        &print(--$indent,"end\n"); 
 
      } else {
        &warning($indent,"Neither implied_loopback nor default_state_is_x attribute is set on onehot state machine and there is no loopback arc - this could result in latches being inferred");
      }
    }
  }
 
  &print(--$indent,"end\n"); # end of case match
}
&print(--$indent, "endcase\n");
&print(--$indent, "end\n");
 
#######################
# State sequential block
#######################
$section = "seq_block";
&print($indent, "\n");
 
unless ($encoding eq "onehot") {
  &print($indent,"// Assign reg'd outputs to state bits\n");
  foreach $regout (sort {
      $reg_outputs{$a}{statebit_lower} <=>
      $reg_outputs{$b}{statebit_lower}
    } keys %reg_outputs) {
    &print($indent,"assign $regout = $statevar\[$reg_outputs{$regout}{statebit_range}\];\n");
  }
  &print($indent,"\n");
}
 
&print($indent, "// sequential always block\n");
 
# Create the always @ line using a sub so it can be used by datapath
# as well.
$line = &create_sequential_always;
&print($indent++,"$line");
 
if ($reset_signal) {
  $bang = "!" if ($reset_edge =~ /neg/);
  &print($indent++,"if (${bang}${reset_signal})\n");
  if ($encoding eq "heros") {
    &print($indent,"$statevar <= $reset_state;\n");
 
  } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
    if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
      &print($indent,"$statevar <= $reset_state;\n");
    } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
      &print($indent,"$statevar <= $zero_padded_one << $reset_state;\n");
    }
  }
  &print(--$indent,"else\n");
}
&print($indent,"  $statevar <= $nextstatevar;\n");
&print(--$indent,"end\n");
 
#######################
# Datapath sequential block
#######################
$section = "dp_seq_block";
if (scalar(%regdp_outputs)) {
  &print($indent, "\n");
 
  &print($indent, "// datapath sequential always block\n");
 
  # Create the always @ line 
  $line = &create_sequential_always;
  &print($indent++,"$line");
 
  if ($reset_signal) {
    $bang = "!" if ($reset_edge =~ /neg/);
    &print($indent++,"if (${bang}${reset_signal}) begin\n");
    # Assign reset values to datapath registers.  This is assumed
    # to be the value in the reset_state.  If not specified, assume
    # the default value.
    foreach $regdp_output (sort keys %regdp_outputs) {
      if (exists $states{$reset_state}{attributes}{$regdp_output}{value}) {
        $value = $states{$reset_state}{attributes}{$regdp_output}{value};
      } else {
        &warning($indent,"No reset value for datapath output $regdp_output set in reset state $reset_state - Assiging a reset value of $value based on default");
        $value = $regdp_outputs{$regdp_output}{default_value};
      }
      # Check that resulting value is non-null
      &error($indent,"Reset value of datapath output $regdp_output cannot be determined ") if ($value eq "");
      &print($indent,"$regdp_output <= $value;\n");
    }
    &print(--$indent,"end\n");
    &print($indent++,"else begin\n");
  } else {
    &print(--$indent,"begin\n");
  }
 
  # Output defaults.  
  # To get better synth results "out of the box", use a 0 default if no
  # default is defined.  To get the old "hold value in illegal states" 
  # behavior, it will be necessary for the user to set the default to 
  # be the variable name (ie, if the variable name is "foo", make the default
  # value "foo").
  foreach $regdp_output (sort keys %regdp_outputs) {
    if (exists $regdp_outputs{$regdp_output}{default_value} && ($regdp_outputs{$regdp_output}{default_value} ne "") ) {
      $dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output} = $regdp_outputs{$regdp_output}{default_value};
      &print($indent,"$regdp_output <= $dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output}; // default\n");
    } else {
      $dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output} = "0";  # Use string zero
      &warning($indent,"Datapath output $regdp_output has no default value - using 0");
      &print($indent,"$regdp_output <= $dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output}; // default to zero for better synth results (no default set in .fzm file)\n");
      #&print($indent,"$regdp_output <= $widths{$regdp_output}'b$dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output}; // default to zero for better synth results (no default set in .fzm file)\n");
    }
  }
 
  # State "case" block
  &print_case_statement($nextstatevar);
 
  $keep_case = 0; # flag to keep case statement (at least one non-default found)
  foreach $state (@allstates) {
    $keep_state = 0; # flag to keep this state
    # Create state + begin (might be "popped" if $keep_state doesn't get set)
    if ($encoding eq "heros") {
      #&print($indent++,"$state: begin\n");
      &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length}s:",$state) . " begin\n");
    } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
      if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
        &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${nextstatename_length_onehot}s:","$nextstatevar\[${state}_BIT\]") . " begin\n");
      } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
        &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${nextstatename_length_onehot}s:","$nextstatevar\[$state\]") . " begin\n");
      }
    }
    # Search state attributes for regdp outputs.  If a regdp output is found,
    # assign its value here
    foreach $regdp_output (sort keys %regdp_outputs) {
      if (exists $states{$state}{attributes}{$regdp_output}{value}) {
        $value = $states{$state}{attributes}{$regdp_output}{value};
      }
      if (exists($dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output}) && ($value eq $dp_seq_defaults{$regdp_output})) {
        # skip - covered by default
      } else {
        # Check that resulting value is non-null
        &error($indent,"Value of regdp output $regdp_output cannot be determined in state $state") if ($value eq "");
        &print($indent,"$regdp_output <= $value;\n");
        $keep_state = 1;
        $keep_case = 1;
      }
    }
 
    # If we did something here, output the end
    if ($keep_state) {
      &print(--$indent,"end\n"); # end of case match
    # Otherwise, pop the state + begin off the print buffer and clean up the indent.
    } else {
      $indent--;
      pop(@pbuf);
    }
  }
 
  # Similarly, keep case and output endcase only if we found something no-default (flat is set)
  if ($keep_case) {
  &print(--$indent, "endcase\n");
  } else {
    pop(@pbuf);
    &warning($indent,"Did not find any non-default values for any datapath outputs - suppressing case statement");
    $indent--;
  }
  &print(--$indent,"end\n"); # end of if not reset
  &print(--$indent,"end\n"); # end of always
}
 
#######################
# State name-as-ascii block
#######################
if ($simcode) {
  $section = "ascii_block";
  &print($indent, "\n");
  &print($indent, "// This code allows you to see state names in simulation\n");
  #&print($indent, "// synopsys translate_off\n");
  &print($indent, "`ifndef SYNTHESIS\n");
  &print($indent, "reg [" . ($statename_length * 8 - 1) . ":0] $statenamevar;\n");
  &print($indent++, "always @* begin\n");
 
  # State "case" block
  if ($encoding eq "heros") {
    &print($indent++,"case ($statevar)\n");
  } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
    &print($indent++,"case (1\'b1)\n");
  }
  foreach $state (@allstates) {
    if ($encoding eq "heros") {
      &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length}s:",$state) . "\n");
 
    } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
      if ($language eq "systemverilog" || ($language eq "verilog" && $globals{machine}{default_state_is_x}{value})) {
        &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length_onehot}s:","$statevar\[${state}_BIT\]") . "\n");
      } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
        &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length_onehot}s:","$statevar\[$state\]") . "\n");
      }
    }
    &print($indent++,"$statenamevar = \"$state\";\n");
    $indent--;
    $indent--;
  }
  # add default for X
  #&print($indent++,"default:\n");
  &print($indent++,sprintf("%-${statename_length}s:","default") . "\n");
  &print($indent++,sprintf("$statenamevar = \"%s\";\n", "X" x ($statename_length)));
  $indent--;
  $indent--;
 
  &print(--$indent, "endcase\n");
  &print(--$indent, "end\n");
 
  #&print($indent, "// synopsys translate_on\n\n");
  &print($indent, "`endif\n\n");
}
 
&print($indent,"$globals{machine}{insert_at_bottom_of_module}{value}\n");
 
# endmodule and bottom-of-file 
 
&print(--$indent,"endmodule\n");
 
&print($indent,"$globals{machine}{insert_at_bottom_of_file}{value}\n");
 
&print_output;
 
#######################################################################
# Subroutines
#######################################################################
 
sub print_case_statement {
  # Print the case statement.  
  my ($casevar) = (@_);
 
  # For heros, it's pretty simple:
  if ($encoding eq "heros") {
    &print($indent++,"case ($casevar)\n");
 
  # For onehot, it is based on the onehot pragma and the language
  # In verilog, defaults to "case (1'b1) synopsys parallel_case full_case".
  # In systemverilog, defaults to "unique case (1'b1)".
  # If pragma is set, always use "case (1'b1) // pragma", regardless
  # of language.
  } elsif ($encoding eq "onehot") {
    if (exists $globals{machine}{onehot_pragma}{value} ) {
      &warning($indent,"Using override value from attribute onehot_pragma");
      $pragma = $globals{machine}{onehot_pragma}{value};
      &print($indent++,"case (1'b1) // $pragma\n");
    } elsif ($language eq "verilog") {
      &print($indent++,"case (1'b1) // synopsys parallel_case full_case\n");
    } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
      &print($indent++,"unique case (1'b1)\n");
    }
  }
}
 
sub create_sequential_always {
  # Check to make sure clock data is ok
  if (exists $globals{machine}{clock}{value}) {
    $clk = $globals{machine}{clock}{value};
  } else {
    &error($indent,"No clock specified");
  }
  if (! exists $globals{inputs}{$clk}) {
    #&warning($indent,"Specified clock signal $clk is not an input");
    &error($indent,"Specified clock signal $clk is not an input");
  }
  if ($globals{machine}{clock}{type} !~ /^(pos)|(neg)edge$/) {
    &error($indent,"Clock type not specified as posedge or negedge");
  }
  # Build clock portion of always @(posedge...)
  if ($language eq "verilog") {
    $line = "always @(";
  } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
    $line = "always_ff @(";
  }
  $line = $line . "$globals{machine}{clock}{type} $clk" ;
 
  # Add reset if given
  if (exists $globals{machine}{reset_signal}{value}) {
    $reset_signal = $globals{machine}{reset_signal}{value};
    if (! exists $globals{inputs}{$reset_signal}) {
      #&warning($indent,"Specified reset signal $reset_signal is not an input");
      &error($indent,"Specified reset signal $reset_signal is not an input");
    }
    if ($globals{machine}{reset_signal}{type} =~ /^((neg)|(pos))edge$/) {
      $sync = "async";
    } elsif ($globals{machine}{reset_signal}{type} eq "positive") {
      $sync = "sync";
    } elsif ($globals{machine}{reset_signal}{type} eq "negative") {
      $sync = "sync";
    } else {
      &error($indent,"reset_signal $reset_signal not specified as type posedge, negedge, positive or negative");
    }
    $reset_edge = $globals{machine}{reset_signal}{type};
    if ($sync eq "async") {
      $line = $line . " or $reset_edge $reset_signal";
    }
    if (! exists $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value}) {
      &error($indent,"Reset signal given, but no reset state found.");
    } else {
      $reset_state = $globals{machine}{reset_state}{value};
    }
  }
  return $line = $line . ") begin\n";
}
 
sub sort_by_priority_then_equation_equal_1 {
  #&debug("a priority: $a -> $transitions{$a}{attributes}{priority}{value}",0,$section);
  #&debug("a equation: $a -> $transitions{$a}{attributes}{equation}{value}",0,$section);
  #&debug("a: $a -> $a",0,$section);
  #&debug("b priority: $b -> $transitions{$b}{attributes}{priority}{value}",0,$section);
  #&debug("b equation: $b -> $transitions{$b}{attributes}{equation}{value}",0,$section);
  #&debug("b: $a -> $b",0,$section);
#  &debug("priority sort result is: " . $transitions{$a}{attributes}{priority}{value} <=> $transitions{$b}{attributes}{priority}{value},0,$section);
 
  $transitions{$a}{attributes}{priority}{value} <=> 
  $transitions{$b}{attributes}{priority}{value}
    ||
  ($transitions{$a}{attributes}{equation}{value} eq "1") cmp
  ($transitions{$b}{attributes}{equation}{value} eq "1")
    # finally, sort by trans name just so order will be predictable
    ||
   $a cmp $b
}
 
 
sub parse_input {
 
  my %myattributes_forcompare;
 
  &debug("Start of parse_input\"$_\"",0,"parse_input");
 
  # Create local version of myattributes with substition done to enable
  # compares
  foreach $entry (keys %myattributes) {
    $entry =~ s/\*[^\*]*\*/[^\"]+/g;
    $myattributes_forcompare{$entry} = 1;
  }
 
  while (<>) {
    chomp;
    s/##.*$// ;# Remove comments
    s/^\s*//;  # Remove leading whitespace
 
    # Toss status/endstatus
    if (/^\s*<status>/) {
      until (/^\s*<\/status>/) {
        $_ = <>;
      }
      next;
    }
 
    # Ignore drawArea (strips this level entirely from out data
    # structures)
    next if (/drawArea/);
 
    # Look for endtoken first to allow elsif to handle token case
    if (($endtoken) = (/^\s*<\/(.*)>/)) {
      &debug("endtoken: $endtoken from \"$_\"",0,"parse_input");
      &debug("ptr was \"$ptr\"",0,"parse_input");
      # Found an endtoken.  If this is the array, clear the array value.
      # Otherwise, remove everything from this token to the end from ptr.
      if ($array eq $endtoken) {
        $array = "";
        $ptr = "";
      } else {
        $ptr =~ s/{\"\Q$endtoken\E\"}.*$//;
      }
      &debug("new array is \"${array}\"",0,"parse_input");
      &debug("new ptr is \"${ptr}\"",0,"parse_input");
      &debug("",0,"parse_input");
    } elsif (($token) = (/^\s*<(.*)>/)) {
      &debug("token: $token from \"$_\"",0,"parse_input");
      # Found new token.  If array is blank, this is the new array.
      # Otherwise, append to ptr.  
      if ($array eq "") {
        $array = "$token";
      } else {
        $ptr = $ptr . "{\"$token\"}";
      }
      &debug("new array is \"${array}\"",0,"parse_input");
      &debug("new ptr is \"${ptr}\"",0,"parse_input");
      &debug("",0,"parse_input");
    } else {
      $value = $_;
      &debug("value: $value from \"$_\"",0,"parse_input");
      # Found a value instead of a token.  Use array and ptr to set
      # the value using eval.
      # First, turn state name (or transition name) into index
      &debug("old ptr (in value block) is \"$ptr\"",0,"parse_input");
      if ($ptr =~ s/({\"attributes\"}).*name.*value\"}/{\"$value\"}\1/) {
        # If this already exists, it means we have a duplicate entry!
        if (exists $${array}{"$value"}{"attributes"}) {
          &error($indent,"Error - found duplicate entry for $array $value");
        }
        &debug("new ptr (in value block) is \"$ptr\"",0,"parse_input");
      } else {
        $keep = 0;
        foreach $entry (keys %myattributes_forcompare) {
          #print STDERR "Looking at myatt $entry\n";
          if ("${array}${ptr}" =~ $entry) {
            &debug("Got match to $entry\n",0,"parse_input");
            $keep = 1;
          }
        }
        #$cmd = "\$${array}${ptr} = q{${value}};";
        $value =~ s/"/\\"/g;  # escape quotes for next line
        $cmd = "\$${array}${ptr} = \"$value\";";
        if ($keep) {
          &debug("cmd is \"$cmd\"",0,"parse_input");
          eval $cmd unless (!$array);
        } else {
          &debug("skipped cmd \"$cmd\"",0,"parse_input");
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  &debug("End of parse_input\"$_\"\n\n",0,"parse_input");
 
  # Check some random values
  #&debug("state0 vis is $states{state0}{attributes}{vis}",0,"parse_input");
  #&debug("trans0 startState is $transitions{trans0}{startState}",0,"parse_input");
  #&debug("trans0 endState is $transitions{trans0}{endState}",0,"parse_input");
}
 
sub assign_states_hero {
  #  print &dec2bin(1,5) . "\n"; 
  #  print &dec2bin(17,5) . "\n"; 
  #  @statevals = &get_statevals(5);  # create global statevals
  #  print "@statevals\n";
  #  exit;
 
 
  for ($bits = $minbits ; $bits <= $maxbits ; $bits++) {
    &debug("Trying $bits bits for states",0,"bits");
    @statevals = &get_statevals($bits);  # create global statevals
    #print "statevals: @statevals\n";
    # Call recursive subroutine to assign states
    ($success,$uaref,$v2nref) = &attempt_assign_states( \@allstates, \%state_val2name, 0);
    last if $success;
  }
 
  if (!$success) {
    &error($indent,"No valid state assignment found in range of $minbits to $maxbits");
  }
 
}
 
sub attempt_assign_states {
  my ($uaref,$v2nref,$depth) = @_;
  my (@unassigned_states);
  my (%state_val2name);
  my ($state,$stateval);
 
  # Dereference arguments into local data structures
  @unassigned_states = @$uaref;
  %state_val2name = %$v2nref;
 
  while ($state = shift(@unassigned_states)) {
    &debug("attempt_assign_states working on state $state",$depth,"assign_states");
    STATEVAL : foreach $stateval (@statevals) {
      &debug("attempt_assign_states looking at stateval $stateval for uniqueness",$depth,"assign_states");
      next if ($state_val2name{$stateval}); # must be unique
      &debug("attempt_assign_states trying stateval $stateval for state $state",$depth,"assign_states");
      if (&matches_fixedbits($state,$stateval)
        && &matches_graycodes($state,$stateval,%state_val2name)) { # looks good at this level
        &debug("$stateval for state $state passes checks at this level",$depth,"assign_states");
        $state_val2name{$stateval} = $state;
        if (!@unassigned_states) { # if nothing left, we're done
          &debug("attempt_assign_states returning success",$depth,"assign_states");
          return (1, \@unassigned_states, \%state_val2name);
        } else { # otherwise, keep trying recursively
          $depth++;
          ($found_state,$uaref1,$v2nref1) = &attempt_assign_states( \@unassigned_states, \%state_val2name,$depth);
        }
        if ($found_state) { # good right the way down
          %state_val2name = %$v2nref1;
          last STATEVAL;
        } else {
          &debug("stateval $stateval for state $state looked good, but failed recursively - trying next",$depth,"assign_states");
        delete $state_val2name{$stateval};
        }
      }
    }
    return ($found_state, \@unassigned_states, \%state_val2name);
  }
}
 
sub matches_fixedbits {
  my ($state,$stateval) = @_;
 
  # Use a bit index that runs right to left
  for ($bit = 0 ; $bit < length($stateval) ; $bit++) {
    $substrbit = length($stateval) - $bit - 1 ;
    &debug("matches_fixbits looking at bit $bit of $stateval (" . substr($stateval,$substrbit,1) . ") for $state",$depth,"mf");
    if ( (exists $fixedbits{$state}{$bit})
      && ($fixedbits{$state}{$bit} ne (substr($stateval,$substrbit,1))) ) {
        &debug("matches_fixbits found an illegal value at bit $bit of $stateval for $state",$depth,"mf");
        return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}
 
sub matches_graycodes {
  my ($state,$stateval,%state_val2name) = @_;
  return ( &matches_graycodes_to_this_state($state,$stateval,%state_val2name)
        && &matches_graycodes_from_this_state($state,$stateval,%state_val2name) );
}
 
sub matches_graycodes_to_this_state {
  my ($state,$stateval,%state_val2name) = @_;
  my ($otherstateval,$graystate);
 
  # look at each currently defined state (in state_val2name)
  foreach $otherstateval (keys %state_val2name) {
    $otherstate = $state_val2name{$otherstateval}; # get the name
    if (exists $graytransitions{$otherstate}) { # if it has a gray list
      foreach $graystate (@{ $graytransitions{$otherstate} }) { # look through the list
        if ($graystate eq $state) {  #I'm in his list
          &debug("matches_graycodes_to_this_state checking $graystate ($otherstateval) against $state ($stateval)",$depth,"mgto");
          # check to see if it is legal
          if (!&isgraytransition($stateval,$otherstateval)) {
            return 0;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 1; # if nothing illegal found, all must be legal
}
 
sub matches_graycodes_from_this_state {
  my ($state,$stateval,%state_val2name) = @_;
  my ($otherstateval,$graystate);
 
  # look at each state that should be a gray transition from this state
  return 1 if (!exists $graytransitions{$state});
  foreach $graystate (@{ $graytransitions{$state} }) { 
    &debug("matches_graycodes_from_this_state looking at gray state $graystate for state $state",$depth,"mgfrom");
    # find the encoding for the gray state
    foreach $otherstateval (keys %state_val2name) {
      &debug("matches_graycodes_from_this_state looking at otherstateval $otherstateval",$depth,"mgfrom");
      if ($state_val2name{$otherstateval} eq $graystate) {
        &debug("Checking $graystate ($otherstateval) against $state ($stateval)",$depth,"mgfrom");
        # check to see if it is legal
        if (!&isgraytransition($stateval,$otherstateval)) {
          return 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 1; # if nothing illegal found, all must be legal
}
 
sub isgraytransition {
  my ($stateval1,$stateval2) = @_;
  my ($diffs);
 
  # using perl's normal left to right bit order
  &debug("isgraytransition checking $stateval1 against $stateval2",$depth,"isgraytrans");
  for ($bit = 0 ; $bit < length($stateval1) ; $bit++) {
    if (substr($stateval1,$bit,1) ne substr($stateval2,$bit,1)) {
      $diffs++
    }
  }
  &debug("isgraytransition found $diffs diffs",$depth,"isgraytrans");
  return ($diffs <= 1);
}
 
sub required_bits {
  my ($n) = @_;
  $div= log($n) / log(2);
  $base = sprintf("%d",$div);
  if (($div - $base) > 0) {$base++;}
  return $base;
}
 
 
sub hex2bin {
  my ($hex) = @_;
  my ($bin,$i);
 
  %hex2bin = ( 0 => "0000",
               1 => "0001",
               2 => "0010",
               3 => "0011",
               4 => "0100",
               5 => "0101",
               6 => "0110",
               7 => "0111",
               8 => "1000",
               9 => "1001",
               a => "1010",
               b => "1011",
               c => "1100",
               d => "1101",
               e => "1110",
               f => "1111",
               A => "1010",
               B => "1011",
               C => "1100",
               D => "1101",
               E => "1110",
               F => "1111",
  );
 
  for ($i = 0; $i < length($hex) ; $i++) {
    $bin = $bin . $hex2bin{substr($hex,$i,1)};
  }
  return $bin;
}
 
sub octal2bin {
  my ($octal) = @_;
  my ($bin,$i);
 
  %octal2bin = ( 0 => "000",
               1 => "001",
               2 => "010",
               3 => "011",
               4 => "100",
               5 => "101",
               6 => "110",
               7 => "111",
  );
 
  for ($i = 0; $i < length($octal) ; $i++) {
    $bin = $bin . $octal2bin{substr($octal,$i,1)};
  }
  return $bin;
}
 
sub dec2bin {
  my ($dec,$bits) = @_;
  my ($hex,$bin,$i);
 
  $hex = sprintf("%x",$dec);
  #print "hex is $hex\n";
  $bin = &hex2bin($hex);
  #print "bin is $bin\n";
  # Strip leading zeros
  $bin =~ s/^0*//;
  $bin = "0" if ($bin eq "");
  # Zero extend according to requested bitlength
  #print "dec2bin bin was $bin\n";
  if ($bits) {
    $bin = "0" x ($bits - length($bin)) . $bin;
  }
  #print "dec2bin extended bin is $bin\n";
  if ($bits) {
    substr($bin,length($bin) - $bits,$bits);
  }
  #print "dec2bin extended bin with bits applied is $bin\n";
  return $bin
}
 
sub convert2bin {
  my ($value) = @_;
  my ($bits,$val);
 
  #print "Starting convert2bin on value $value\n";
 
  if (($bitlen,$format,$val) = ($value =~ /^(?:(\d*))?'(?:([bdoh]))?([0-9a-fA-F]*)$/)) {
  } elsif (($val) = ($value =~ /^(\d+)$/)) {
    $format = "d" unless ($format);
  } else {
    $format = "b" unless ($format);
    $val = $value;
  }
  #print "value: $value: bitlen: $bitlen format: $format val: $val\n";
  if ($format eq "b") {
    #print "converted a bin $value: bitlen: $bitlen format: $format val: $val\n";
    $bitlen = length($val) unless ($bitlen); # default length
    if ($bitlen != length($val)) {
      &error($indent,"Binary value $value has a size that doesn't match the value");
    }
    $value = substr($val,length($val) - $bitlen,$bitlen);
  } elsif ($format eq "h") {
    #print "converted a hex $value: bitlen: $bitlen format: $format val: $val\n";
    $bitlen = 4 * length($val) unless ($bitlen); # default length
    $value = &hex2bin($val);
    # Zero extend
    #print "value was $value\n";
    $value = "0" x ($bitlen - length($value)) . $value;
    #print "value extended is $value\n";
    $value = substr($value,length($value) - $bitlen,$bitlen);
  } elsif ($format eq "o") {
    #print "converted a octal $value: bitlen: $bitlen format: $format val: $val\n";
    $bitlen = 3 * length($val) unless ($bitlen); # default length
    $value = &octal2bin($val);
    $value = substr($value,length($value) - $bitlen,$bitlen);
  } elsif ($format eq "d") {
    #print "converted a dec $value: bitlen: $bitlen format: $format val: $val ";
    $value = &dec2bin($val,$bitlen);
    #print "to $value\n";
  } else {
    &error($indent,"Got an unrecognized format $format in convert2bin");
  }
 
  #print "returning $value\n";
  #print "\n";
  return $value;
}
 
sub get_statevals {
  my($bits) = @_;
  my(@statevals);
  my($i);
  my($bin);
 
  for ($i = 0 ; $i < 2 ** $bits ; $i++) {
    $bin = &dec2bin($i,$bits);
    push(@statevals,$bin);
  }
  return @statevals;
}
 
 
sub debug {
  my ($string,$depth,$section) = @_;
  if ($global_debug || $debug_sections{$section}) {
    print STDERR " " x $depth . "<db${section}>: $string\n";
  }
}
 
sub error {
  my ($indent,$string) = @_;
 
  # indent is ignored.  It is just there to make it easy to switch btw
  # warnings and errors.
 
  &print_output;
  print "\n\nError: $string - exiting\n";
  print STDERR "\n\nError: $string - exiting\n";
  exit;
}
 
sub warning {
  my($indent,$string) = @_;
  my($group,$number) = ();
 
  # Determine warning number based on string.  It would be cleaner to just
  # have the call use the number, but that makes it difficult to see what
  # the warning is when reading the code.
  if ($string =~ /No reset specified/) {$group = "R"; $number = 1;}
  elsif ($string =~ /No reset value for datapath output \S+ set in reset state \S+ - Assiging a reset value of \S+ based on default/) {$group = "R"; $number = 5;}
  # Now an error:
  #elsif ($string =~ /Specified reset signal \S+ is not an input/) {$group = "R"; $number = 6;} 
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Neither implied_loopback nor default_state_is_x attribute is set on state machine - this could result in latches being inferred/) {$group = "I"; $number = 2;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /State \S+ has multiple exit transitions, and transition \S+ has no defined priority/) {$group = "P"; $number = 3;}
  elsif ($string =~ /State \S+ has multiple exit transitions, and transition \S+ has the same priority as transition .*/) {$group = "P" ; $number = "4"}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Combinational output \S+ is assigned on transitions, but has a non-default value ".+" in state \S+/) {$group = "C" ; $number = 7;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Neither implied_loopback nor default_state_is_x attribute is set on onehot state machine and there is no loopback arc - this could result in latches being inferred/) {$group = "I"; $number = 8;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Did not find any non-default values for any datapath outputs - suppressing case statement/) {$group = "D"; $number = 9;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Combinational output \S+ has no default value/) {$group = "C" ; $number = 10;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Datapath output \S+ has no default value/) {$group = "D" ; $number = 11;}
 
  elsif ($string =~ /Using override value from attribute/) {$group = "O" ; $number = 12;}
 
  # Output warning unless suppressed
  unless ($nowarns{"${group}${number}"} || $nowarns{$group}) {
    eval "\$myindent = \"$indentstring\" x $indent";
    if ($warnout eq "stdout" || $warnout eq "both") {
      # warnings are stored in an array whose indeces correspond to the
      # previous line of pbuf.  Use concat in case there are multiple warnings
      # associated with the same line.
      $warnings[$#pbuf] = $warnings[$#pbuf] . "${myindent}// Warning $group$number: $string \n";
    }
    if ($warnout eq "stderr" || $warnout eq "both") {
      print STDERR "\n\nWarning $group$number: $string \n";
    }
  }
}
 
sub assertion {
  my($indent,$string) = @_;
 
  eval "\$myindent = \"$indentstring\" x $indent";
  $assertions[$#pbuf] = $assertions[$#pbuf] . "${myindent}${string}\n";
}
 
sub print {
  my($indent,$string) = @_;
  my($skip,$maxlen,$thislen) = 0;
  my($tag) = "//tersetag";
  my($i,$j);
 
  $section = "terse"; # for debug
  # -terse handling
  # If you plan to follow or modify the -terse code, be sure to have an
  # ample supply of barf bags near to hand.  It is HORRIBLE.
  #
  # The basic idea is that all calls to &print go to an array (pbuf).  This
  # is done even without -terse, just to be consistent.  Warnings and
  # "comments" must go to separate arrays that parallel pbuf.  This makes
  # it easier for the tersify code to find its way around.
  #
  # When -terse is on, it looks for "end" and "endcase" (plus wire statements),
  # and starts poking around in the pbuf to try to get rid of begin/end pairs.
  # When it finds an "endcase", it backs up through pbuf to tag lines as
  # statement and non-statement, and to calculate how much indent will be
  # required to make the assignment statements line up.  It then goes back
  # forward through pbuf and makes these modifications.
  #
  # Yech!
 
  # 1) Get rid of unnecessary wire statements
  if ($terse && ($string =~ /^\s*(in|out)put wire /)) {
    ($temp = $string) =~ s/\/\/.*$//; # temp is string without any comments
    unless ($temp =~ /\[\d+:\d+\]/) { # unless temp has [n:m]..
      $string =~ s/ wire//;           # get rid of the wire statement
    }
  }
  # Ditto for logic inputs in sv
  if ($language eq "systemverilog" && $terse && ($string =~ /^\s*input logic /)) {
    ($temp = $string) =~ s/\/\/.*$//; # temp is string without any comments
    unless ($temp =~ /\[\d+:\d+\]/) { # unless temp has [n:m]..
      $string =~ s/ logic//;           # get rid of the wire statement
    }
  }
 
  # 2) Get rid of extra begin/end pairs
  #
  if ($terse && ($string =~ /^\s*end\s*$/))  {
    # a) If we're on an "end" line and the next-to-previous line ends in begin,
    # strip the begin and newline and set skip flag.
    # ex: 
    # if (foo) begin
    #   bar <= 0
    # end
    # or:
    # begin
    #   bar <= 0
    # end
    if (!&is_stateline($pbuf[$#pbuf - 1])
     && $pbuf[$#pbuf - 1] =~ s/begin\s*$/\1/
    ) {
      &debug("Doing step a on \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
      $skip = 1;
      # If resulting string is empty, remove it
      if ($pbuf[$#pbuf - 1] =~ /^\s*$/) {
        splice(@pbuf, $#pbuf -1, 1);
      }
      # Unindent
      eval "\$myindent = \"$indentstring\"";
      $pbuf[$#pbuf] =~ s/$myindent//;
 
    # b) If we're on an "end" line and the next-to-previous line looks like
    # a "IDLE:" line, strip the begin and newline and set skip flag.
    # ex: 
    # IDLE: begin
    #   bar <= 0
    # end
    } elsif (&is_stateline($pbuf[$#pbuf - 1])) {
      &debug("Doing step b on \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
      if ($pbuf[$#pbuf - 1] =~ s/(\S+\s*:)\s+begin\s*$/\1/) {
        $skip = 1;
        # Unindent
        #eval "\$myindent = \"$indentstring\"";
        #$pbuf[$#pbuf] =~ s/$myindent//;
      }
 
    # c) If we're on an "end" line and the next-to-previous line is "else", 
    # 2 lines up from that is "if", and
    # 1 line from that is "state:"
    # IDLE: begin	< -4
    # if (foo)		< -3
    #   bar <=1		< -2
    # else		< -1
    #   bar <= 0	<  0
    # end		< curr
    #
    # remove the begin and newline, join the lines and set skip flag
    # (lines are joined explicitly because "case" step needs all "statements"
    # on a single line).
    # Also, scoot the -1 line (else) over by the length to the ":" plus 1
    #
    # Ends up as:
    # IDLE: if (foo) bar <=1   <-2
    # else    bar <= 0         <-1	
    # end		       < curr
    } elsif ($pbuf[$#pbuf -1] =~ /else /) {
      # Look for first if and previous state
      $n = 3;
      while ($pbuf[$#pbuf - $n] =~ /else if/) {
        $n = $n+2;
      }
 
      if ($pbuf[$#pbuf - $n] =~ /^\s*if /
           && $pbuf[$#pbuf - $n - 1] =~ /begin\s*$/  # no comment on state begin
           && (&is_stateline($pbuf[$#pbuf - $n - 1]))
           ) {
 
        &debug("In step c, n is \"$n\"\n",0,$section);
        $stateline = $#pbuf - $n - 1;
        &debug("In step c, stateline is \"$stateline\"\n",0,$section);
 
        &debug("Doing step c on \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
        $pbuf[$stateline] =~ s/(\S+\s*:)\s+begin\s*$/\1/; # strip begin
 
        # Do the "scoot"
        $colonpos = index($pbuf[$stateline],":");
        ($temp = $pbuf[$stateline]) =~ s/^(\s*).*$/\1/;
        $startpos = length($temp);
        $scoot = $colonpos - $startpos;
        &debug("Scoot is \"$scoot\"\n",0,$section);
        for ($i = $#pbuf-1; $i > $stateline+1; $i = $i - 2) {
          &debug("Scooting line \"$pbuf[$i]\"\n",0,$section);
          $pbuf[$i] = " " x $scoot . $pbuf[$i];
        }
 
        # Remove indent on -3 and join -3 and -4 into -3
        # Might not be literally -3 and -4..., make it relative to stateline
        $pbuf[$stateline+1] =~ s/^$level4indent/ /;
        $pbuf[$stateline+1] = $pbuf[$stateline] . $pbuf[$stateline+1];
        # And snuff out -4
        &move_warnings_and_assertions($stateline,$stateline+1); # move warnings/assertions to -3
        splice(@pbuf, $stateline, 1);
        #$pbuf[$#pbuf - 4] = "";
        $skip = 1;
      }
 
    # d) If we're on an "end" line and their are "stacked begin/begin end/end
    # sets, like this:
    # IDLE: begin	< -?
    #   begin           < -?
    #     bar <=1	< -?
    #     bar <= 0	< -1
    #   end             <  0
    # end		< curr
    # remove the inside begin/end pair, but do not set skip flag.
    } elsif ($pbuf[$#pbuf] =~ /^\s*end/) { # previous was ALSO end
      &debug("Doing step d on \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
      # troll through the buffer looking for the previous begin
      $i = $#pbuf-1;
      while ($pbuf[$i] !~ /^[^\/]*begin/ && $pbuf[$i] !~ /^\s*end/ && $i > 0) {
        $i--
      }
      # $i is now pointing at begin (or at end or start of buffer)
      # If it is begin, then do our thing
      if ($pbuf[$i] =~ /^\s*begin/) { # MUST be a PURE begin
        if ($pbuf[$i-1] =~ /^[^\/]*begin/) { # Previous is ALSO a begin
          # Note that pure begin/ends should not have warnings, so it is
          # safe to do the snuff...
          # snuff out $i entry
          splice(@pbuf, $i, 1);
          #$pbuf[$i] = "";
          # snuff out last entry (previous end)
          splice(@pbuf, $#pbuf, 1);
          #$pbuf[$#pbuf] = "";
        }
      }
 
    # e) If we're on an "end" line and the next-to-previous line is "if", 
    # 1 line from that is "state:"
    # IDLE: begin	< -2
    # if (foo)		< -1
    #   bar <=1		< 0
    # end		< curr
    # remove the begin and newline, join the lines and set skip flag
    # (lines are joined explicitly because "case" step needs all "statements"
    # on a single line).
    } elsif ( $pbuf[$#pbuf -1] =~ /if /
           && $pbuf[$#pbuf -2] =~ /begin\s*$/  # no comment on state begin
           && (&is_stateline($pbuf[$#pbuf - 2]))
           ) {
 
      &debug("Doing step e on \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
      $pbuf[$#pbuf - 2] =~ s/(\S+\s*:)\s+begin\s*$/\1/; # strip begin
 
 
      # Remove indent on 2 and join -1 and -2 into -1
      $pbuf[$#pbuf-1] =~ s/^$level4indent/ /;
      $pbuf[$#pbuf-1] = $pbuf[$#pbuf-2] . $pbuf[$#pbuf-1];
      # And snuff out -2
      &move_warnings_and_assertions($#pbuf-2,$#pbuf-1); # move warnings/assertions to -1
      splice(@pbuf, $#pbuf -2, 1);
      #$pbuf[$#pbuf - 2] = "";
      $skip = 1;
 
    } else {
      #print $string;
      #print $pbuf[$#pbuf - 1];
    }
  }
 
  # Change the statename (sim code) section to put state and assignment
  # on the same line
  if ($terse && ($string =~ /$statenamevar\s+=/)) {
    &debug("Found statename line \"$string\"\n",0,$section);
    &debug("$pbuf[$#pbuf]\n",0,$section);
    chomp($pbuf[$#pbuf]);
  }
 
  # 3) At endcase, back up and re-format assignment lines to make them line up
  if ($terse && ($string =~ /^\s*endcase/)) {
    &debug("\nBefore 1st pass:\n",0,$section);
    &debug(join("",@pbuf),0,$section);
    #for ($i=0; $i<=$#pbuf; $i++) {
    #  print "$i : $pbuf[$i]\n";
    #}
 
    # "0th pass": Back up through buffer to the case statement and find
    # the max char location of equations.
    $max_eqpos = 0;
    $i = $#pbuf;
    while ($pbuf[$i] !~ /^\s*(unique )?case/ && $i > 0) {
      $nocomment = &nocomment($pbuf[$i]);
      if ($nocomment =~ /\s(if)|(else if)/)  {
        &debug("Found eq line \"$nocomment\"\n",0,$section);
        $eqpos = index($nocomment,"(");
        $max_eqpos = $eqpos if ($eqpos > $max_eqpos);
        &debug("eqpos is $eqpos max_eqpos is $max_eqpos\n",0,$section);
      }
      $i--;
    }
 
    # 1st pass: Back up through the buffer to the case statement and gather
    # information about the longest statement line.  Also, tag the lines as
    # statement (#) and provide their length if applicable by pre-pending
    # the tag.   This will be used and removed on the 2nd pass.
    $maxlen = 0;
    $i = $#pbuf;
    $thislen = 0;
    while ($pbuf[$i] !~ /^\s*(unique )?case/ && $i > 0) {
      &debug("\n\n1st pass line is:\n",0,$section);
      &debug("\"$pbuf[$i]\"",0,$section);
      if ($pbuf[$i] =~ /^\s*(if)|(else)|(end)|(begin)/ || &is_stateline($pbuf[$i])) {
        # "statement" lines
        &debug("\nIt's a statement line\n",0,$section);
 
        # make sure we don't get fooled by ( in a comment...
        $nocomment = &nocomment($pbuf[$i]);
 
        # Shift equations over
        if ($nocomment =~ /\(/) { # have a line with an equation
          $eqpos = index($nocomment,"(");
          $eq_shift = $max_eqpos - $eqpos;
          $eq_pad = " " x $eq_shift;
          &debug("eqpos is $eqpos eq_shift is $eq_shift eq_pad is \"$eq_pad\"\n",0,$section);
          &debug("unmodified equation line is \"$pbuf[$i]\"\n",0,$section);
          $pbuf[$i] =~ s/\(/$eq_pad(/;  # insert spaces to move equation over
          # Adjust pad, unless pad is full maxlen (full maxlen means that
          # there was a newline)
          &debug("  modified equation line is \"$pbuf[$i]\"\n",0,$section);
          # re-create nocomment line
          $nocomment = &nocomment($pbuf[$i]);
        }
 
        # Get length and set maxlen
        $thislen = length($nocomment);
        &debug("got a match: thislen is $thislen\n",0,$section);
        $maxlen = $thislen if ($maxlen < $thislen);
 
        if ($pbuf[$i] =~ /\n$/) {
          # lines with eol should just to be marked
          $pbuf[$i] =~ s/^/## /;
        } else {
          # Tag with length (will be removed on 2nd pass)
          $pbuf[$i] =~ s/^/#$thislen /;
        }
 
      } else {
        &debug("\nIt's an assignment line\n",0,$section);
      }
      &debug("\n1st pass modified line is:\n",0,$section);
      &debug("\"$pbuf[$i]\"",0,$section);
      $i--;
    }
 
    &debug("\nBefore 2nd pass:\n",0,$section);
    &debug(join("",@pbuf),0,$section);
 
    &debug("\nBefore 2nd pass, in detail:\n",0,$section);
    for ($j=$i+1;$j<$#pbuf;$j++) {
      &debug($pbuf[$j],0,$section)
    }
    &debug("\n**** end of detail ****\n",0,$section);
 
    # 2nd pass: go forward through the case section of the buffer and make the
    # appropriate mods
    $maxlen++;
    &debug("maxlen is $maxlen\n",0,$section);
    &debug("max_eqpos is $max_eqpos\n",0,$section);
    # $i is from above!
    $i++; # go to next after case statement
    while ($i <= $#pbuf) {
      &debug("\n2nd pass line is:\n",0,$section);
      &debug("\"$pbuf[$i]\"",0,$section);
      if ($pbuf[$i] =~ /^#/) { # statement line of some sort
        if ($pbuf[$i] =~ s/^#(\d+) //) { # this is a line without a begin
          $pad = " " x ($maxlen - $1); # calculate pad for later lines
        } else {
          # "begin" lines will have a nl, so space following lines over
          # by the full maxlen
          $pbuf[$i] =~ s/^## //;
          $pad = " " x $maxlen;
        }
 
 
        &debug("taglen is $1 ; pad is \"$pad\"\n",0,$section);
        &debug("modified statement line is \"$pbuf[$i]\"\n",0,$section);
      } else {
        $pbuf[$i] =~ s/^\s*/$pad/;
        &debug("modified assignment line is \n\"$pbuf[$i]\"\n",0,$section);
        &debug("last 2 lines: \n" . $pbuf[$i-1] . $pbuf[$i],0,$section);
      }
      $i++;
    }
    #$max_eqpos = 0;
  }
 
  #push(@pbuf,$indentstring x $indent . "$string") unless ($skip);
  # Handle indent in a way that makes regexp's work
  eval "\$myindent = \"$indentstring\" x $indent";
  $string = $myindent . $string;
  push(@pbuf,$string) unless ($skip);
 
  &debug("\npbuf is now:\n",0,$section);
  &debug(join("",@pbuf),0,$section);
  &debug("\npbuf done:\n",0,$section);
}
 
sub nocomment {
  my ($line) = @_;
  ($nocomment = $line) =~ s/\s*\/\/.*$//;
  $nocomment =~ s/\s*\/\*.*$//; # for /* - not sure if this is necessary
  return $nocomment;
}
 
sub print_output {
  # Dump print buffer and warnings
  for ($i=0; $i<=$#pbuf; $i++) {
#    print "$i : $pbuf[$i]";
#    if ($warnings[$i]) {
#      print "w$i : $warnings[$i]";
#    }
    #print "$i : $assertions[$i]";
    print $pbuf[$i];
    if ($pbuf[$i] =~ /\n/) {
      print $warnings[$i];
      print $assertions[$i];
    } else {
      # if line doesn't end in nl, append warning/assertion to next line
      $warnings[$i+1] = $warnings[$i] . $warnings[$i+1];
      $assertions[$i+1] = $assertions[$i] . $assertions[$i+1];
    }
  }
}
 
sub move_warnings_and_assertions {
  my ($from,$to) = @_;
  if ($warnings[$from]) { # move warning to $to
    $warnings[$to] = $warnings[$to] . $warnings[$from];
    $warnings[$from] = "";
  }
  splice(@warnings, $from, 1); # snuff out $from
  if ($assertions[$from]) { # move assertion to $to
    $assertions[$to] = $assertions[$to] . $assertions[$from];
    $assertions[$from] = "";
  }
  splice(@assertions, $from, 1); # snuff out $from
}
 
sub is_stateline {
  my($line) = @_;
 
  #print "line was: $line\n";
  $line =~ s/\s*\/\/.*$//; # get rid of comments
  #$line =~ s/\[.*:.*\]//g; # get rid of all bit ranges
  #$line =~ s/\[[^\]]+\]//g; # get rid of all bit ranges
  $line =~ s/\[[^\]]+:[^\]]+\]//g; # get rid of all bit ranges foo[1:0]
  #print "line is: $line\n";
 
  return
      ($line =~ /$nextstatevar\[\S+\]\s*:/)  # onehot
  ||  ($line =~ /$statevar\[\S+\]\s*:/)      # onehot "state[IDLE_BIT]:"
  ||  ($line =~ /^\s+\S+\s*:/)
  ||  ($line =~ /^\s*default\s*:/)
  ;
 
}
 
sub process_options {
 
  # Debug stuff
  &debug("orig_argv: " . join(" ",@orig_argv),0,"be_cmd");
  &debug("ARGV: " . join(" ",@ARGV),0,"be_cmd");
 
  use Getopt::Long;
  # Default non-null options
  $encoding = "heros";
  $statevar = "state";
  $nextstatevar = "nextstate";
  $statenamevar = "statename";
  $warnout = "both";
  $simcode = 2;  # funny default so we can see if it was forced on for SV
  $indentstring = "  ";
  $language = "verilog";
  $indexvar = "index";
 
  # Process options
  die unless GetOptions(
    "help" => \$help,
    "verbose!" => \$verbose,
    "debug=s" => \@debug_sections,
    "encoding=s" => \$encoding,
    "simcode!" => \$simcode,
    "maxbits=s" => \$maxbits,
    "statevar=s" => \$statevar,
    "nextstatevar=s" => \$nextstatevar,
    "statenamevar=s" => \$statenamevar,
    "warnout=s" => \$warnout,
    "nowarn=s" => \@nowarns,
    "terse!" => \$terse,
    "sunburst!" => \$terse,
    "indentstring=s" => \$indentstring,
    "version!" => \$version,
    "addversion!" => \$addversion,
    "language=s" => \$language,
    "indexvar=s" => \$indexvar,
    );
 
  if ($help) {
    &show_help;
    exit;
  }
 
  if ($version) {
    print "$me version $scriptversion\n";
    exit;
  }
 
  # Turn debug array into a hash
  foreach $section (@debug_sections) {
    $debug_sections{$section} = 1;
  }
 
  # Turn nowarn array into a hash
  foreach $nowarn (@nowarns) {
    $nowarns{$nowarn} = 1;
  }
 
  if ($language =~ /^verilog$/i) {
    $language = "verilog";
  } elsif ($language =~ /^s.*/i) {
      $language = "systemverilog";
  } else {
    die "Unrecognized language \"$language\"\n";
  }
 
  if ($simcode == 2) { # default still
    if ($language eq "verilog") {
      $simcode = 1; # default on for verilog
    } elsif ($language eq "systemverilog") {
      $simcode = 0; # default on for sv
    }
  }
 
 
  # Create reserved words hash
  %reserved_words = (
  $statevar => 1,
  $nextstatevar => 1,
  $statenamevar => 1,
  $indexvar => 1,
  );
 
}
 
sub show_help {
 print STDERR "Syntax:
  $me [options] 
 
  options:
  -help                 Show this help
  -verbose              Be Chatty
  -debug section        Turn on debug messages for section <section>
                        (Can be used multiple times)
  -encoding <encoding>  Use encoding <encoding>
  -simcode              Add code to add ascii state names in simulation
  -maxbits <value>      For heros encoding, set upper limit of search range to <value>
  -statevar <name>      Use <name> instead of \"state\" for the state variable
  -nextstatevar <name>  Use <name> instead of \"nextstate\" for the nextstate variable
  -statenamevar <name>     Use <name> instead of \"statename\" for the ASCII state name variable
  -indexvar <name>     Use <name> instead of \"index\" for the ASCII index variable in systemverilog onehot
  -warnout <output>     Control warning output.  <output> = stdout | stderr | both
  -nowarn <number>      Suppress warning number <number>
                        (Can be used multiple times)
  -version              Just echo version and exit
  -addversion           Add version to output as a comment
  -terse/-sunburst      Use Sunburst Design (Cliff Cummings) output format
  -language <language>  Language options are Verilog, SystemVerilog
 
  Note: boolean switches accept the \"no\" syntax to turn them off 
    (So, -nosimcode turns off simcode)
 
  For details on recognized attributes, use \"-help -verbose\"
  \n";
 
  if ($verbose) {
    &set_myattributes;
    print STDERR "Recognized attributes:\n";
    foreach $entry (sort keys %myattributes) {
      $string = $myattributes{$entry};
      unless ($string =~ /^</) { # Skip entries marked with <>
        # Massage the output appearance
        #print "$entry:\n\t$string\n";
        foreach $array ("globals", "state", "transition") {
          $entry =~ s/^($array){"([^"]+)"}{/\1 > \2 > /;
        }
        #$entry =~ s/"//g;
        $entry =~ s/}{/ /g;
        $entry =~ s/[{}]//g;
        $entry =~ s/"value"/<value>/;
        $entry =~ s/"vis"/<vis>/;
        $entry =~ s/"type"/<type>/;
        $entry =~ s/ "attributes"//;
        $entry =~ s/ machine / state machine /;
        $entry =~ s/\*(\S+)\*/\$\1\$/g;
        $string =~ s/\*(\S+)\*/\$\1\$/g;
        print STDERR "$entry:\n\t$string\n\n";
      }
    }
  }
}
 
sub set_myattributes {
  # Cannot set based on encoding because file must be parsed to figure out
  # the encoding.  Cannot parse twice because it comes from STDIN.
  #if ($encoding eq "heros" || $encoding eq "onehot") {
    %myattributes = (
      'globals{"machine"}{"name"}{"value"}' => 'fsm module name',
      'globals{"machine"}{"clock"}{"value"}' => 'clock signal',
      'globals{"machine"}{"clock"}{"type"}' => 'clock signal type ("posedge", "negedge")',
      'globals{"machine"}{"reset_signal"}{"value"}' => 'reset signal',
      'globals{"machine"}{"reset_signal"}{"type"}' => 'reset signal type ("posedge", "negedge", "positive", "negative")',
      'globals{"machine"}{"reset_state"}{"value"}' => 'reset state',
      'globals{"machine"}{"reset_state"}{"type"}' => 'reset state type ("allzeros", "allones", "anyvalue")',
      'globals{"machine"}{"implied_loopback"}{"value"}' => 'Every state has an implied loopback (Note: overrides default_state_is_x)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"default_state_is_x"}{"value"}' => 'If no valid transition occur, set state to x',
      'globals{"machine"}{"insert_at_top_of_file"}{"value"}' => 'Text to insert at the top of the file (use \n to get newline)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"insert_in_module_declaration"}{"value"}' => 'Text to insert at the top of the module (after module statement) (use \n to get newline)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"insert_at_top_of_module"}{"value"}' => 'Text to insert at the top of the module (after module statement) (use \n to get newline)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"insert_at_bottom_of_file"}{"value"}' => 'Text to insert at the bottom of the file (use \n to get newline)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"insert_at_bottom_of_module"}{"value"}' => 'Text to insert at the bottom of the module (after module statement) (use \n to get newline)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"stateout"}{"value"}' => 'Output on which to send out the state vector',
      'globals{"machine"}{"nextstateout"}{"value"}' => 'Output on which to send out the nextstate vector',
      'globals{"machine"}{"include_at_top_of_file"}{"value"}' => 'File to include (read) at the top of the file (value is file name)',
      'globals{"machine"}{"be_cmd"}{"value"}' => 'command to run backend',
      'globals{"machine"}{"onehot_pragma"}{"value"}' => 'Override for synopsys parallel_case full_case on onehot case statements',
      'globals{"inputs"}{"*input*"}{"value"}' => 'input signal *input*',
      'globals{"inputs"}{"*input*"}{"comment"}' => 'Comment for input signal *input*',
      'globals{"outputs"}{"*output*"}{"value"}' => 'output signal *output*',
      'globals{"outputs"}{"*output*"}{"type"}' => 'output signal type ("reg", "regdp" or "comb")',
      'globals{"outputs"}{"*output*"}{"comment"}' => 'Comment for output signal *output*',
      'globals{"machine"}{"name"}{"comment"}' => 'FSM name comment',
      'globals{"trans"}{"*output*"}{"value"}' => 'output signal *output* on transitions',
 
      'state{"*state*"}{"attributes"}{"*output*"}{"value"}' => 'Value of output signal *state* (if *output* is an output)',
      'state{"*state*"}{"attributes"}{"vis"}' => '<internal - forces state to be parsed even if no outputs',
      'state{"*state*"}{"attributes"}{"comment"}' => 'Comment for state *state*',
 
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"equation"}{"value"}' => 'Transition equation for transition *transition*',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"*output*"}{"value"}' => 'Value of output signal *output* (if *output* is an output) in transition *transition*',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"*output*"}{"type"}' => 'Type of output signal *output* (if *output* is an output, it will be "output") in transition *transition*',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"priority"}{"value"}' => 'Priority of transition *transition* relative to other transitions FROM that state',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"startState"}' => '<Internal>',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"endState"}' => '<Internal>',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"graycode"}{"value"}' => 'If set, transition must be gray-coded',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"graytransition"}{"value"}' => '<Internal - backward compatibility>',
      'transition{"*transition*"}{"attributes"}{"comment"}' => 'Comment for transition *transition*',
    );
  #} else {
  #  die "Can't do set_myattributes for encoding \"$encoding\"\n";
  #}
}
 
 
# when doing require or use we must return 1
1